Guidelines for Percutaneous Coronary Interventions

European Heart Journal - Tập 26 Số 8 - Trang 804-847 - 2005
Sigmund Silber1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Per Albertsson, Francisco Fernández‐Avilés, Paolo G. Camici1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Antonio Colombo, Christian W. Hamm, Erik Jørgensen1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Jean Marco1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Jan Erik Nordrehaug, Witold Rużyłło, Philip Urban1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, Gregg W. Stone, William Wijns
1(CPG Review Coordinator) (The Netherlands),
2(Denmark), Jean Marco (France),
3(France), Michal Tendera (Poland)
4(Germany), Per Albertsson (Sweden), Francisco F. Avile ´s (Spain),
5(UK), Antonio Colombo (Italy), Christian Hamm (Germany),
6(USA), William Wijns (Belgium
7Jan-Erik Nordrehaug (Norway), Witold Ruzyllo (Poland),
8Kardiologische Praxis und Praxisklinik, Am Isarkanal 36, 81379 Mu ¨nchen, Germany.
9Philip Urban (Switzerland), Gregg W

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Priori SG, Klein W, Bassand JP. Medical Practice Guidelines. Separating science from economics. Eur Heart J2003;24:1962–1964.

Bassand JP. Improving the quality and dissemination of guidelines: the quest for the Holy Grail. Eur Heart J2000;21:1289–1290.

Togni M, Balmer F, Pfiffner D, Maier W, Zeiher AM, Meier B. Percutaneous coronary interventions in Europe 1992–2001. Eur Heart J2004;25:1208–1213.

Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG). European Society of Cardiology: Recommendations for Task Force Creation and Report Production. A document for Task Force members and expert panels responsible for the creation and production of Guidelines and Expert Consensus Documents. http://www.escardio.org (2003).

Smith SC Jr, Dove JT, Jacobs AK, Kennedy JW, Kereiakes D, Kern MJ, Kuntz RE, Popma JJ, Schaff HV, Williams DO, Gibbons RJ, Alpert JP, Eagle KA, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gardner TJ, Gregoratos G, Russell RO. ACC/AHA guidelines of percutaneous coronary interventions (revision of the 1993 PTCA guidelines)—executive summary. A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (committee to revise the 1993 guidelines for percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty). J Am Coll Cardiol2001;37:2215–2239.

Parisi AF, Folland ED, Hartigan P. A comparison of angioplasty with medical therapy in the treatment of single-vessel coronary artery disease. Veterans Affairs ACME Investigators. N Engl J Med1992;326:10–16.

Hartigan PM, Giacomini JC, Folland ED, Parisi AF. Two- to three-year follow-up of patients with single-vessel coronary artery disease randomized to PTCA or medical therapy (results of a VA cooperative study). Veterans Affairs Cooperative Studies Program ACME Investigators. Angioplasty Compared to Medicine. Am J Cardiol1998;82:1445–1450.

Pepine CJ, Geller NL, Knatterud GL, Bourassa MG, Chaitman BR, Davies RF, Day P, Deanfield JE, Goldberg AD, McMahon RP. The Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) study: design of a randomized clinical trial, baseline data and implications for a long-term outcome trial. J Am Coll Cardiol1994;24:1–10.

Davies RF, Goldberg AD, Forman S, Pepine CJ, Knatterud GL, Geller N, Sopko G, Pratt C, Deanfield J, Conti CR. Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) study two-year follow-up: outcomes of patients randomized to initial strategies of medical therapy versus revascularization. Circulation1997;95:2037–2043.

Pitt B, Waters D, Brown WV, van Boven AJ, Schwartz L, Title LM, Eisenberg D, Shurzinske L, McCormick LS. Aggressive lipid-lowering therapy compared with angioplasty in stable coronary artery disease. Atorvastatin versus Revascularization Treatment Investigators. N Engl J Med1999;341:70–76.

Amoroso G, Van Boven AJ, Crijns HJ. Drug therapy or coronary angioplasty for the treatment of coronary artery disease: new insights. Am Heart J2001;141:S22–S25.

The RITA-2 trial participants. Coronary angioplasty versus medical therapy for angina: the second Randomised Intervention Treatment of Angina (RITA-2) trial. RITA-2 trial participants. Lancet1997;350:461–468.

Bucher HC, Hengstler P, Schindler C, Guyatt GH. Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty versus medical treatment for non-acute coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ2000;321:73–77.

Pfisterer M. Long-term outcome in elderly patients with chronic angina managed invasively versus by optimized medical therapy: four-year follow-up of the randomized Trial of Invasive versus Medical therapy in Elderly patients (TIME). Circulation2004;110:1213–1218.

Claude J, Schindler C, Kuster GM, Schwenkglenks M, Szucs T, Buser P, Osswald S, Kaiser C, Grädel C, Estlinbaum W, Rickenbacher P, Pfisterer M. Cost-effectiveness of invasive versus medical management of elderly patients with chronic symptomatic coronary artery disease. Findings of the randomized trial of invasive versus medical therapy in elderly patients with chronic angina (TIME). Eur Heart J2004;25:2195–2203.

Hoffman SN, TenBrook JA, Wolf MP, Pauker SG, Salem DN, Wong JB. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials comparing coronary artery bypass graft with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty: one- to eight-year outcomes. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;41:1293–1304.

Rubartelli P, Verna E, Niccoli L, Giachero C, Zimarino M, Bernardi G, Vassanelli C, Campolo L, Martuscelli E. Coronary stent implantation is superior to balloon angioplasty for chronic coronary occlusions: six-year clinical follow-up of the GISSOC trial. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;41:1488–1492.

Rahel BM, Suttorp MJ, Laarman GJ, Kiemeneij F, Bal ET, Rensing BJ, Ernst SM, ten Berg JM, Kelder JC, Plokker HW, Primary stenting of occluded native coronary arteries: final results of the Primary Stenting of Occluded Native Coronary Arteries (PRISON) study. Am Heart J2004;147:e22.

Sievert H, Rohde S, Utech A, Schulze R, Scherer D, Merle H, Ensslen R, Schräder R, Spies H, Fach A. Stent or angioplasty after recanalization of chronic coronary occlusions? (The SARECCO Trial). Am J Cardiol1999;84:386–390.

Sirnes PA, Golf S, Myreng Y, Molstad P, Emanuelsson H, Albertsson P, Brekke M, Mangschau A, Endresen K, Kjekshus J. Stenting in Chronic Coronary Occlusion (SICCO): a randomized, controlled trial of adding stent implantation after successful angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol1996;28:1444–1451.

Höher M, Wohrle J, Grebe OC, Kochs M, Osterhues HH, Hombach V, Buchwald AB. A randomized trial of elective stenting after balloon recanalization of chronic total occlusions. J Am Coll Cardiol1999;34:722–729.

Lotan C, Rozenman Y, Hendler A, Turgeman Y, Ayzenberg O, Beyar R, Krakover R, Rosenfeld T, Gotsman MS. Stents in total occlusion for restenosis prevention. The multicentre randomized STOP study. The Israeli Working Group for Interventional Cardiology. Eur Heart J2000;21:1960–1966.

Buller CE, Dzavik V, Carere RG, Mancini GB, Barbeau G, Lazzam C, Anderson TJ, Knudtson ML, Marquis JF, Suzuki T, Cohen EA, Fox RS, Teo KK. Primary stenting versus balloon angioplasty in occluded coronary arteries: the Total Occlusion Study of Canada (TOSCA). Circulation1999;100:236–242.

Werner GS, Krack A, Schwarz G, Prochnau D, Betge S, Figulla HR. Prevention of lesion recurrence in chronic total coronary occlusions by Paclitaxel-Eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;44:2301–2306.

Hoye A, Tanabe K, Lemos P, Aoki J, Saia F, Arampatzis CA, Degertekin M, Hofma S, Sianos G, Mc Fadden EP, van der Giessen W, Smits PC, de Feyter P, van Domburg R, Serruys P. Significant reduction in restenosis after the use of Sirolimus-Eluting stents in the treatment of chronic total occlusions. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;43:1954–1958.

Morrison DA, Sethi G, Sacks J, Grover F, Sedlis S, Esposito R, Ramanathan KB, Weiman D, Krucoff M, Duhaylongsod F, Raya T, Pett S, Vernon S, Birjiniuk V, Booth D, Robinson C, Talley JD, Antckli T, Murphy E, Floten H, Curcovic V, Lucke JC, Lewis D, Barbiere C, Henderson W. A multicentre, randomized trial of percutaneous coronary intervention versus bypass surgery in high-risk unstable angina patients. The AWESOME (Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #385, angina with extremely serious operative mortality evaluation) investigators from the Cooperative Studies Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs. Control Clin Trials1999;20:601–619.

Morrison DA, Sethi G, Sacks J, Henderson WG, Grover F, Sedlis S, Esposito R. Percutaneous coronary intervention versus repeat bypass surgery for patients with medically refractory myocardial ischemia: AWESOME randomized trial and registry experience with post-CABG patients. J Am Coll Cardiol2002;40:1951–1954.

Sedlis SP, Ramanathan KB, Morrison DA, Sethi G, Sacks J, Henderson W. Outcome of percutaneous coronary intervention versus coronary bypass grafting for patients with low left ventricular ejection fractions, unstable angina pectoris, and risk factors for adverse outcomes with bypass (the AWESOME Randomized Trial and Registry). Am J Cardiol2004;94:118–120.

Brener SJ, Lytle BW, Casserly IP, Schneider JP, Topol EJ, Lauer MS. Propensity analysis of long-term survival after surgical or percutaneous revascularization in patients with multi-vessel coronary artery disease and high-risk features. Circulation2004;109:2290–2295.

Hlatky MA, Boothroyd DB, Melsop KA, Brooks MM, Mark DB, Pitt B, Reeder GS, Rogers WJ, Ryan TJ, Whitlow PL, Wiens RD. Medical costs and quality of life 10 to 12 years after randomization to angioplasty or bypass surgery for multi-vessel coronary artery disease. Circulation2004;110:1960–1966.

Ijsselmuiden AJ, Ezechiels J, Westendorp IC, Tijssen JG, Kiemeneij F, Slagboom T, van der Wieken R, Tangelder G, Serruys PW, Laarman G. Complete versus culprit vessel percutaneous coronary intervention in multi-vessel disease: a randomized comparison. Am Heart J2004;148:467–474.

Serruys PW, Unger F, Sousa JE, Jatene A, Bonnier HJ, Schonberger JP, Buller N, Bonser R, van den Brand MJ, van Herwerden LA, Morel MA, van Hout BA. Comparison of coronary-artery bypass surgery and stenting for the treatment of multi-vessel disease. N Engl J Med2001;344:1117–1124.

Legrand VM, Serruys PW, Unger F, van Hout BA, Vrolix MC, Fransen GM, Nielsen TT, Paulsen PK, Gomes RS, de Queiroz e Melo JM, Neves JP, Lindeboom W, Backx B. Three-year outcome after coronary stenting versus bypass surgery for the treatment of multi-vessel disease. Circulation2004;109:1114–1120.

Botman KJ, Pijls NH, Bech JW, Aarnoudse W, Peels K, van Straten B, Penn O, Michels HR, Bonnier H, Koolen JJ. Percutaneous coronary intervention or bypass surgery in multi-vessel disease? A tailored approach based on coronary pressure measurement. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2004;63:184–191.

Lopez JJ, Ho KK, Stoler RC, Caputo RP, Carrozza JP, Kuntz RE, Baim DS, Cohen DJ. Percutaneous treatment of protected and unprotected left main coronary stenoses with new devices: immediate angiographic results and intermediate-term follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol1997;29:345–352.

Kelley MP, Klugherz BD, Hashemi SM, Meneveau NF, Johnston JM, Matthai WH, Banka VS, Herrmann HC, Hirshfeld JW, Kimmel SE, Kolansky DM, Horwitz PA, Schiele F, Bassand JP, Wilensky RL. One-year clinical outcomes of protected and unprotected left main coronary artery stenting. Eur Heart J2003;24:1554–1559.

Arampatzis CA, Lemos PA, Tanabe K, Hoye A, Degertekin M, Saia F, Lee CH, Ruiter A, McFadden E, Sianos G, Smits PC, van der Giessen WJ, de Feijter P, van Domburg R, Serruys PW. Effectiveness of sirolimus-eluting stent for treatment of left main coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol2003;92:327–329.

de Lezo JS, Medina A, Pan M, Delgado A, Segura J, Pavlovic D, Melian F, Romero M, Burgos L, Hernandez E, Urena I, Herrador J. Rapamycin-eluting stents for the treatment of unprotected left main coronary disease. Am Heart J2004;148:481–485.

Serruys PW, de Jaegere P, Kiemeneij F, Macaya C, Rutsch W, Heyndrickx G, Emanuelsson H, Marco J, Legrand V, Materne P et al. A comparison of balloon-expandable-stent implantation with balloon angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. Benestent Study Group. N Engl J Med1994;331:489–495.

Fischman DL, Leon MB, Baim DS, Schatz RA, Savage MP, Penn I, Detre K, Veltri L, Ricci D, Nobuyoshi M et al. A randomized comparison of coronary-stent placement and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of coronary artery disease. Stent Restenosis Study Investigators. N Engl J Med1994;331:496–501.

Erbel R, Haude M, Hopp HW, Franzen D, Rupprecht HJ, Heublein B, Fischer K, de Jaegere P, Serruys P, Rutsch W, Probst P. Coronary-artery stenting compared with balloon angioplasty for restenosis after initial balloon angioplasty. Restenosis Stent Study Group. N Engl J Med1998;339:1672–1678.

Versaci F, Gaspardone A, Tomai F, Crea F, Chiariello L, Gioffre PA, A comparison of coronary-artery stenting with angioplasty for isolated stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery. N Engl J Med1997;336:817–822.

Serruys PW, van Hout B, Bonnier H, Legrand V, Garcia E, Macaya C, Sousa E, van der Giessen W, Colombo A, Seabra-Gomes R, Kiemeneij F, Ruygrok P, Ormiston J, Emanuelsson H, Fajadet J, Haude M, Klugmann S, Morel MA. Randomised comparison of implantation of heparin-coated stents with balloon angioplasty in selected patients with coronary artery disease (Benestent II). Lancet1998;352:673–681.

Betriu A, Masotti M, Serra A, Alonso J, Fernandez-Aviles F, Gimeno F, Colman T, Zueco J, Delcan JL, Garcia E, Calabuig J. Randomized comparison of coronary stent implantation and balloon angioplasty in the treatment of de novo coronary artery lesions (START): a four-year follow-up. J Am Coll Cardiol1999;34:1498–1506.

Al Suwaidi J, Berger PB, Holmes DR Jr, Coronary artery stents. JAMA2000;284:1828–1836.

Brophy JM, Belisle P, Joseph L, Evidence for use of coronary stents. A hierarchical bayesian meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med2003;138:777–786.

Nordmann AJ, Hengstler P, Leimenstoll BM, Harr T, Young J, Bucher HC. Clinical outcomes of stents versus balloon angioplasty in non-acute coronary artery disease. A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur Heart J2004;25:69–80.

Al Suwaidi J, Holmes DR Jr, Salam AM, Lennon R, Berger PB, Impact of coronary artery stents on mortality and nonfatal myocardial infarction: meta-analysis of randomized trials comparing a strategy of routine stenting with that of balloon angioplasty. Am Heart J2004;147:815–822.

Moreno R, Fernandez C, Alfonso F, Hernandez R, Perez-Vizcayno MJ, Escaned J, Sabate M, Banuelos C, Angiolillo DJ, Azcona L, Macaya C. Coronary stenting versus balloon angioplasty in small vessels a meta-analysis from 11 randomized studies. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;43:1964–1972.

Savage MP, Douglas JS Jr, Fischman DL, Pepine CJ, King SB III, Werner JA, Bailey SR, Overlie PA, Fenton SH, Brinker JA, Leon MB, Goldberg S. Stent placement compared with balloon angioplasty for obstructed coronary bypass grafts. Saphenous Vein De Novo Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med1997;337:740–747.

Hanekamp CE, Koolen JJ, Den Heijer P, Schalij MJ, Piek JJ, Bar FW, De Scheerder I, Bonnier HJ, Pijls NH. Randomized study to compare balloon angioplasty and elective stent implantation in venous bypass grafts: the Venestent study. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2003;60:452–457.

Cutlip DE, Chhabra AG, Baim DS, Chauhan MS, Marulkar S, Massaro J, Bakhai A, Cohen DJ, Kuntz RE, Ho KK. Beyond restenosis: five-year clinical outcomes from second-generation coronary stent trials. Circulation2004;110:1226–1230.

Versaci F, Gaspardone A, Tomai F, Proietti I, Ghini AS, Altamura L, Ando G, Crea F, Gioffre PA, Chiariello L. A comparison of coronary artery stenting with angioplasty for isolated stenosis of the proximal left anterior descending coronary artery: five year clinical follow up. Heart2004;90:672–675.

Mandadi VR, DeVoe MC, Ambrose JA, Prakash AM, Varshneya N, Gould RB, Nguyen TH, Geagea JP, Radojevic JA, Sehhat K, Barua RS. Predictors of troponin elevation after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol2004;93:747–750.

Ricciardi MJ, Davidson CJ, Gubernikoff G, Beohar N, Eckman LJ, Parker MA, Bonow RO. Troponin I elevation and cardiac events after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J2003;145:522–528.

Kini AS, Lee P, Marmur JD, Agarwal A, Duffy ME, Kim MC, Sharma SK. Correlation of postpercutaneous coronary intervention creatine kinase-MB and troponin I elevation in predicting mid-term mortality. Am J Cardiol2004;93:18–23.

Fuchs S, Kornowski R, Mehran R, Lansky AJ, Satler LF, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Clark CE, Stone GW, Leon MB. Prognostic value of cardiac troponin-I levels following catheter-based coronary interventions. Am J Cardiol2000;85:1077–1082.

Wu AH, Boden WE, McKay RG. Long-term follow-up of patients with increased cardiac troponin concentrations following percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol2002;89:1300–1302.

Natarajan MK, Kreatsoulas C, Velianou JL, Mehta SR, Pericak D, Goodhart DM. Incidence, predictors, and clinical significance of troponin-I elevation without creatine kinase elevation following percutaneous coronary interventions. Am J Cardiol2004;93:750–753.

Bertrand ME, Simoons ML, Fox KA, Wallentin LC, Hamm CW, McFadden E, De Feyter PJ, Specchia G, Ruzyllo W. Management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J2002;23:1809–1840.

Thambyrajah J, De Belder MA. Management of non ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes-continuing the search for the bad guys. Eur Heart J2003;24:490–493.

Brener SJ, Ellis SG, Schneider J, Apperson-Hansen C, Topol EJ. Abciximab-facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention and long-term survival—a prospective single-centre registry. Eur Heart J2003;24:630–638.

McKay RG, “Ischemia-guided” versus “early invasive” strategies in the management of acute coronary syndrome/non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the interventionalist's perspective. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;41:96S–102S.

Antman EM, Cohen M, Bernink PJ, McCabe CH, Horacek T, Papuchis G, Mautner B, Corbalan R, Radley D, Braunwald E. The TIMI risk score for unstable angina/non-ST elevation MI: A method for prognostication and therapeutic decision making. JAMA2000;284:835–842.

Garcia S, Canoniero M, Peter A, de Marchena E, Ferreira A. Correlation of TIMI risk score with angiographic severity and extent of coronary artery disease in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Am J Cardiol2004;93:813–816.

Boersma E, Pieper KS, Steyerberg EW, Wilcox RG, Chang WC, Lee KL, Akkerhuis KM, Harrington RA, Deckers JW, Armstrong PW, Lincoff AM, Califf RM, Topol EJ, Simoons ML. Predictors of outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without persistent ST-segment elevation. Results from an international trial of 9461 patients. The PURSUIT Investigators. Circulation2000;101:2557–2567.

Cannon CP. Evidence-based risk stratification to target therapies in acute coronary syndromes. Circulation2002;106:1588–1591.

Mukherjee D, Gurm H, Tang WH, Roffi M, Wolski K, Moliterno DJ, Guetta V, Ardissinio D, Bode C, Steg G, Lincoff AM, Topol EJ. Outcome of acute myocardial infarction in patients with prior coronary artery bypass grafting treated with combination reduced fibrinolytic therapy and abciximab. Am J Cardiol2002;90:1198–1203.

Wu AH, Parsons L, Every NR, Bates ER. Hospital outcomes in patients presenting with congestive heart failure complicating acute myocardial infarction: a report from the Second National Registry of Myocardial Infarction (NRMI-2). J Am Coll Cardiol2002;40:1389–1394.

de Lemos JA, Morrow DA, Bentley JH, Omland T, Sabatine MS, McCabe CH, Hall C, Cannon CP, Braunwald E. The prognostic value of B-type natriuretic peptide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med2001;345:1014–1021.

Sabatine MS, Morrow DA, de Lemos JA, Gibson CM, Murphy SA, Rifai N, McCabe C, Antman EM, Cannon CP, Braunwald E. Multimarker approach to risk stratification in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndromes: simultaneous assessment of troponin I, C-reactive protein, and B-type natriuretic peptide. Circulation2002;105:1760–1763.

Khot UN, Jia G, Moliterno DJ, Lincoff AM, Khot MB, Harrington RA, Topol EJ. Prognostic importance of physical examination for heart failure in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes: the enduring value of Killip classification. JAMA2003;290:2174–2181.

Steg PG, Dabbous OH, Feldman LJ, Cohen-Solal A, Aumont MC, Lopez-Sendon J, Budaj A, Goldberg RJ, Klein W, Anderson FA Jr. Determinants and prognostic impact of heart failure complicating acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Circulation2004;109:494–499.

Antman EM, Tanasijevic MJ, Thompson B, Schactman M, McCabe CH, Cannon CP, Fischer GA, Fung AY, Thompson C, Wybenga D, Braunwald E. Cardiac-specific troponin I levels to predict the risk of mortality in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med1996;335:1342–1349.

Okamatsu K, Takano M, Sakai S, Ishibashi F, Uemura R, Takano T, Mizuno K. Elevated troponin T levels and lesion characteristics in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Circulation2004;109:465–470.

Heeschen C, Hamm CW, Goldmann B, Deu A, Langenbrink L, White HD. Troponin concentrations for stratification of patients with acute coronary syndromes in relation to therapeutic efficacy of tirofiban. PRISM Study Investigators. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management. Lancet1999;354:1757–1762.

De Servi S, Cavallini C, Dellavalle A, Santoro GM, Bonizzoni E, Marzocchi A, Politi A, Pesaresi A, Mariani M, Chierchia S. Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome in the elderly: treatment strategies and 30-day outcome. Am Heart J2004;147:830–836.

Jernberg T, James S, Lindahl B, Johnston N, Stridsberg M, Venge P, Wallentin L. Natriuretic peptides in unstable coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J2004;25:1486–1493.

Bazzino O, Fuselli JJ, Botto F, Perez De Arenaza D, Bahit C, Dadone J. Relative value of N-terminal probrain natriuretic peptide, TIMI risk score, ACC/AHA prognostic classification and other risk markers in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndromes. Eur Heart J2004;25:859–866.

Gibson CM, Dumaine RL, Gelfand EV, Murphy SA, Morrow DA, Wiviott SD, Giugliano RP, Cannon CP, Antman EM, Braunwald E. Association of glomerular filtration rate on presentation with subsequent mortality in non-ST segment elevation acute coronary syndrome; observations in 13307 patients in five TIMI trials. Eur Heart J2004;25:1998–2005.

Bach RG, Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, DiBattiste PM, Demopoulos LA, Anderson HV, DeLucca PT, Mahoney EM, Murphy SA, Braunwald E. The effect of routine, early invasive management on outcome for elderly patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Ann Intern Med2004;141:186–195.

Fox KA, Goodman SG, Anderson FA Jr, Granger CB, Moscucci M, Flather MD, Spencer F, Budaj A, Dabbous OH, Gore JM. From guidelines to clinical practice: the impact of hospital and geographical characteristics on temporal trends in the management of acute coronary syndromes. The Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE). Eur Heart J2003;24:1414–1424.

Bhatt DL, Roe MT, Peterson ED, Li Y, Chen AY, Harrington RA, Greenbaum AB, Berger PB, Cannon CP, Cohen DJ, Gibson CM, Saucedo JF, Kleiman NS, Hochman JS, Boden WE, Brindis RG, Peacock WF, Smith SC Jr, Pollack CV Jr, Gibler WB, Ohman EM. Utilization of early invasive management strategies for high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: results from the CRUSADE Quality Improvement Initiative. JAMA2004;292:2096–2104.

TIMI IIIB Investigators. Effects of tissue plasminogen activator and a comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the TIMI IIIB Trial. Thrombolysis in Myocardial Ischemia. Circulation1994;89:1545–1556.

McCullough PA, O'Neill WW, Graham M, Stomel RJ, Rogers F, David S, Farhat A, Kazlauskaite R, Al-Zagoum M, Grines CL. A prospective randomized trial of triage angiography in acute coronary syndromes ineligible for thrombolytic therapy. Results of the medicine versus angiography in thrombolytic exclusion (MATE) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol1998;32:596–605.

Boden WE, O'Rourke RA, Crawford MH, Blaustein AS, Deedwania PC, Zoble RG, Wexler LF, Kleiger RE, Pepine CJ, Ferry DR, Chow BK, Lavori PW. Outcomes in patients with acute non-Q-wave myocardial infarction randomly assigned to an invasive as compared with a conservative management strategy. Veterans Affairs Non-Q-Wave Infarction Strategies in Hospital (VANQWISH) Trial Investigators. N Engl J Med1998;338:1785–1792.

Ottervanger JP, Armstrong P, Barnathan ES, Boersma E, Cooper JS, Ohman EM, James S, Wallentin L, Simoons ML. Association of revascularisation with low mortality in non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome, a report from GUSTO IV-ACS. Eur Heart J2004;25:1494–1501.

Michalis LK, Stroumbis CS, Pappas K, Sourla E, Niokou D, Goudevenos JA, Siogas C, Sideris DA. Treatment of refractory unstable angina in geographically isolated areas without cardiac surgery. Invasive versus conservative strategy (TRUCS study). Eur Heart J2000;21:1954–1959.

Spacek R, Widimsky P, Straka Z, Jiresova E, Dvorak J, Polasek R, Karel I, Jirmar R, Lisa L, Budesinsky T, Malek F, Stanka P. Value of first day angiography/angioplasty in evolving Non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction: an open multicentre randomized trial. The VINO Study. Eur Heart J2002;23:230–238.

The FRISC II Investigators. Invasive compared with non-invasive treatment in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. FRagmin and Fast Revascularisation during InStability in Coronary artery disease Investigators. Lancet1999;354:708–715.

Cannon CP, Weintraub WS, Demopoulos LA, Vicari R, Frey MJ, Lakkis N, Neumann FJ, Robertson DH, DeLucca PT, DiBattiste PM, Gibson CM, Braunwald E. Comparison of early invasive and conservative strategies in patients with unstable coronary syndromes treated with the glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor tirofiban. N Engl J Med2001;344:1879–1887.

Fox KA, Poole-Wilson PA, Henderson RA, Clayton TC, Chamberlain DA, Shaw TR, Wheatley DJ, Pocock SJ. Interventional versus conservative treatment for patients with unstable angina or non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: the British Heart Foundation RITA 3 randomised trial. Randomized Intervention Trial of unstable Angina. Lancet2002;360:743–751.

Clayton TC, Pocock SJ, Henderson RA, Poole-Wilson PA, Shaw TR, Knight R, Fox KA. Do men benefit more than women from an interventional strategy in patients with unstable angina or non-ST elevation myocardial infarction? The impact of gender in the RITA 3 trial. Eur Heart J2004;25:1641–1650.

Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Pogatsa-Murray G, Mehilli J, Bollwein H, Bestehorn HP, Schmitt C, Seyfarth M, Dirschinger J, Schömig A. Evaluation of prolonged anti-thrombotic pre-treatment (“cooling-off” strategy) before intervention in patients with unstable coronary syndromes: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA2003;290:1593–1599.

Van de Werf F, Ardissino D, Betriu A, Cokkinos DV, Falk E, Fox KA, Julian D, Lengyel M, Neumann FJ, Ruzyllo W, Thygesen C, Underwood SR, Vahanian A, Verheugt FW, Wijns W. Management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. The Task Force on the Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J2003;24:28–66.

Anderson HV, Shaw RE, Brindis RG, Hewitt K, Krone RJ, Block PC, McKay CR, Weintraub WS. A contemporary overview of percutaneous coronary interventions. The American College of Cardiology-National Cardiovascular Data Registry (ACC-NCDR). J Am Coll Cardiol2002;39:1096–1103.

Vakili BA, Kaplan R, Brown DL. Volume-outcome relation for physicians and hospitals performing angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction in New York state. Circulation2001;104:2171–2176.

Zijlstra F. Does it matter where you go with an acute myocardial infarction? Eur Heart J2001;22:1764–1766.

Canto JG, Every NR, Magid DJ, Rogers WJ, Malmgren JA, Frederick PD, French WJ, Tiefenbrunn AJ, Misra VK, Kiefe CI, Barron HV. The volume of primary angioplasty procedures and survival after acute myocardial infarction. National Registry of Myocardial Infarction 2 Investigators. N Engl J Med2000;342:1573–1580.

Thiemann DR, Coresh J, Oetgen WJ, Powe NR. The association between hospital volume and survival after acute myocardial infarction in elderly patients. N Engl J Med1999;340:1640–1648.

Zahn R, Schiele R, Schneider S, Gitt AK, Wienbergen H, Seidl K, Bossaller C, Buttner HJ, Gottwik M, Altmann E, Rosahl W, Senges J. Decreasing hospital mortality between 1994 and 1998 in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty but not in patients treated with intravenous thrombolysis. Results from the pooled data of the Maximal Individual Therapy in Acute Myocardial Infarction (MITRA) Registry and the Myocardial Infarction Registry (MIR). J Am Coll Cardiol2000;36:2064–2071.

Chen EW, Canto JG, Parsons LS, Peterson ED, Littrell KA, Every NR, Gibson CM, Hochman JS, Ohman EM, Cheeks M, Barron HV. Relation between hospital intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation volume and mortality in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. Circulation2003;108:951–957.

Epstein AJ, Rathore SS, Volpp KG, Krumholz HM. Hospital percutaneous coronary intervention volume and patient mortality, 1998 to 2000: does the evidence support current procedure volume minimums? J Am Coll Cardiol2004;43:1755–1762.

Magid DJ, Calonge BN, Rumsfeld JS, Canto JG, Frederick PD, Every NR, Barron HV. Relation between hospital primary angioplasty volume and mortality for patients with acute MI treated with primary angioplasty vs thrombolytic therapy. JAMA2000;284:3131–3138.

Corpus RA, House JA, Marso SP, Grantham JA, Huber KC Jr, Laster SB, Johnson WL, Daniels WC, Barth CW, Giorgi LV, Rutherford BD. Multi-vessel percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with multi-vessel disease and acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J2004;148:493–500.

Mehta RH, Montoye CK, Gallogly M, Baker P, Blount A, Faul J, Roychoudhury C, Borzak S, Fox S, Franklin M, Freundl M, Kline-Rogers E, LaLonde T, Orza M, Parrish R, Satwicz M, Smith MJ, Sobotka P, Winston S, Riba AA, Eagle KA. Improving quality of care for acute myocardial infarction: The Guidelines Applied in Practice (GAP) Initiative. JAMA2002;287:1269–1276.

Henriques JP, Haasdijk AP, Zijlstra F. Outcome of primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction during routine duty hours versus during off-hours. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;41:2138–2142.

Sadeghi HM, Grines CL, Chandra HR, Mehran R, Fahy M, Cox DA, Garcia E, Tcheng JE, Griffin JJ, Stuckey TD, Lansky AJ, O'Neill WW, Stone GW. Magnitude and impact of treatment delays on weeknights and weekends in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (the CADILLAC trial). Am J Cardiol2004;94:637–640.

Rentrop P, Blanke H, Wiegand V, Karsch KR. Wiedereroffnung verschlossener Kranzgefässe im akuten Infarkt mit Hilfe von Kathetern. Transluminale Rekanalisation. Dtsch Med Wochenschr1979;104:1401–1405.

Grüntzig A. Transluminal dilatation of coronary-artery stenosis. Lancet1978;1:263.

Tamis-Holland JE, Palazzo A, Stebbins AL, Slater JN, Boland J, Ellis SG, Hochman JS. Benefits of direct angioplasty for women and men with acute myocardial infarction: results of the Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes Angioplasty (GUSTO II-B) Angioplasty Substudy. Am Heart J2004;147:133–139.

Goldenberg I, Matetzky S, Halkin A, Roth A, Di Segni E, Freimark D, Elian D, Agranat O, Har Zahav Y, Guetta V, Hod H. Primary angioplasty with routine stenting compared with thrombolytic therapy in elderly patients with acute myocardial infarction. Am Heart J2003;145:862–867.

Keeley EC, Boura JA, Grines CL. Primary angioplasty versus intravenous thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative review of 23 randomised trials. Lancet2003;361:13–20.

Zijlstra F, Hoorntje JC, de Boer MJ, Reiffers S, Miedema K, Ottervanger JP, van 'T Hof AWJ, Suryapranata H. Long-term benefit of primary angioplasty as compared with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med1999;341:1413–1419.

Nunn CM, O'Neill WW, Rothbaum D, Stone GW, O'Keefe J, Overlie P, Donohue B, Grines L, Browne KF, Vlietstra RE, Catlin T, Grines CL. Long-term outcome after primary angioplasty: report from the primary angioplasty in myocardial infarction (PAMI-I) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol1999;33:640–646.

Grines CL, Serruys P, O'Neill WW. Fibrinolytic therapy: is it a treatment of the past? Circulation2003;107:2538–2542.

Grines CL, Browne KF, Marco J, Rothbaum D, Stone GW, O'Keefe J, Overlie P, Donohue B, Chelliah N, Timmis GC et al. A comparison of immediate angioplasty with thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. The Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N Engl J Med1993;328:673–679.

The GUSTO IIb investigators. A clinical trial comparing primary coronary angioplasty with tissue plasminogen activator for acute myocardial infarction. The Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded Coronary Arteries in Acute Coronary Syndromes (GUSTO IIb) Angioplasty Substudy Investigators. N Engl J Med1997;336:1621–1628.

Aversano T, Aversano LT, Passamani E, Knatterud GL, Terrin ML, Williams DO, Forman SA. Thrombolytic therapy vs primary percutaneous coronary intervention for myocardial infarction in patients presenting to hospitals without on-site cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA2002;287:1943–1951.

Widimsky P, Groch L, Zelizko M, Aschermann M, Bednar F, Suryapranata H. Multicentre randomized trial comparing transport to primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis vs combined strategy for patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting to a community hospital without a catheterization laboratory. The PRAGUE study. Eur Heart J2000;21:823–831.

Widimsky P, Budesinsky T, Vorac D, Groch L, Zelizko M, Aschermann M, Branny M, St'asek J, Formanek P. Long distance transport for primary angioplasty vs immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. Final results of the randomized national multicentre trial—PRAGUE-2. Eur Heart J2003;24:94–104.

Andersen HR, Nielsen TT, Rasmussen K, Thuesen L, Kelbaek H, Thayssen P, Abildgaard U, Pedersen F, Madsen JK, Grande P, Villadsen AB, Krusell LR, Haghfelt T, Lomholt P, Husted SE, Vigholt E, Kjaergard HK, Mortensen LS. A comparison of coronary angioplasty with fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med2003;349:733–742.

Cragg DR, Friedman HZ, Bonema JD, Jaiyesimi IA, Ramos RG, Timmis GC, O'Neill WW, Schreiber TL. Outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction who are ineligible for thrombolytic therapy. Ann Intern Med1991;115:173–177.

Brodie BR, Weintraub RA, Stuckey TD, LeBauer EJ, Katz JD, Kelly TA, Hansen CJ. Outcomes of direct coronary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction in candidates and non-candidates for thrombolytic therapy. Am J Cardiol1991;67:7–12.

Zijlstra F, van't Hof AW, Liem AL, Hoorntje JC, Suryapranata H, de Boer MJ. Transferring patients for primary angioplasty: a retrospective analysis of 104 selected high risk patients with acute myocardial infarction. Heart1997;78:333–336.

Vermeer F, Oude Ophuis AJ, vd Berg EJ, Brunninkhuis LG, Werter CJ, Boehmer AG, Lousberg AH, Dassen WR, Bar FW. Prospective randomised comparison between thrombolysis, rescue PTCA, and primary PTCA in patients with extensive myocardial infarction admitted to a hospital without PTCA facilities: a safety and feasibility study. Heart1999;82:426–431.

Grines CL, Westerhausen DR Jr, Grines LL, Hanlon JT, Logemann TL, Niemela M, Weaver WD, Graham M, Boura J, O'Neill WW, Balestrini C. A randomized trial of transfer for primary angioplasty versus on-site thrombolysis in patients with high-risk myocardial infarction: the Air Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction study. J Am Coll Cardiol2002;39:1713–1719.

Schömig A, Ndrepepa G, Mehilli J, Schwaiger M, Schühlen H, Nekolla S, Pache J, Martinoff S, Bollwein H, Kastrati A. Therapy-dependent influence of time-to-treatment interval on myocardial salvage in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with coronary artery stenting or thrombolysis. Circulation2003;108:1084–1088.

Zahn R, Schiele R, Gitt AK, Schneider S, Seidl K, Voigtlander T, Gottwik M, Altmann E, Gieseler U, Rosahl W, Wagner S, Senges J. Impact of prehospital delay on mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with primary angioplasty and intravenous thrombolysis. Am Heart J2001;142:105–111.

Bonnefoy E, Lapostolle F, Leizorovicz A, Steg G, McFadden EP, Dubien PY, Cattan S, Boullenger E, Machecourt J, Lacroute JM, Cassagnes J, Dissait F, Touboul P. Primary angioplasty versus prehospital fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a randomised study. Lancet2002;360:825–829.

Danchin N, Blanchard D, Steg PG, Sauval P, Hanania G, Goldstein P, Cambou JP, Gueret P, Vaur L, Boutalbi Y, Genes N, Lablanche JM. Impact of prehospital thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction on 1-year outcome: results from the French Nationwide USIC 2000 Registry. Circulation2004;110:1909–1915.

Zijlstra F, Patel A, Jones M, Grines CL, Ellis S, Garcia E, Grinfeld L, Gibbons RJ, Ribeiro EE, Ribichini F, Granger C, Akhras F, Weaver WD, Simes RJ, for the PCAT collaboration. Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with early (<2 h), intermediate (2–4 h) and late (>4 h) presentation treated by primary coronary angioplasty or thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J2002;23:550–557.

Bertrand ME, McFadden EP. Late is perhaps not too late for primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J2002;23:1146–1148.

Dalby M, Bouzamondo A, Lechat P, Montalescot G. Transfer for primary angioplasty versus immediate thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. Circulation2003;108:1809–1814.

Zijlstra F. Angioplasty vs thrombolysis for acute myocardial infarction: a quantitative overview of the effects of interhospital transportation. Eur Heart J2003;24:21–23.

Wharton TP, Grines LL, Turco MA, Johnston JD, Souther J, Lew DC, Shaikh AZ, Bilnoski W, Singhi SK, Atay AE, Sinclair N, Shaddinger DE, Barsamian M, Graham M, Boura J, Grines C. Primary angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction at hospitals with no surgery on-site (The PAMI-No SOS Study) versus transfer to surgical centres for primary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;43:1943–1950.

Wennberg DE, Lucas FL, Siewers AE, Kellett MA, Malenka DJ. Outcomes of percutaneous coronary interventions performed at centres without and with onsite coronary artery bypass graft surgery. JAMA2004;292:1961–1968.

Loubeyre C, Morice MC, Lefevre T, Piechaud JF, Louvard Y, Dumas P. A randomized comparison of direct stenting with conventional stent implantation in selected patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol2002;39:15–21.

Suryapranata H, van't Hof AW, Hoorntje JC, de Boer MJ, Zijlstra F. Randomized comparison of coronary stenting with balloon angioplasty in selected patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation1998;97:2502–2505.

Grines CL, Cox DA, Stone GW, Garcia E, Mattos LA, Giambartolomei A, Brodie BR, Madonna O, Eijgelshoven M, Lansky AJ, O'Neill WW, Morice MC. Coronary angioplasty with or without stent implantation for acute myocardial infarction. Stent Primary Angioplasty in Myocardial Infarction Study Group. N Engl J Med1999;341:1949–1956.

Stone GW, Grines CL, Cox DA, Garcia E, Tcheng JE, Griffin JJ, Guagliumi G, Stuckey T, Turco M, Carroll JD, Rutherford BD, Lansky AJ, for the CADILLAC investigators. Comparison of angioplasty with stenting, with or without abciximab, in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med2002;346:957–966.

Herrmann HC, Moliterno DJ, Ohman EM, Stebbins AL, Bode C, Betriu A, Forycki F, Miklin JS, Bachinsky WB, Lincoff AM, Califf RM, Topol EJ. Facilitation of early percutaneous coronary intervention after reteplase with or without abciximab in acute myocardial infarction: results from the SPEED (GUSTO-4 Pilot) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol2000;36:1489–1496.

Ross AM, Coyne KS, Reiner JS, Greenhouse SW, Fink C, Frey A, Moreyra E, Traboulsi M, Racine N, Riba AL, Thompson MA, Rohrbeck S, Lundergan CF. A randomized trial comparing primary angioplasty with a strategy of short-acting thrombolysis and immediate planned rescue angioplasty in acute myocardial infarction: the PACT trial. PACT investigators. Plasminogen-activator Angioplasty Compatibility Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol1999;34:1954–1962.

Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Schlotterbeck K, Dotzer F, Dirschinger J, Schmitt C, Nekolla SG, Seyfarth M, Martinoff S, Markwardt C, Clermont G, Gerbig HW, Leiss J, Schwaiger M, Schömig A. Early administration of reteplase plus abciximab vs abciximab alone in patients with acute myocardial infarction referred for percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA2004;291:947–954.

The GUSTO V Investigators. Reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction with fibrinolytic therapy or combination reduced fibrinolytic therapy and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition: the GUSTO V randomised trial. Lancet2001;357:1905–1914.

Ellis SG, Armstrong P, Betriu A, Brodie B, Herrmann H, Montalescot G, Neumann FJ, Smith JJ, Topol E. Facilitated percutaneous coronary intervention versus primary percutaneous coronary intervention: design and rationale of the Facilitated Intervention with Enhanced Reperfusion Speed to Stop Events (FINESSE) trial. Am Heart J2004;147:E16.

Montalescot G, Barragan P, Wittenberg O, Ecollan P, Elhadad S, Villain P, Boulenc JM, Morice MC, Maillard L, Pansieri M, Choussat R, Pinton P, for the ADMIRAL investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med2001;344:1895–1903.

Van't Hof AW, Ernst N, De Boer MJ, De Winter R, Boersma E, Bunt T, Petronio S, Marcel Gosselink AT, Jap W, Hollak F, Hoorntje JC, Suryapranata H, Dambrink JH, Zijlstra F. Facilitation of primary coronary angioplasty by early start of a glycoprotein 2b/3a inhibitor: results of the ongoing tirofiban in myocardial infarction evaluation (On-TIME) trial. Eur Heart J2004;25:837–846.

Lee DP, Herity NA, Hiatt BL, Fearon WF, Rezaee M, Carter AJ, Huston M, Schreiber D, DiBattiste PM, Yeung AC. Adjunctive platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition with tirofiban before primary angioplasty improves angiographic outcomes: results of the TIrofiban Given in the Emergency Room before Primary Angioplasty (TIGER-PA) pilot trial. Circulation2003;107:1497–1501.

Gyöngyösi M, Domanovits H, Benzer W, Haugk M, Heinisch B, Sodeck G, Hodl R, Gaul G, Bonner G, Wojta J, Laggner A, Glogar D, Huber K. Use of abciximab prior to primary angioplasty in STEMI results in early recanalization of the infarct-related artery and improved myocardial tissue reperfusion—results of the Austrian multi-centre randomized ReoPro-BRIDGING Study. Eur Heart J2004;25:2125–2133.

Montalescot G, Borentain M, Payot L, Collet JP, Thomas D. Early vs late administration of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in primary percutaneous coronary intervention of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis. JAMA2004;292:362–366.

Ellis SG, da Silva ER, Heyndrickx G, Talley JD, Cernigliaro C, Steg G, Spaulding C, Nobuyoshi M, Erbel R, Vassanelli C et al. Randomized comparison of rescue angioplasty with conservative management of patients with early failure of thrombolysis for acute anterior myocardial infarction. Circulation1994;90:2280–2284.

Ellis SG, Da Silva ER, Spaulding CM, Nobuyoshi M, Weiner B, Talley JD. Review of immediate angioplasty after fibrinolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction: insights from the RESCUE I, RESCUE II, and other contemporary clinical experiences. Am Heart J2000;139:1046–1053.

Sutton AG, Campbell PG, Graham R, Price DJ, Gray JC, Grech ED, Hall JA, Harcombe AA, Wright RA, Smith RH, Murphy JJ, Shyam-Sundar A, Stewart MJ, Davies A, Linker NJ, de Belder MA. A randomized trial of rescue angioplasty versus a conservative approach for failed fibrinolysis in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the Middlesbrough Early Revascularization to Limit INfarction (MERLIN) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;44:287–296.

Grines CL, O'Neill WW. Rescue angioplasty: does the concept need to be rescued? J Am Coll Cardiol2004;44:297–299.

Gershlick AH, Hughes S, Abrams K, Stevens S, Uren N, De Belder M, Davis J, Pitt M, Alamgir F, Banning A, Baumbach A, Shiu MF, Schofield P, Dawkins K, Henderson R, Oldroyd K, Stephens-Lloyd A, Wilcox RG. Rescue angioplasty following failed thrombolysis: the REACT Trial. 2005 (in press).

Schömig A, Ndrepepa G, Mehilli J, Dirschinger J, Nekolla SG, Schmitt C, Martinoff S, Seyfarth M, Schwaiger M, Kastrati A. A randomized trial of coronary stenting versus balloon angioplasty as a rescue intervention after failed thrombolysis in patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;44:2073–2079.

Hochman JS, Sleeper LA, Webb JG, Sanborn TA, White HD, Talley JD, Buller CE, Jacobs AK, Slater JN, Col J, McKinlay SM, LeJemtel TH. Early revascularization in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock. SHOCK Investigators. Should We Emergently Revascularize Occluded Coronaries for Cardiogenic Shock. N Engl J Med1999;341:625–634.

Fincke R, Hochman JS, Lowe AM, Menon V, Slater JN, Webb JG, LeJemtel TH, Cotter G. Cardiac power is the strongest hemodynamic correlate of mortality in cardiogenic shock: a report from the SHOCK trial registry. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;44:340–348.

Urban P, Stauffer JC, Bleed D, Khatchatrian N, Amann W, Bertel O, van den Brand M, Danchin N, Kaufmann U, Meier B, Machecourt J, Pfisterer M. A randomized evaluation of early revascularization to treat shock complicating acute myocardial infarction. The (Swiss) Multicentre Trial of Angioplasty for Shock-(S)MASH. Eur Heart J1999;20:1030–1038.

Webb JG, Lowe AM, Sanborn TA, White HD, Sleeper LA, Carere RG, Buller CE, Wong SC, Boland J, Dzavik V, Porway M, Pate G, Bergman G, Hochman JS. Percutaneous coronary intervention for cardiogenic shock in the SHOCK trial. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;42:1380–1386.

Urban PM, Freedman RJ, Ohman EM, Stone GW, Christenson JT, Cohen M, Miller MF, Joseph DL, Bynum DZ, Ferguson JJ, III. In-hospital mortality associated with the use of intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation. Am J Cardiol2004;94:181–185.

Jacobs AK, French JK, Col J, Sleeper LA, Slater JN, Carnendran L, Boland J, Jiang X, LeJemtel T, Hochman JS. Cardiogenic shock with non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: a report from the SHOCK Trial Registry. SHould we emergently revascularize Occluded coronaries for Cardiogenic shocK? J Am Coll Cardiol2000;36:1091–1096.

Zeymer U, Vogt A, Zahn R, Weber MA, Tebbe U, Gottwik M, Bonzel T, Senges J, Neuhaus KL. Predictors of in-hospital mortality in 1333 patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock treated with primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI); Results of the primary PCI registry of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitende Kardiologische Krankenhausarzte (ALKK). Eur Heart J2004;25:322–328.

Prasad A, Lennon RJ, Rihal CS, Berger PB, Holmes DR Jr. Outcomes of elderly patients with cardiogenic shock treated with early percutaneous revascularization. Am Heart J2004;147:1066–1070.

Fang J, Alderman MH. Revascularization among patients with acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock and impact of American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines. Am J Cardiol2004;94:1281–1285.

Zeymer U, Uebis R, Vogt A, Glunz HG, Vöhringer HF, Harmjanz D, Neuhaus KL. Randomized comparison of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty and medical therapy in stable survivors of acute myocardial infarction with single vessel disease: a study of the Arbeitsgemeinschaft Leitende Kardiologische Krankenhausärzte. Circulation2003;108:1324–1328.

Gupta M, Chang WC, Van de Werf F, Granger CB, Midodzi W, Barbash G, Pehrson K, Oto A, Toutouzas P, Jansky P, Armstrong PW. International differences in in-hospital revascularization and outcomes following acute myocardial infarction: a multilevel analysis of patients in ASSENT-2. Eur Heart J2003;24:1640–1650.

Gibson CM, Karha J, Murphy SA, James D, Morrow DA, Cannon CP, Giugliano RP, Antman EM, Braunwald E. Early and long-term clinical outcomes associated with re-infarction following fibrinolytic administration in the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction trials. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;42:7–16.

Stenestrand U, Wallentin L. Early revascularisation and 1-year survival in 14-day survivors of acute myocardial infarction: a prospective cohort study. Lancet2002;359:1805–1811.

Kaul P, Armstrong PW, Chang WC, Naylor CD, Granger CB, Lee KL, Peterson ED, Califf RM, Topol EJ, Mark DB. Long-term mortality of patients with acute myocardial infarction in the United States and Canada: comparison of patients enrolled in Global Utilization of Streptokinase and t-PA for Occluded Coronary Arteries (GUSTO)-I. Circulation2004;110:1754–1760.

Scheller B, Hennen B, Hammer B, Walle J, Hofer C, Hilpert V, Winter H, Nickenig G, Bohm M. Beneficial effects of immediate stenting after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;42:634–641.

Fernandez-Aviles F, Alonso JJ, Castro-Beiras A, Vazquez N, Blanco J, Alonso-Briales J, Lopez-Mesa J, Fernandez-Vazquez F, Calvo I, Martinez-Elbal L, San Roman JA, Ramos B. Routine invasive strategy within 24 hours of thrombolysis versus ischaemia-guided conservative approach for acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (GRACIA-1): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet2004;364:1045–1053.

Le May MR, Wells GA, Labinaz M, Davies RF, Turek M, Leddy D, Maloney J, Mc Kibbin T, Quinn B, Beanlands RS, Glover C, Marquis JF, O'Brien ER, Williams WL, Higginson LA. Combined Angioplasty and Pharmacological Intervention versus Thrombolysis Alone in Acute Myocardial Infarction (CAPITAL AMI), 2005 (in press).

Thiele H, Engelmann L, Elsner K, Kappl MJ, Storch WH, Rahimi K, Hartmann A, Pfeiffer D, Kneissl GD, Schneider D, Möller T, Heberling HJ, Weise I, Schuler G. Comparison of Prehospital Fibrinolytic/Abciximab Therapy with Prehospital Initiated Facilitated Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Acute Myocardial Infarction. 2005 (in press).

Verheugt FW. Lyse now, stent later: the grace of GRACIA. Lancet2004;364:1014–1015.

Madsen JK, Grande P, Saunamaki K, Thayssen P, Kassis E, Eriksen U, Rasmussen K, Haunso S, Nielsen TT, Haghfelt T, Fritz-Hansen P, Hjelms E, Paulsen PK, Alstrup P, Arendrup H, Niebuhr-Jorgensen U, Andersen LI. Danish multicentre randomized study of invasive versus conservative treatment in patients with inducible ischemia after thrombolysis in acute myocardial infarction (DANAMI). DANish trial in Acute Myocardial Infarction. Circulation1997;96:748–755.

Sheehan FH, Braunwald E, Canner P, Dodge HT, Gore J, Van Natta P, Passamani ER, Williams DO, Zaret B. The effect of intravenous thrombolytic therapy on left ventricular function: a report on tissue-type plasminogen activator and streptokinase from the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI Phase I) trial. Circulation1987;75:817–829.

Yousef ZR, Redwood SR, Bucknall CA, Sulke AN, Marber MS. Late intervention after anterior myocardial infarction: effects on left ventricular size, function, quality of life, and exercise tolerance: results of the Open Artery Trial (TOAT Study). J Am Coll Cardiol2002;40:869–876.

Steg PG, Thuaire C, Himbert D, Carrier D, Champagne S, Coisne D, Khalife K, Cazaux P, Logeart D, Slama M, Spaulding C, Cohen A, Tirouvanziam A, Montely J, Rodriguez R, Garbarz E, Wijns W, Durand-Zaleski I, Porcher R, L. B, Chevret S, Chastang C. DECOPI (DEsobstruction COronaire en Post-Infarctus): a randomized multi-centre trial of occluded artery angioplasty after acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J2004;25:2187–2194.

Yousef ZR, Marber MS. The open artery hypothesis: potential mechanisms of action. Prog Cardiovasc Dis2000;42:419–438.

De Luca G, van't Hof AW, de Boer MJ, Ottervanger JP, Hoorntje JC, Gosselink AT, Dambrink JH, Zijlstra F, Suryapranata H. Time-to-treatment significantly affects the extent of ST-segment resolution and myocardial blush in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty. Eur Heart J2004;25:1009–1013.

De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Zijlstra F, van't Hof AW, Hoorntje JC, Gosselink AT, Dambrink JH, de Boer MJ. Symptom-onset-to-balloon time and mortality in patients with acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;42:991–997.

De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Ottervanger JP, Antman EM. Time delay to treatment and mortality in primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: every minute of delay counts. Circulation2004;109:1223–1225.

Gibson CM, Murphy SA, Kirtane AJ, Giugliano RP, Cannon CP, Antman EM, Braunwald E. Association of duration of symptoms at presentation with angiographic and clinical outcomes after fibrinolytic therapy in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;44:980–987.

Nallamothu BK, Antman EM, Bates ER. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention versus fibrinolytic therapy in acute myocardial infarction: does the choice of fibrinolytic agent impact on the importance of time-to-treatment? Am J Cardiol2004;94:772–774.

Ozdemir M, Cemri M, Yalcin R, Cengel A. Use of intracoronary adenosine for the management of slow-no-reflow phenomenon during percutaneous interventions. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2001;54:267–268.

Hillegass WB, Dean NA, Liao L, Rhinehart RG, Myers PR. Treatment of no-reflow and impaired flow with the nitric oxide donor nitroprusside following percutaneous coronary interventions: initial human clinical experience. J Am Coll Cardiol2001;37:1335–1343.

Wang HJ, Lo PH, Lin JJ, Lee H, Hung JS. Treatment of slow/no-reflow phenomenon with intracoronary nitroprusside injection in primary coronary intervention for acute myocardial infarction. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2004;63:171–176.

Barcin C, Denktas AE, Lennon RJ, Hammes L, Higano ST, Holmes DR Jr, Garratt KN, Lerman A. Comparison of combination therapy of adenosine and nitroprusside with adenosine alone in the treatment of angiographic no-reflow phenomenon. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2004;61:484–491.

Patrono C, Bachmann F, Baigent C, Bode C, De Catarina R, Charbonier B, Fitzgerald D, Hirsh J, Husted S, Kvasnicka J, Montalescot G, Rodriguez LAG, Verheugt F, Vermylen J, Wallentin L. Expert Consensus Document on the Use of Antiplatelet Agents. The Task Force on the Use of Antiplatelet Agents in Patients with Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease of the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J2004;25:1–16.

The Anti-thrombotic Trialists' Collaboration. Collaborative meta-analysis of randomised trials of antiplatelet therapy for prevention of death, myocardial infarction, and stroke in high risk patients. BMJ2002;324:71–86.

Savage MP, Goldberg S, Bove AA, Deutsch E, Vetrovec G, Macdonald RG, Bass T, Margolis JR, Whitworth HB, Taussig A. Effect of thromboxane A2 blockade on clinical outcome and restenosis after successful coronary angioplasty. Multi-Hospital Eastern Atlantic Restenosis Trial (M-HEART II). Circulation1995;92:3194–3200.

The ISIS-2 Investigators. Randomised trial of intravenous streptokinase, oral aspirin, both, or neither among 17,187 cases of suspected acute myocardial infarction: ISIS-2. ISIS-2 (Second International Study of Infarct Survival) Collaborative Group. Lancet1988;2:349–360.

Bhatt DL. Aspirin resistance: more than just a laboratory curiosity. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;43:1127–1129.

Hall P, Nakamura S, Maiello L, Itoh A, Blengino S, Martini G, Ferraro M, Colombo A. A randomized comparison of combined ticlopidine and aspirin therapy versus aspirin therapy alone after successful intravascular ultrasound-guided stent implantation. Circulation1996;93:215–222.

Schömig A, Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Schühlen H, Blasini R, Hadamitzky M, Walter H, Zitzmann-Roth EM, Richardt G, Alt E, Schmitt C, Ulm K. A randomized comparison of antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy after the placement of coronary-artery stents. N Engl J Med1996;334:1084–1089.

Leon MB, Baim DS, Popma JJ, Gordon PC, Cutlip DE, Ho KK, Giambartolomei A, Diver DJ, Lasorda DM, Williams DO, Pocock SJ, Kuntz RE. A clinical trial comparing three anti-thrombotic-drug regimens after coronary-artery stenting. Stent Anticoagulation Restenosis Study Investigators. N Engl J Med1998;339:1665–1671.

Bertrand ME, Legrand V, Boland J, Fleck E, Bonnier J, Emmanuelson H, Vrolix M, Missault L, Chierchia S, Casaccia M, Niccoli L, Oto A, White C, Webb-Peploe M, Van Belle E, McFadden EP. Randomized multicentre comparison of conventional anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy in unplanned and elective coronary stenting. The full anticoagulation versus aspirin and ticlopidine (FANTASTIC) study. Circulation1998;98:1597–1603.

Urban P, Macaya C, Rupprecht HJ, Kiemeneij F, Emanuelsson H, Fontanelli A, Pieper M, Wesseling T, Sagnard L. Randomized evaluation of anticoagulation versus antiplatelet therapy after coronary stent implantation in high-risk patients: the multicentre aspirin and ticlopidine trial after intracoronary stenting (MATTIS). Circulation1998;98:2126–2132.

Bertrand ME, Rupprecht HJ, Urban P, Gershlick AH, Investigators FT. Double-blind study of the safety of clopidogrel with and without a loading dose in combination with aspirin compared with ticlopidine in combination with aspirin after coronary stenting: the clopidogrel aspirin stent international cooperative study (CLASSICS). Circulation2000;102:624–629.

Taniuchi M, Kurz HI, Lasala JM. Randomized comparison of ticlopidine and clopidogrel after intracoronary stent implantation in a broad patient population. Circulation2001;104:539–543.

Müller C, Büttner HJ, Petersen J, Roskamm H. A randomized comparison of clopidogrel and aspirin versus ticlopidine and aspirin after the placement of coronary-artery stents. Circulation2000;101:590–593.

Calver AL, Blows LJ, Harmer S, Dawkins KD, Gray HH, Morgan JH, Simpson IA. Clopidogrel for prevention of major cardiac events after coronary stent implantation: 30-day and 6-month results in patients with smaller stents. Am Heart J2000;140:483–491.

Moussa I, Oetgen M, Roubin G, Colombo A, Wang X, Iyer S, Maida R, Collins M, Kreps E, Moses JW. Effectiveness of clopidogrel and aspirin versus ticlopidine and aspirin in preventing stent thrombosis after coronary stent implantation. Circulation1999;99:2364–2366.

Berger PB. Clopidogrel instead of ticlopidine after coronary stent placement: is the switch justified? Am Heart J2000;140:354–358.

Bhatt DL, Bertrand ME, Berger PB, L'Allier PL, Moussa I, Moses JW, Dangas G, Taniuchi M, Lasala JM, Holmes DR, Ellis SG, Topol EJ. Meta-analysis of randomized and registry comparisons of ticlopidine with clopidogrel after stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol2002;39:9–14.

Berger PB, Bell MR, Rihal CS, Ting H, Barsness G, Garratt K, Bellot V, Mathew V, Melby S, Hammes L, Grill D, Holmes DR Jr. Clopidogrel versus ticlopidine after intracoronary stent placement. J Am Coll Cardiol1999;34:1891–1894.

Mishkel GJ, Aguirre FV, Ligon RW, Rocha-Singh KJ, Lucore CL. Clopidogrel as adjunctive antiplatelet therapy during coronary stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol1999;34:1884–1890.

Vivekananthan DP, Bhatt DL, Chew DP, Zidar FJ, Chan AW, Moliterno DJ, Ellis SG, Topol EJ. Effect of clopidogrel pre-treatment on periprocedural rise in C-reactive protein after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am J Cardiol2004;94:358–360.

Lepäntalo A, Virtanen KS, Heikkilä J, Wartiovaara U, Lassila R. Limited early antiplatelet effect of 300 mg clopidogrel in patients with aspirin therapy undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions. Eur Heart J2004;25:476–483.

Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Mann JT, III, Fry ET, DeLago A, Wilmer C, Topol EJ. Early and sustained dual oral antiplatelet therapy following percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA2002;288:2411–2420.

Chan AW, Moliterno DJ, Berger PB, Stone GW, DiBattiste PM, Yakubov SL, Sapp SK, Wolski K, Bhatt DL, Topol EJ. Triple antiplatelet therapy during percutaneous coronary intervention is associated with improved outcomes including one-year survival: results from the Do Tirofiban and ReoProGive Similar Efficacy Outcome Trial (TARGET). J Am Coll Cardiol2003;42:1188–1195.

Kastrati A, von Beckerath N, Joost A, Pogatsa-Murray G, Gorchakova O, Schömig A. Loading with 600 mg clopidogrel in patients with coronary artery disease with and without chronic clopidogrel therapy. Circulation2004;110:1916–1919.

Kastrati A, Mehilli J, Schühlen H, Dirschinger J, Dotzer F, ten Berg JM, Neumann FJ, Bollwein H, Volmer C, Gawaz M, Berger PB, Schömig A. A clinical trial of abciximab in elective percutaneous coronary intervention after pre-treatment with clopidogrel. N Engl J Med2004;350:232–238.

Kandzari DE, berger PB, Kastrati A, Steinhubl S, Mehilli J, Dotzer F, ten Berg JM, Neumann FJ, Bollwein H, Dirschinger J, Schömig A, Influence of Treatment Duration With a 600-mg Dose of Clopidogrel Before Percutaneous Coronary Revascularization. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;44:2133–2136.

Yusuf S, Zhao F, Mehta SR, Chrolavicius S, Tognoni G, Fox KK. Effects of clopidogrel in addition to aspirin in patients with acute coronary syndromes without ST-segment elevation. N Engl J Med2001;345:494–502.

Berger PB, Steinhubl S. Clinical implications of percutaneous coronary intervention-clopidogrel in unstable angina to prevent recurrent events (PCI-CURE) study: a US perspective. Circulation2002;106:2284–2287.

Fox KA, Mehta SR, Peters R, Zhao F, Lakkis N, Gersh BJ, Yusuf S. Benefits and risks of the combination of clopidogrel and aspirin in patients undergoing surgical revascularization for non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome: the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent ischemic Events (CURE) Trial. Circulation2004;110:1202–1208.

Peters RJ, Mehta SR, Fox KA, Zhao F, Lewis BS, Kopecky SL, Diaz R, Commerford PJ, Valentin V, Yusuf S. Effects of aspirin dose when used alone or in combination with clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes: observations from the Clopidogrel in Unstable angina to prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) study. Circulation2003;108:1682–1687.

Braunwald E, Antman EM, Beasley JW, Califf RM, Cheitlin MD, Hochman JS, Jones RH, Kereiakes D, Kupersmith J, Levin TN, Pepine CJ, Schaeffer JW, Smith EE, III, Steward DE, Theroux P, Gibbons RJ, Alpert JS, Faxon DP, Fuster V, Gregoratos G, Hiratzka LF, Jacobs AK, Smith SC Jr. ACC/AHA guideline update for the management of patients with unstable angina and non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction—2002: summary article: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Committee on the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina). Circulation2002;106:1893–1900.

Mehta SR, Yusuf S, Peters RJ, Bertrand ME, Lewis BS, Natarajan MK, Malmberg K, Rupprecht H, Zhao F, Chrolavicius S, Copland I, Fox KA. Effects of pre-treatment with clopidogrel and aspirin followed by long-term therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: the PCI-CURE study. Lancet2001;358:527–533.

Lau WC, Waskell LA, Watkins PB, Neer CJ, Horowitz K, Hopp AS, Tait AR, Carville DG, Guyer KE, Bates ER. Atorvastatin reduces the ability of clopidogrel to inhibit platelet aggregation: a new drug—drug interaction. Circulation2003;107:32–37.

Saw J, Steinhubl SR, Berger PB, Kereiakes DJ, Serebruany VL, Brennan D, Topol EJ. Lack of adverse clopidogrel-atorvastatin clinical interaction from secondary analysis of a randomized, placebo-controlled clopidogrel trial. Circulation2003;108:921–924.

Müller I, Besta F, Schulz C, Massberg S, Schömig A, Gawaz M. Prevalence of clopidogrel non-responders among patients with stable angina pectoris scheduled for elective coronary stent placement. Thromb Haemost2003;89:783–787.

Matetzky S, Shenkman B, Guetta V, Shechter M, Bienart R, Goldenberg I, Novikov I, Pres H, Savion N, Varon D, Hod H. Clopidogrel resistance is associated with increased risk of recurrent atherothrombotic events in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circulation2004;109:3171–3175.

Kaluski E, Krakover R, Cotter G, Hendler A, Zyssman I, Milovanov O, Blatt A, Zimmerman E, Goldstein E, Nahman V, Vered Z. Minimal heparinization in coronary angioplasty—how much heparin is really warranted? Am J Cardiol2000;85:953–956.

Oler A, Whooley MA, Oler J, Grady D. Adding heparin to aspirin reduces the incidence of myocardial infarction and death in patients with unstable angina. A meta-analysis. JAMA1996;276:811–815.

Theroux P, Ouimet H, McCans J, Latour JG, Joly P, Levy G, Pelletier E, Juneau M, Stasiak J, deGuise P et al. Aspirin, heparin, or both to treat acute unstable angina. N Engl J Med1988;319:1105–1111.

Cohen M. The role of low-molecular-weight heparin in the management of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;41:55S–61S.

Klein W, Buchwald A, Hillis SE, Monrad S, Sanz G, Turpie AG, van der Meer J, Olaisson E, Undeland S, Ludwig K. Comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin acutely and with placebo for 6 weeks in the management of unstable coronary artery disease. Fragmin in unstable coronary artery disease study (FRIC). Circulation1997;96:61–68.

Antman EM, McCabe CH, Gurfinkel EP, Turpie AG, Bernink PJ, Salein D, Bayes De Luna A, Fox K, Lablanche JM, Radley D, Premmereur J, Braunwald E. Enoxaparin prevents death and cardiac ischemic events in unstable angina/non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Results of the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) 11B trial. Circulation1999;100:1593–1601.

Antman EM, Cohen M, McCabe C, Goodman SG, Murphy SA, Braunwald E. Enoxaparin is superior to unfractionated heparin for preventing clinical events at 1-year follow-up of TIMI 11B and ESSENCE. Eur Heart J2002;23:308–314.

Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, Turpie AG, Fromell GJ, Goodman S, Langer A, Califf RM, Fox KA, Premmereur J, Bigonzi F. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events Study Group. N Engl J Med1997;337:447–452.

The FRAXIS Investigators. Comparison of two treatment durations (6 days and 14 days) of a low molecular weight heparin with a 6-day treatment of unfractionated heparin in the initial management of unstable angina or non-Q wave myocardial infarction: FRAX.I.S. (FRAxiparine in Ischaemic Syndrome). Eur Heart J1999;20:1553–1562.

The FRISC II Investigators. Long-term low-molecular-mass heparin in unstable coronary-artery disease: FRISC II prospective randomised multicentre study. FRagmin and Fast Revascularisation during InStability in Coronary artery disease. Investigators. Lancet1999;354:701–707.

Ferguson JJ, Califf RM, Antman EM, Cohen M, Grines CL, Goodman S, Kereiakes DJ, Langer A, Mahaffey KW, Nessel CC, Armstrong PW, Avezum A, Aylward P, Becker RC, Biasucci L, Borzak S, Col J, Frey MJ, Fry E, Gulba DC, Guneri S, Gurfinkel E, Harrington R, Hochman JS, Kleiman NS, Leon MB, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pepine CJ, Ruzyllo W, Steinhubl SR, Teirstein PS, Toro-Figueroa L, White H. Enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in high-risk patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes managed with an intended early invasive strategy: primary results of the SYNERGY randomized trial. JAMA2004;292:45–54.

Blazing MA, de Lemos JA, White HD, Fox KA, Verheugt FW, Ardissino D, DiBattiste PM, Palmisano J, Bilheimer DW, Snapinn SM, Ramsey KE, Gardner LH, Hasselblad V, Pfeffer MA, Lewis EF, Braunwald E, Califf RM. Safety and efficacy of enoxaparin vs unfractionated heparin in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes who receive tirofiban and aspirin: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA2004;292:55–64.

Petersen JL, Mahaffey KW, Hasselblad V, Antman EM, Cohen M, Goodman SG, Langer A, Blazing MA, Le-Moigne-Amrani A, de Lemos JA, Nessel CC, Harrington RA, Ferguson JJ, Braunwald E, Califf RM. Efficacy and bleeding complications among patients randomized to enoxaparin or unfractionated heparin for anti-thrombin therapy in non-ST-Segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: a systematic overview. JAMA2004;292:89–96.

Schünemann HJ, Cook D, Grimshaw J, Liberati A, Heffner J, Tapson V, Guyatt G. Anti-thrombotic and thrombolytic therapy: from evidence to application: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Anti-thrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest2004;126:688S–696S.

Collet JP, Montalescot G, Golmard JL, Tanguy ML, Ankri A, Choussat R, Beygui F, Drobinski G, Vignolles N, Thomas D. Subcutaneous enoxaparin with early invasive strategy in patients with acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J2004;147:655–661.

De Lemos JA, Blazing MA, Wiviott SD, Brady WE, White HD, Fox KA, Palmisano J, Ramsey KE, Bilheimer DW, Lewis EF, Pfeffer M, Califf RM, Braunwald E. Enoxaparin versus unfractionated heparin in patients treated with tirofiban, aspirin and an early conservative initial management strategy: results from the A phase of the A-to-Z trial. Eur Heart J2004;25:1688–1694.

Ross AM, Molhoek P, Lundergan C, Knudtson M, Draoui Y, Regalado L, Le Louer V, Bigonzi F, Schwartz W, de Jong E, Coyne K. Randomized comparison of enoxaparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, with unfractionated heparin adjunctive to recombinant tissue plasminogen activator thrombolysis and aspirin: second trial of Heparin and Aspirin Reperfusion Therapy (HART II). Circulation2001;104:648–652.

Antman EM, Louwerenburg HW, Baars HF, Wesdorp JC, Hamer B, Bassand JP, Bigonzi F, Pisapia G, Gibson CM, Heidbuchel H, Braunwald E, Van de Werf F. Enoxaparin as adjunctive anti-thrombin therapy for ST-elevation myocardial infarction: results of the ENTIRE-Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) 23 Trial. Circulation2002;105:1642–1649.

Coussement PK, Bassand JP, Convens C, Vrolix M, Boland J, Grollier G, Michels R, Vahanian A, Vanderheyden M, Rupprecht HJ, Van de Werf F, A synthetic factor-Xa inhibitor (ORG31540/SR9017A) as an adjunct to fibrinolysis in acute myocardial infarction. The PENTALYSE study. Eur Heart J2001;22:1716–1724.

Marso SP, Lincoff AM, Ellis SG, Bhatt DL, Tanguay JF, Kleiman NS, Hammoud T, Booth JE, Sapp SK, Topol EJ. Optimizing the percutaneous interventional outcomes for patients with diabetes mellitus: results of the EPISTENT (Evaluation of platelet IIb/IIIa inhibitor for stenting trial) diabetic substudy. Circulation1999;100:2477–2484.

Mehilli J, Kastrati A, Schühlen H, Dibra A, Dotzer F, von Beckerath N, Bollwein H, Pache J, Dirschinger J, Berger PP, Schömig A. Randomized clinical trial of abciximab in diabetic patients undergoing elective percutaneous coronary interventions after treatment with a high loading dose of clopidogrel. Circulation2004;110:3627–3635.

Kong DF, Hasselblad V, Harrington RA, White HD, Tcheng JE, Kandzari DE, Topol EJ, Califf RM. Meta-analysis of survival with platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa antagonists for percutaneous coronary interventions. Am J Cardiol2003;92:651–655.

Wijpkema JS, Jessurun GA, Van Boven AJ, Versteeg DI, Hautvast RW, Tio RA. Clinical impact of abciximab on long-term outcome after complex coronary angioplasty. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2003;60:339–343.

The GUSTO IV-ACS Investigators. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blocker abciximab on outcome in patients with acute coronary syndromes without early coronary revascularisation: the GUSTO IV-ACS randomised trial. Lancet2001;357:1915–1924.

The PRISM Investigators. A comparison of aspirin plus tirofiban with aspirin plus heparin for unstable angina. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management (PRISM) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med1998;338:1498–1505.

The PRISM-PLUS Investigators. Inhibition of the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor with tirofiban in unstable angina and non-Q-wave myocardial infarction. Platelet Receptor Inhibition in Ischemic Syndrome Management in Patients Limited by Unstable Signs and Symptoms (PRISM-PLUS) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med1998;338:1488–1497.

The PARAGON Investigators. International, randomized, controlled trial of lamifiban (a platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor), heparin, or both in unstable angina. The PARAGON Investigators. Platelet IIb/IIIa Antagonism for the Reduction of Acute coronary syndrome events in a Global Organization Network. Circulation1998;97:2386–2395.

The PURSUIT Investigators. Inhibition of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa with eptifibatide in patients with acute coronary syndromes. The PURSUIT Trial Investigators. Platelet Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa in Unstable Angina: Receptor Suppression Using Integrilin Therapy. N Engl J Med1998;339:436–443.

The PARAGON-B Investigators. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of titrated intravenous lamifiban for acute coronary syndromes. Circulation2002;105:316–321.

Hamm CW, Heeschen C, Goldmann B, Vahanian A, Adgey J, Miguel CM, Rutsch W, Berger J, Kootstra J, Simoons ML. Benefit of abciximab in patients with refractory unstable angina in relation to serum troponin T levels. c7E3 Fab Antiplatelet Therapy in Unstable Refractory Angina (CAPTURE) Study Investigators. N Engl J Med1999;340:1623–1629.

The EPIC Investigators. Use of a monoclonal antibody directed against the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor in high-risk coronary angioplasty. The EPIC Investigation. N Engl J Med1994;330:956–961.

The EPILOG Investigators. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade and low-dose heparin during percutaneous coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med1997;336:1689–1696.

EPISTENT Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled and balloon-angioplasty-controlled trial to assess safety of coronary stenting with use of platelet glycoprotein-IIb/IIIa blockade. The EPISTENT Investigators. Evaluation of Platelet IIb/IIIa Inhibitor for Stenting. Lancet1998;352:87–92.

The ERASER Investigators. Acute platelet inhibition with abciximab does not reduce in-stent restenosis (ERASER study). The ERASER Investigators. Circulation1999;100:799–806.

The ESPRIT Investigators. Novel dosing regimen of eptifibatide in planned coronary stent implantation (ESPRIT): a randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet2000;356:2037–2044.

The IMPACT-II Investigators. Randomised placebo-controlled trial of effect of eptifibatide on complications of percutaneous coronary intervention: IMPACT-II. Integrilin to Minimise Platelet Aggregation and Coronary Thrombosis-II. Lancet1997;349:1422–1428.

The RESTORE Investigators. Effects of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with tirofiban on adverse cardiac events in patients with unstable angina or acute myocardial infarction undergoing coronary angioplasty. The RESTORE Investigators. Randomized Efficacy Study of Tirofiban for Outcomes and REstenosis. Circulation1997;96:1445–1453.

Dalby M, Montalescot G, Sollier CB, Vicaut E, Soulat T, Collet JP, Choussat R, Gallois V, Drobinski G, Drouet L, Thomas D. Eptifibatide provides additional platelet inhibition in non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction patients already treated with aspirin and clopidogrel. Results of the platelet activity extinction in non-Q-wave myocardial infarction with aspirin, clopidogrel, and eptifibatide (PEACE) study. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;43:162–168.

Roe MT, Christenson RH, Ohman EM, Bahr R, Fesmire FM, Storrow A, Mollod M, Peacock WF, Rosenblatt JA, Yang H, Fraulo ES, Hoekstra JW, Gibler WB. A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of early eptifibatide for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Am Heart J2003;146:993–998.

Moliterno DJ, Yakubov SJ, DiBattiste PM, Herrmann HC, Stone GW, Macaya C, Neumann FJ, Ardissino D, Bassand JP, Borzi L, Yeung AC, Harris KA, Demopoulos LA, Topol EJ. Outcomes at 6 months for the direct comparison of tirofiban and abciximab during percutaneous coronary revascularisation with stent placement: the TARGET follow-up study. Lancet2002;360:355–360.

Stone GW, Moliterno DJ, Bertrand M, Neumann FJ, Herrmann HC, Powers ER, Grines CL, Moses JW, Cohen DJ, Cohen EA, Cohen M, Wolski K, DiBattiste PM, Topol EJ. Impact of clinical syndrome acuity on the differential response to 2 glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients undergoing coronary stenting: the TARGET Trial. Circulation2002;105:2347–2354.

Danzi GB, Sesana M, Capuano C, Mauri L, Berra Centurini P, Baglini R. Comparison in patients having primary coronary angioplasty of abciximab versus tirofiban on recovery of left ventricular function. Am J Cardiol2004;94:35–39.

Valgimigli M, Percoco G, Barbieri D, Ferrari F, Guardigli G, Parrinello G, Soukhomovskaia O, Ferrari R. The additive value of tirofiban administered with the high-dose bolus in the prevention of ischemic complications during high-risk coronary angioplasty: the ADVANCE Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;44:14–19.

Ernst NM, Suryapranata H, Miedema K, Slingerland RJ, Ottervanger JP, Hoorntje JC, Gosselink AT, Dambrink JH, de Boer MJ, Zijlstra F, van't Hof AW. Achieved platelet aggregation inhibition after different antiplatelet regimens during percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;44:1187–1193.

Theroux P, Alexander J Jr, Dupuis J, Pesant Y, Gervais P, Grandmont D, Kouz S, Laramee P, Huynh T, Barr E, Sax FL. Upstream use of tirofiban in patients admitted for an acute coronary syndrome in hospitals with or without facilities for invasive management. PRISM-PLUS Investigators. Am J Cardiol2001;87:375–380.

Greenbaum AB, Harrington RA, Hudson MP, MacAulay CM, Wilcox RG, Simoons ML, Berdan LG, Guerci A, Cokkinos DV, Kitt MM, Lincoff AM, Topol EJ, Califf RM, Ohman EM. Therapeutic value of eptifibatide at community hospitals transferring patients to tertiary referral centres early after admission for acute coronary syndromes. PURSUIT Investigators. J Am Coll Cardiol2001;37:492–498.

Cannon CP, Turpie AG. Unstable angina and non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction: initial anti-thrombotic therapy and early invasive strategy. Circulation2003;107:2640–2645.

Boden WE, McKay RG. Optimal treatment of acute coronary syndromes—an evolving strategy. N Engl J Med2001;344:1939–1942.

Boden WE, “Routine invasive” versus “selective invasive” approaches to non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes management in the post-stent/platelet inhibition era. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;41:113S–122S.

Gibson CM, Singh KP, Murphy SA, DiBattiste PM, Demopoulos LA, Cannon CP, Braunwald E. Association between duration of tirofiban therapy before percutaneous intervention and tissue level perfusion (a TACTICS-TIMI 18 substudy). Am J Cardiol2004;94:492–494.

Lange RA, Hillis LD. Antiplatelet therapy for ischemic heart disease. N Engl J Med2004;350:277–280.

Rebeiz AG, Dery JP, Tsiatis AA, O'Shea J C, Johnson BA, Hellkamp AS, Pieper KS, Gilchrist IC, Slater J, Muhlestein JB, Joseph D, Kitt MM, Tcheng JE. Optimal duration of eptifibatide infusion in percutaneous coronary intervention (An ESPRIT substudy). Am J Cardiol2004;94:926–929.

Brener SJ, Barr LA, Burchenal JE, Katz S, George BS, Jones AA, Cohen ED, Gainey PC, White HJ, Cheek HB, Moses JW, Moliterno DJ, Effron MB, Topol EJ. Randomized, placebo-controlled trial of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade with primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. ReoPro and Primary PTCA Organization and Randomized Trial (RAPPORT) Investigators. Circulation1998;98:734–741.

Neumann FJ, Kastrati A, Schmitt C, Blasini R, Hadamitzky M, Mehilli J, Gawaz M, Schleef M, Seyfarth M, Dirschinger J, Schömig A. Effect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor blockade with abciximab on clinical and angiographic restenosis rate after the placement of coronary stents following acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol2000;35:915–921.

Antoniucci D, Rodriguez A, Hempel A, Valenti R, Migliorini A, Vigo F, Parodi G, Fernandez-Pereira C, Moschi G, Bartorelli A, Santoro GM, Bolognese L, Colombo A. A randomized trial comparing primary infarct artery stenting with or without abciximab in acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;42:1879–1885.

de Queiroz Fernandes Araújo JO, Veloso HH, De Paiva JMB, Filho MW, De Paola AAV. Efficacy and safety of abciximab on acute myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary interventions: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials. Am Heart J2004;148:937–943.

Petronio AS, Musumeci G, Limbruno U, De Carlo M, Baglini R, Paterni G, Grazia Delle Donne M, Caravelli P, Nardi C, Mariani M. Abciximab improves 6-month clinical outcome after rescue coronary angioplasty. Am Heart J2002;143:334–341.

Ndrepepa G, Kastrati A, Neumann FJ, Schmitt C, Mehilli J, Schömig A. Five-year outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction enrolled in a randomised trial assessing the value of abciximab during coronary artery stenting. Eur Heart J2004;25:1635–1640.

Topol EJ, Neumann FJ, Montalescot G. A preferred reperfusion strategy for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;42:1886–1889.

Kandzari DE, Hasselblad V, Tcheng JE, Stone GW, Califf RM, Kastrati A, Neumann FJ, Brener SJ, Montalescot G, Kong DF, Harrington RA. Improved clinical outcomes with abciximab therapy in acute myocardial infarction: a systematic overview of randomized clinical trials. Am Heart J2004;147:457–462.

Lincoff AM. Direct thrombin inhibitors for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes: what, when, and where? Am Heart J2003;146:S23–S30.

Lincoff AM, Kleiman NS, Kottke-Marchant K, Maierson ES, Maresh K, Wolski KE, Topol EJ. Bivalirudin with planned or provisional abciximab versus low-dose heparin and abciximab during percutaneous coronary revascularization: results of the Comparison of Abciximab Complications with Hirulog for Ischemic Events Trial (CACHET). Am Heart J2002;143:847–853.

Koster A, Spiess B, Chew DP, Krabatsch T, Tambeur L, DeAnda A, Hetzer R, Kuppe H, Smedira NG, Lincoff AM. Effectiveness of bivalirudin as a replacement for heparin during cardiopulmonary bypass in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. Am J Cardiol2004;93:356–359.

Bittl JA, Strony J, Brinker JA, Ahmed WH, Meckel CR, Chaitman BR, Maraganore J, Deutsch E, Adelman B. Treatment with bivalirudin (Hirulog) as compared with heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina. Hirulog Angioplasty Study Investigators. N Engl J Med1995;333:764–769.

Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, Harrington RA, Feit F, Kleiman NS, Jackman JD, Sarembock IJ, Cohen DJ, Spriggs D, Ebrahimi R, Keren G, Carr J, Cohen EA, Betriu A, Desmet W, Kereiakes DJ, Rutsch W, Wilcox RG, de Feyter PJ, Vahanian A, Topol EJ. Bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade compared with heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary intervention: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA2003;289:853–863.

Schussler JM, Cameron CS, Anwar A, Donsky MS, Johnson KB, Vallabhan RC, Wischmeyer JB. Effect of bivalirudin on length of stay in the recovery area after percutaneous coronary intervention compared with heparin alone, heparin+abciximab, or heparin+eptifibatide. Am J Cardiol2004;94:1417–1419.

Mahaffey KW, Lewis BE, Wildermann NM, Berkowitz SD, Oliverio RM, Turco MA, Shalev Y, Ver Lee P, Traverse JH, Rodriguez AR, Ohman EM, Harrington RA, Califf RM. The anticoagulant therapy with bivalirudin to assist in the performance of percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (ATBAT) study: main results. J Invasive Cardiol2003;15:611–616.

Serruys PW, Herrman JP, Simon R, Rutsch W, Bode C, Laarman GJ, van Dijk R, van den Bos AA, Umans VA, Fox KA et al. A comparison of hirudin with heparin in the prevention of restenosis after coronary angioplasty. Helvetica Investigators. N Engl J Med1995;333:757–763.

Bittl JA, Chaitman BR, Feit F, Kimball W, Topol EJ. Bivalirudin versus heparin during coronary angioplasty for unstable or postinfarction angina: Final report reanalysis of the Bivalirudin Angioplasty Study. Am Heart J2001;142:952–959.

Lincoff AM, Bittl JA, Kleiman NS, Sarembock IJ, Jackman JD, Mehta S, Tannenbaum MA, Niederman AL, Bachinsky WB, Tift-Mann J, III, Parker HG, Kereiakes DJ, Harrington RA, Feit F, Maierson ES, Chew DP, Topol EJ. Comparison of bivalirudin versus heparin during percutaneous coronary intervention (the Randomized Evaluation of PCI Linking Angiomax to Reduced Clinical Events [REPLACE]-1 trial). Am J Cardiol2004;93:1092–1096.

Lincoff AM, Kleiman NS, Kereiakes DJ, Feit F, Bittl JA, Jackman JD, Sarembock IJ, Cohen DJ, Spriggs D, Ebrahimi R, Keren G, Carr J, Cohen EA, Betriu A, Desmet W, Rutsch W, Wilcox RG, de Feyter PJ, Vahanian A, Topol EJ. Long-term efficacy of bivalirudin and provisional glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade vs heparin and planned glycoprotein IIb/IIIa blockade during percutaneous coronary revascularization: REPLACE-2 randomized trial. JAMA2004;292:696–703.

The Direct Thrombin Inhibitor Trialists' Collaborative Group. Direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes: principal results of a meta-analysis based on individual patients' data. Lancet2002;359:294–302.

Eikelboom J, White H, Yusuf S. The evolving role of direct thrombin inhibitors in acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;41:70S–78S.

Bauters C, Banos JL, Van Belle E, Mc Fadden EP, Lablanche JM, Bertrand ME. Six-month angiographic outcome after successful repeat percutaneous intervention for in-stent restenosis. Circulation1998;97:318–321.

Mehran R, Dangas G, Abizaid AS, Mintz GS, Lansky AJ, Satler LF, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Stone GW, Leon MB. Angiographic patterns of in-stent restenosis: classification and implications for long-term outcome. Circulation1999;100:1872–1878.

Abizaid A, Kornowski R, Mintz GS, Hong MK, Abizaid AS, Mehran R, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Satler LF, Wu H, Popma JJ, Leon MB. The influence of diabetes mellitus on acute and late clinical outcomes following coronary stent implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol1998;32:584–589.

Dussaillant GR, Mintz GS, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Satler LF, Popma JJ, Wong SC, Leon MB. Small stent size and intimal hyperplasia contribute to restenosis: a volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol1995;26:720–724.

Kastrati A, Schömig A, Elezi S, Schühlen H, Dirschinger J, Hadamitzky M, Wehinger A, Hausleiter J, Walter H, Neumann FJ. Predictive factors of restenosis after coronary stent placement. J Am Coll Cardiol1997;30:1428–1436.

Leon MB, Teirstein PS, Moses JW, Tripuraneni P, Lansky AJ, Jani S, Wong SC, Fish D, Ellis S, Holmes DR, Kerieakes D, Kuntz RE. Localized intracoronary gamma-radiation therapy to inhibit the recurrence of restenosis after stenting. N Engl J Med2001;344:250–256.

Waksman R, White RL, Chan RC, Bass BG, Geirlach L, Mintz GS, Satler LF, Mehran R, Serruys PW, Lansky AJ, Fitzgerald P, Bhargava B, Kent KM, Pichard AD, Leon MB. Intracoronary gamma-radiation therapy after angioplasty inhibits recurrence in patients with in-stent restenosis (WRIST). Circulation2000;101:2165–2171.

Waksman R, Cheneau E, Ajani AE, White RL, Pinnow E, Torguson R, Deible R, Satler LF, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Teirstein PS, Lindsay J. Intracoronary radiation therapy improves the clinical and angiographic outcomes of diffuse in-stent restenotic lesions: results of the Washington Radiation for In-Stent Restenosis Trial for Long Lesions (Long WRIST) Studies. Circulation2003;107:1744–1749.

Popma JJ, Suntharalingam M, Lansky AJ, Heuser RR, Speiser B, Teirstein PS, Massullo V, Bass T, Henderson R, Silber S, von Rottkay P, Bonan R, Ho KK, Osattin A, Kuntz RE. Randomized trial of 90Sr/90Y beta-radiation versus placebo control for treatment of in-stent restenosis. Circulation2002;106:1090–1096.

Waksman R, Raizner AE, Yeung AC, Lansky AJ, Vandertie L. Use of localised intracoronary beta radiation in treatment of in-stent restenosis: the INHIBIT randomised controlled trial. Lancet2002;359:551–557.

Waksman R, Ajani AE, White RL, Chan RC, Satler LF, Kent KM, Pichard AD, Pinnow EE, Bui AB, Ramee S, Teirstein P, Lindsay J. Intravascular gamma radiation for in-stent restenosis in saphenous-vein bypass grafts. N Engl J Med2002;346:1194–1199.

Urban P, Serruys P, Baumgart D, Colombo A, Silber S, Eeckhout E, Gershlick A, Wegscheider K, Verhees L, Bonan R. A multicentre European registry of intraluminal coronary beta brachytherapy. Eur Heart J2003;24:604–612.

Silber S, Popma J, Suntharalingam M, Lansky A, Heuser R, Speiser B, Teirstein P, Bass BG, O'Neill W, Lasala JM, Reisman M, Sharma SK, Kuntz R, Bonan R. Two-Year Clinical Follow-Up of 90Sr/90Y Beta Radiation Versus Placebo-Control for the Treatment of In-Stent Restenosis. Am Heart J2005 (in press).

Teirstein PS, Massullo V, Jani S, Russo RJ, Cloutier DA, Schatz RA, Guarneri EM, Steuterman S, Sirkin K, Norman S, Tripuraneni P. Two-year follow-up after catheter-based radiotherapy to inhibit coronary restenosis. Circulation1999;99:243–247.

Teirstein PS, Kuntz RE. New frontiers in interventional cardiology: intravascular radiation to prevent restenosis. Circulation2001;104:2620–2626.

Waksman R, Ajani AE, White RL, Pinnow E, Mehran R, Bui AB, Deible R, Gruberg L, Mintz GS, Satler LF, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Lindsay J, Two-year follow-up after beta and gamma intracoronary radiation therapy for patients with diffuse in-stent restenosis. Am J Cardiol2001;88:425–428.

Teirstein PS, Massullo V, Jani S, Popma JJ, Russo RJ, Schatz RA, Guarneri EM, Steuterman S, Sirkin K, Cloutier DA, Leon MB, Tripuraneni P. Three-year clinical and angiographic follow-up after intracoronary radiation: results of a randomized clinical trial. Circulation2000;101:360–365.

Grise MA, Massullo V, Jani S, Popma JJ, Russo RJ, Schatz RA, Guarneri EM, Steuterman S, Cloutier DA, Leon MB, Tripuraneni P, Teirstein PS. Five-year clinical follow-up after intracoronary radiation: results of a randomized clinical trial. Circulation2002;105:2737–2740.

Waksman R, Ajani AE, Pinnow E, Cheneau E, Leborgne L, Dieble R, Bui AB, Satler LF, Pichard AD, Kent KK, Lindsay J. Twelve versus six months of clopidogrel to reduce major cardiac events in patients undergoing gamma-radiation therapy for in-stent restenosis: Washington Radiation for In-Stent restenosis Trial (WRIST) 12 versus WRIST PLUS. Circulation2002;106:776–778.

Silber S, Baumgart D, Hehrlein C, Meinertz T, Mügge A, Rutsch W, vom Dahl J. The IST Registry. ZKardiol2002;91:III/33.

Mauri L, Bonan R, Weiner BH, Legrand V, Bassand JP, Popma JJ, Niemyski P, Prpic R, Ho KK, Chauhan MS, Cutlip DE, Bertrand OF, Kuntz RE. Cutting balloon angioplasty for the prevention of restenosis: results of the Cutting Balloon Global Randomized Trial. Am J Cardiol2002;90:1079–1083.

Albiero R, Silber S, Di Mario C, Cernigliaro C, Battaglia S, Reimers B, Frasheri A, Klauss V, Auge JM, Rubartelli P, Morice MC, Cremonesi A, Schofer J, Bortone A, Colombo A. Cutting balloon versus conventional balloon angioplasty for the treatment of in-stent restenosis: results of the restenosis cutting balloon evaluation trial (RESCUT). J Am Coll Cardiol2004;43:943–949.

Cohen BM, Weber VJ, Blum RR, Ruck BE, Cohen DE, Haik BJ, Coletti RH. Cocktail attenuation of rotational ablation flow effects (CARAFE) study: pilot. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn1996;(Suppl. 3):69–72.

Dill T, Dietz U, Hamm CW, Kuchler R, Rupprecht HJ, Haude M, Cyran J, Ozbek C, Kuck KH, Berger J, Erbel R. A randomized comparison of balloon angioplasty versus rotational atherectomy in complex coronary lesions (COBRA study). Eur Heart J2000;21:1759–1766.

Whitlow PL, Bass TA, Kipperman RM, Sharaf BL, Ho KK, Cutlip DE, Zhang Y, Kuntz RE, Williams DO, Lasorda DM, Moses JW, Cowley MJ, Eccleston DS, Horrigan MC, Bersin RM, Ramee SR, Feldman T. Results of the study to determine rotablator and transluminal angioplasty strategy (STRATAS). Am J Cardiol2001;87:699–705.

Safian RD, Feldman T, Muller DW, Mason D, Schreiber T, Haik B, Mooney M, O'Neill WW. Coronary angioplasty and Rotablator atherectomy trial (CARAT): immediate and late results of a prospective multicentre randomized trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2001;53:213–220.

vom Dahl J, Dietz U, Haager PK, Silber S, Niccoli L, Buettner HJ, Schiele F, Thomas M, Commeau P, Ramsdale DR, Garcia E, Hamm CW, Hoffmann R, Reineke T, Klues HG. Rotational atherectomy does not reduce recurrent in-stent restenosis: results of the angioplasty versus rotational atherectomy for treatment of diffuse in-stent restenosis trial (ARTIST). Circulation2002;105:583–588.

Sharma SK, Kini A, Mehran R, Lansky A, Kobayashi Y, Marmur JD. Randomized trial of Rotational Atherectomy Versus Balloon Angioplasty for Diffuse In-stent Restenosis (ROSTER). Am Heart J2004;147:16–22.

Kobayashi Y, Teirstein P, Linnemeier T, Stone G, Leon M, Moses J. Rotational atherectomy (stentablation) in a lesion with stent underexpansion due to heavily calcified plaque. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2001;52:208–211.

Topol EJ, Leya F, Pinkerton CA, Whitlow PL, Hofling B, Simonton CA, Masden RR, Serruys PW, Leon MB, Williams DO et al. A comparison of directional atherectomy with coronary angioplasty in patients with coronary artery disease. The CAVEAT Study Group. N Engl J Med1993;329:221–227.

Holmes DR Jr, Topol EJ, Califf RM, Berdan LG, Leya F, Berger PB, Whitlow PL, Safian RD, Adelman AG, Kellett MA Jr et al. A multicentre, randomized trial of coronary angioplasty versus directional atherectomy for patients with saphenous vein bypass graft lesions. CAVEAT-II Investigators. Circulation1995;91:1966–1974.

Baim DS, Cutlip DE, Sharma SK, Ho KK, Fortuna R, Schreiber TL, Feldman RL, Shani J, Senerchia C, Zhang Y, Lansky AJ, Popma JJ, Kuntz RE. Final results of the Balloon vs Optimal Atherectomy Trial (BOAT). Circulation1998;97:322–331.

Cohen EA, Sykora K, Kimball BP, Bonan R, Ricci DR, Webb JG, Laramee L, Barbeau G, Traboulsi M, Corbett BN, Schwartz L, Adelman AG. Clinical outcomes of patients more than one year following randomization in the Canadian Coronary Atherectomy Trial (CCAT). Can J Cardiol1997;13:825–830.

Simonton CA, Leon MB, Baim DS, Hinohara T, Kent KM, Bersin RM, Wilson BH, Mintz GS, Fitzgerald PJ, Yock PG, Popma JJ, Ho KK, Cutlip DE, Senerchia C, Kuntz RE. ‘Optimal’ directional coronary atherectomy: final results of the Optimal Atherectomy Restenosis Study (OARS). Circulation1998;97:332–339.

Stankovic G, Colombo A, Bersin R, Popma J, Sharma S, Cannon LA, Gordon P, Nukta D, Braden G, Collins M. Comparison of directional coronary atherectomy and stenting versus stenting alone for the treatment of de novo and restenotic coronary artery narrowing. Am J Cardiol2004;93:953–958.

Topol EJ, Yadav JS. Recognition of the importance of embolization in atherosclerotic vascular disease. Circulation2000;101:570–580.

Hong MK, Mehran R, Dangas G, Mintz GS, Lansky AJ, Pichard AD, Kent KM, Satler LF, Stone GW, Leon MB. Creatine kinase-MB enzyme elevation following successful saphenous vein graft intervention is associated with late mortality. Circulation1999;100:2400–2405.

de Feyter PJ, van Suylen RJ, de Jaegere PP, Topol EJ, Serruys PW. Balloon angioplasty for the treatment of lesions in saphenous vein bypass grafts. J Am Coll Cardiol1993;21:1539–1549.

Plokker HW, Meester BH, Serruys PW. The Dutch experience in percutaneous transluminal angioplasty of narrowed saphenous veins used for aortocoronary arterial bypass. Am J Cardiol1991;67:361–366.

Roffi M, Mukherjee D, Chew DP, Bhatt DL, Cho L, Robbins MA, Ziada KM, Brennan DM, Ellis SG, Topol EJ. Lack of benefit from intravenous platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor inhibition as adjunctive treatment for percutaneous interventions of aortocoronary bypass grafts: a pooled analysis of five randomized clinical trials. Circulation2002;106:3063–3067.

Schächinger V, Hamm CW, Münzel T, Haude M, Baldus S, Grube E, Bonzel T, Konorza T, Koster R, Arnold R, Haase J, Probst P, vom Dahl J, Neumann FJ, Mudra H, Hennen B, Thiele L, Zeiher AM. A randomized trial of polytetrafluoroethylene-membrane-covered stents compared with conventional stents in aortocoronary saphenous vein grafts. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;42:1360–1369.

Stankovic G, Colombo A, Presbitero P, van den Branden F, Inglese L, Cernigliaro C, Niccoli L, Bartorelli AL, Rubartelli P, Reifart N, Heyndrickx GR, Saunamaki K, Morice MC, Sgura FA, Di Mario C. Randomized evaluation of polytetrafluoroethylene-covered stent in saphenous vein grafts: the Randomized Evaluation of polytetrafluoroethylene COVERed stent in Saphenous vein grafts (RECOVERS) Trial. Circulation2003;108:37–42.

Resnic FS, Wainstein M, Lee MK, Behrendt D, Wainstein RV, Ohno-Machado L, Kirshenbaum JM, Rogers CD, Popma JJ, Piana R. No-reflow is an independent predictor of death and myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention. Am Heart J2003;145:42–46.

Grube E, Gerckens U, Yeung AC, Rowold S, Kirchhof N, Sedgewick J, Yadav JS, Stertzer S. Prevention of distal embolization during coronary angioplasty in saphenous vein grafts and native vessels using porous filter protection. Circulation2001;104:2436–2441.

Beran G, Lang I, Schreiber W, Denk S, Stefenelli T, Syeda B, Maurer G, Glogar D, Siostrzonek P. Intracoronary thrombectomy with the X-sizer catheter system improves epicardial flow and accelerates ST-segment resolution in patients with acute coronary syndrome: a prospective, randomized, controlled study. Circulation2002;105:2355–2360.

Exaire JE, Brener SJ, Ellis CG, Yadav JS, Bhatt DL. GuardWire emboli protection device is associated with improved myocardial perfusion grade in saphenous vein graft intervention. Am Heart J2004;148:1003–1006.

Baim DS, Wahr D, George B, Leon MB, Greenberg J, Cutlip DE, Kaya U, Popma JJ, Ho KK, Kuntz RE. Randomized trial of a distal embolic protection device during percutaneous intervention of saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass grafts. Circulation2002;105:1285–1290.

Stone GW, Rogers C, Hermiller J, Feldman R, Hall P, Haber R, Masud A, Cambier P, Caputo RP, Turco M, Kovach R, Brodie B, Herrmann HC, Kuntz RE, Popma JJ, Ramee S, Cox DA. Randomized comparison of distal protection with a filter-based catheter and a balloon occlusion and aspiration system during percutaneous intervention of diseased saphenous vein aorto-coronary bypass grafts. Circulation2003;108:548–553.

Mathew V, Lennon RJ, Rihal CS, Bresnahan JF, Holmes DR Jr. Applicability of distal protection for aortocoronary vein graft interventions in clinical practice. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2004;63:148–151.

Stone G, Webb J, Cox D, Brodie B, Qureshi MA, Dulas D, Kalynych A, Turco M, Schultheiss H, Rutherford BD, Krucoff M, Gibbons RJ, Lansky A, R. P, Mehran R, Jones AA. Primary Angioplasty in Acute Myocardial Infarction with Distal Protection of the Microcirculation: Principal Results from the prospective, randomized EMERALD Trial. 2005 (in press).

Kuntz RE, Baim DS, Cohen DJ, Popma JJ, Carrozza JP, Sharma S, McCormick DJ, Schmidt DA, Lansky AJ, Ho KK, Dandreo KJ, Setum CM, Ramee SR. A trial comparing rheolytic thrombectomy with intracoronary urokinase for coronary and vein graft thrombus (the Vein Graft AngioJet Study [VeGAS 2]). Am J Cardiol2002;89:326–330.

Kornowski R, Ayzenberg O, Halon DA, Kusniec F, Assali A. Preliminary experiences using X-sizer catheter for mechanical thrombectomy of thrombus-containing lesions during acute coronary syndromes. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2003;58:443–448.

von Korn H, Scheinert D, Bruck M, Bremer J, Flachskampf FA, Klinghammer L, Daniel WG, Ludwig J. Initial experience with the Endicor X-sizer thrombectomy device in patients with ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. Z Kardiol2002;91:466–471.

Stone G, Cox DA, Babb J, Nukta D, Bilodeau L, Cannon L, Stuckey T, Hermiller J, Cohen EA, Low R, Bailey SR, Lansky A, Kuntz RE. Prospective, randomized evaluation of thrombectomy prior to percutaneous intervention in diseased saphenous vein grafts and thrombus-containing coronary arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol2003;42:2007–2013.

Angelini A, Rubartelli P, Mistrorigo F, Della Barbera M, Abbadessa F, Vischi M, Thiene G, Chierchia S. Distal protection with a filter device during coronary stenting in patients with stable and unstable angina. Circulation2004;110:515–521.

Fasseas P, Orford JL, Panetta CJ, Bell MR, Denktas AE, Lennon RJ, Holmes DR, Berger PB. Incidence, correlates, management, and clinical outcome of coronary perforation: analysis of 16,298 procedures. Am Heart J2004;147:140–145.

Schiele F, Meneveau N, Vuillemenot A, Zhang DD, Gupta S, Mercier M, Danchin N, Bertrand B, Bassand JP. Impact of intravascular ultrasound guidance in stent deployment on 6-month restenosis rate: a multicentre, randomized study comparing two strategies—with and without intravascular ultrasound guidance. RESIST Study Group. REStenosis after Ivus guided STenting. J Am Coll Cardiol1998;32:320–328.

Schiele F, Meneveau N, Gilard M, Boschat J, Commeau P, Ming LP, Sewoke P, Seronde MF, Mercier M, Gupta S, Bassand JP. Intravascular ultrasound-guided balloon angioplasty compared with stent: immediate and 6-month results of the multicentre, randomized Balloon Equivalent to Stent Study (BEST). Circulation2003;107:545–551.

Fitzgerald PJ, Oshima A, Hayase M, Metz JA, Bailey SR, Baim DS, Cleman MW, Deutsch E, Diver DJ, Leon MB, Moses JW, Oesterle SN, Overlie PA, Pepine CJ, Safian RD, Shani J, Simonton CA, Smalling RW, Teirstein PS, Zidar JP, Yeung AC, Kuntz RE, Yock PG. Final results of the Can Routine Ultrasound Influence Stent Expansion (CRUISE) study. Circulation2000;102:523–530.

Mudra H, di Mario C, de Jaegere P, Figulla HR, Macaya C, Zahn R, Wennerblom B, Rutsch W, Voudris V, Regar E, Henneke KH, Schachinger V, Zeiher A. Randomized comparison of coronary stent implantation under ultrasound or angiographic guidance to reduce stent restenosis (OPTICUS Study). Circulation2001;104:1343–1349.

Orford JL, Denktas AE, Williams BA, Fasseas P, Willerson JT, Berger PB, Holmes DR Jr. Routine intravascular ultrasound scanning guidance of coronary stenting is not associated with improved clinical outcomes. Am Heart J2004;148:501–506.

Fischer JJ, Samady H, McPherson JA, Sarembock IJ, Powers ER, Gimple LW, Ragosta M. Comparison between visual assessment and quantitative angiography versus fractional flow reserve for native coronary narrowings of moderate severity. Am J Cardiol2002;90:210–215.

Pijls NH. Is it time to measure fractional flow reserve in all patients? J Am Coll Cardiol2003;41:1122–1124.

Pijls NH, De Bruyne B, Peels K, Van Der Voort PH, Bonnier HJ, Bartunek JKJJ, Koolen JJ. Measurement of fractional flow reserve to assess the functional severity of coronary-artery stenoses. N Engl J Med1996;334:1703–1708.

Bech GJ, De Bruyne B, Bonnier HJ, Bartunek J, Wijns W, Peels K, Heyndrickx GR, Koolen JJ, Pijls NH. Long-term follow-up after deferral of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty of intermediate stenosis on the basis of coronary pressure measurement. J Am Coll Cardiol1998;31:841–847.

Bech GJ, De Bruyne B, Pijls NH, de Muinck ED, Hoorntje JC, Escaned J, Stella PR, Boersma E, Bartunek J, Koolen JJ, Wijns W. Fractional flow reserve to determine the appropriateness of angioplasty in moderate coronary stenosis: a randomized trial. Circulation2001;103:2928–2934.

Lopez-Palop R, Pinar E, Lozano I, Saura D, Pico F, Valdes M. Utility of the fractional flow reserve in the evaluation of angiographically moderate in-stent restenosis. Eur Heart J2004;25:2040–2047.

Meier B, Ramamurthy S. Plaque sealing by coronary angioplasty. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn1995;36:295–297.

Meier B. Plaque sealing by coronary angioplasty. Heart2004;90:1395–1398.

Hamon M, Bauters C, McFadden EP, Lablanche JM, Bertrand ME. Six-month quantitative angiographic follow-up of<50% diameter stenoses dilated during multilesion percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Am J Cardiol1993;71:1226–1229.

Mercado N, Maier W, Boersma E, Bucher C, de Valk V, O'Neill WW, Gersh BJ, Meier B, Serruys PW, Wijns W. Clinical and angiographic outcome of patients with mild coronary lesions treated with balloon angioplasty or coronary stenting. Implications for mechanical plaque sealing. Eur Heart J2003;24:541–551.

Oberhoff M, Karsch KR. Who wants his plaque sealed? Eur Heart J2003;24:494–495.

Hoye A, Lemos PA, Arampatzis CA, Saia F, Tanabe K, Degertekin M, Daemen J, Smits PC, McFadden E, Hofma SH, Sianos G, de Feyter P, Giessen WJ, van Domburg RT, Serruys PW. Effectiveness of sirolimus-Eluting stent implantation for coronary narrowings<50% in diameter. Am J Cardiol2004;94:112–114.

Morice MC, Serruys PW, Sousa JE, Fajadet J, Ban Hayashi E, Perin M, Colombo A, Schuler G, Barragan P, Guagliumi G, Molnar F, Falotico R. A randomized comparison of a sirolimus-eluting stent with a standard stent for coronary revascularization. N Engl J Med2002;346:1773–1780.

Silber S, Grube E, Fitzgerald P. The Quanam QUADDS-QP2 stent. In: Serruys P, Kutryk M, eds. Handbook of Coronary Stents, 4th ed. Martin Dunitz Publishers Ltd, 2001:343–347.

Grube E, Lansky A, Hauptmann KE, Di Mario C, Di Sciascio G, Colombo A, Silber S, Stumpf J, Reifart N, Fajadet J, Marzocchi A, Schofer J, Dumas P, Hoffmann R, Guagliumi G, Pitney M, Russell ME. High-dose 7-hexanoyltaxol-eluting stent with polymer sleeves for coronary revascularization one-year results from the SCORE randomized trial. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;44:1368–1372.

Serruys PW, Ormiston JA, Sianos G, Sousa JE, Grube E, den Heijer P, de Feyter P, Buszman P, Schömig A, Marco J, Polonski L, Thuesen L, Zeiher AM, Bett JH, Suttorp MJ, Glogar HD, Pitney M, Wilkins GT, Whitbourn R, Veldhof S, Miquel K, Johnson R, Coleman L, Virmani R. Actinomycin-eluting stent for coronary revascularization A randomized feasibility and safety study: The ACTION trial. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;44:1363–1367.

Liu X, Huang Y, Hanet C, Vandormael M, Legrand V, Dens J, Vandenbossche JL, Missault L, Vrints C, De Scheerder I. Study of antirestenosis with the BiodivYsio dexamethasone-eluting stent (STRIDE): A first-in-human multicentre pilot trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2003;60:172–178.

Hoffmann R, Langenberg R, Radke P, Franke A, Blindt R, Ortlepp J, Popma JJ, Weber C, Hanrath P. Evaluation of a high-dose dexamethasone-eluting stent. Am J Cardiol2004;94:193–195.

Silber S. Which parameter should be chosen as primary endpoint for randomized drug-eluting stent studies? J Interv Cardiol2004;17:375–385.

Lansky AJ, Costa RA, Mintz GS, Tsuchiya Y, Midei M, Cox DA, O'Shaughnessy C, Applegate RA, Cannon LA, Mooney M, Farah A, Tannenbaum MA, Yakubov S, Kereiakes DJ, Wong SC, Kaplan B, Cristea E, Stone GW, Leon MB, Knopf WD, O'Neill WW. Non-polymer-based paclitaxel-coated coronary stents for the treatment of patients with de novo coronary lesions: angiographic follow-up of the DELIVER clinical trial. Circulation2004;109:1948–1954.

Stone GW, Ellis SG, Cox DA, Hermiller J, O'Shaughnessy C, Mann JT, Turco M, Caputo R, Bergin P, Greenberg J, Popma JJ, Russell ME. A polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting stent in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med2004;350:221–231.

Dawkins KD, Grube E, Guagliumi G, Banning A, Zmudka K, Colombo A, Thuesen L, Hauptmann K, Marco J, Wijns W, Popma J, Koglin J, Russel ME. Clinical efficacy of polymer based paclitaxel eluting stents in the treatment of complex, long coronary artery lesions from a multicentre, randomised trial: support for the use od drug eluting stents in contemporary clinical practice (TAXUS-VI), 2005 (in press).

Silber S. Paclitaxel-eluting stents: are they all equal? An analysis of six randomized controlled trials in de novo lesions of 3,319 patients. J Interv Cardiol2003;16:485–490.

Babapulle MN, Joseph L, Belisle P, Brophy JM, Eisenberg MJ. A hierarchical Bayesian meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials of drug-eluting stents. Lancet2004;364:583–591.

Moses JW, Leon MB, Popma JJ, Fitzgerald PJ, Holmes DR, O'Shaughnessy C, Caputo RP, Kereiakes DJ, Williams DO, Teirstein PS, Jaeger JL, Kuntz RE. Sirolimus-eluting stents versus standard stents in patients with stenosis in a native coronary artery. N Engl J Med2003;349:1315–1323.

Teirstein PS. Living the dream of no restenosis. Circulation2001;104:1996–1998.

Lemos PA, Serruys PW, van Domburg RT, Saia F, Arampatzis CA, Hoye A, Degertekin M, Tanabe K, Daemen J, Liu TK, McFadden E, Sianos G, Hofma SH, Smits PC, van der Giessen WJ, de Feyter PJ. Unrestricted utilization of sirolimus-eluting stents compared with conventional bare stent implantation in the “real world”: the Rapamycin-Eluting Stent Evaluated At Rotterdam Cardiology Hospital (RESEARCH) registry. Circulation2004;109:190–195.

Goy JJ, Urban P, Seydoux C, De Benedetti E, Stauffer JC. Use of sirolimus-eluting coronary stents in routine clinical practice. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2004;62:26–29.

Sawhney N, Moses JW, Leon MB, Kuntz RE, Popma JJ, Bachinsky W, Bass T, DeMaio S, Fry E, Holmes DR Jr, Teirstein PS. Treatment of left anterior descending coronary artery disease with sirolimus-eluting stents. Circulation2004;110:374–379.

Goy JJ, Stauffer JC, Siegenthaler WE, Benoit A, Seydoux C. A Prospective Randomized Comparison Between Paclitaxel and Sirolimus Stents in the Real World of Interventional Cardiology: The TAXi Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005 (in press).

Lemos PA, Arampatzis CA, Saia F, Hoye A, Degertekin M, Tanabe K, Lee CH, Cummins P, Smits PC, McFadden E, Sianos G, de Feyter P, van der Giessen WJ, van Domburg RT, Serruys PW. Treatment of very small vessels with 2.25-mm diameter sirolimus-eluting stents (from the RESEARCH registry). Am J Cardiol2004;93:633–636.

West NE, Ruygrok PN, Disco CM, Webster MW, Lindeboom WK, O'Neill WW, Mercado NF, Serruys PW. Clinical and angiographic predictors of restenosis after stent deployment in diafbetic patients. Circulation2004;109:867–873.

Moussa I, Leon MB, Baim DS, O'Neill WW, Popma JJ, Buchbinder M, Midwall J, Simonton CA, Keim E, Wang P, Kuntz RE, Moses JW. Impact of sirolimus-eluting stents on outcome in diabetic patients: a SIRIUS (SIRolImUS-coated Bx Velocity balloon-expandable stent in the treatment of patients with de novo coronary artery lesions) substudy. Circulation2004;109:2273–2278.

Schofer J, Schlüter M, Gershlick AH, Wijns W, Garcia E, Schampaert E, Breithardt G, and E-SIRIUS Investigators. Sirolimus-eluting stents for treatment of patients with long atherosclerotic lesions in small coronary arteries: double-blind, randomised controlled trial (E-SIRIUS). Lancet2003;362:1093–1099.

Jeremias A, Sylvia B, Bridges J, Kirtane AJ, Bigelow B, Pinto DS, Ho KK, Cohen DJ, Garcia LA, Cutlip DE, Carrozza JP Jr. Stent thrombosis after successful sirolimus-eluting stent implantation. Circulation2004;109:1930–1932.

Sharma AK, Ajani AE, Hamwi SM, Maniar P, Lakhani SV, Waksman R, Lindsay J. Major noncardiac surgery following coronary stenting: When is it safe to operate? Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2004;63:141–145.

Hodgson JM, Bottner RK, Klein LW, Walpole HT Jr, Cohen DJ, Cutlip DE, Fenninger RB, Firth BG, Greenberg D, Kalisky I, Meskan T, Powell W, Stone GW, Zito JP, Clark MA. Drug-eluting stent task force: Final report and recommendations of the working committees on cost-effectiveness/economics, access to care, and medicolegal issues. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2004;62:1–17.

Cohen DJ, Bakhai A, Shi C, Githiora L, Lavelle T, Berezin RH, Leon MB, Moses JW, Carrozza JP Jr, Zidar JP, Kuntz RE. Cost-effectiveness of sirolimus-eluting stents for treatment of complex coronary stenoses: results from the Sirolimus-Eluting Balloon Expandable Stent in the Treatment of Patients With De Novo Native Coronary Artery Lesions (SIRIUS) trial. Circulation2004;110:508–514.

NICE (National Institute for Clinical Excellence), Coronary artery stents (No 71), (replacing Drug-eluting stents No 4). Available at http://www.nice.org.uk, 2004.

Lemos PA, Saia F, Hofma SH, Daemen J, Ong AT, Arampatzis CA, Hoye A, McFadden E, Sianos G, Smits PC, van der Giessen WJ, de Feyter P, van Domburg RT, Serruys PW. Short- and long-term clinical benefit of sirolimus-eluting stents compared to conventional bare stents for patients with acute myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol2004;43:704–708.

Tanabe K, Hoye A, Lemos PA, Aoki J, Arampatzis CA, Saia F, Lee CH, Degertekin M, Hofma SH, Sianos G, McFadden E, Smits PC, van der Giessen WJ, de Feyter P, van Domburg RT, Serruys PW. Restenosis rates following bifurcation stenting with sirolimus-eluting stents for de novo narrowings. Am J Cardiol2004;94:115–118.

Arampatzis CA, Lemos PA, Hoye A, Saia F, Tanabe K, Van Der Giessen WJ, Smits PC, McFadden E, De Feyter P, Serruys PW. Elective sirolimus-eluting stent implantation for left main coronary artery disease: Six-month angiographic follow-up and 1-year clinical outcome. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2004;62:292–296.

Saia F, Lemos PA, Hoye A, Sianos G, Arampatzis CA, De Feyter PJ, Van Der Giessen WJ, Smits PC, Van Domburg RT, Serruys PW. Clinical outcomes for sirolimus-eluting stent implantation and vascular brachytherapy for the treatment of in-stent restenosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv2004;62:283–288.

Silber S, Hamburger J, Grube E, Pfisterer M, Belardi J, Webb J, Zmudka K, Nienaber C, Hauptmann K, Rutsch W, Dawkins K, Drzewiecki J, Koglin J, Colombo A. Direct Stenting with TAXUS Stents Seems to be as Safe and Effective as with Predilatation: a post hoc analysis of TAXUS II. Herz2004;29:171–180.