Guideline (S2k) on acute therapy and management of anaphylaxis: 2021 update
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Johansson SG, Bieber T, Dahl R, Friedmann PS, Lanier BQ, Lockey RF, et al. Revised nomenclature for allergy for global use: Report of the Nomenclature Review Committee of the World Allergy Organization. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;113:832–6.
Ring J, editor. Anaphylaxis. Basel: Karger; 2010.
Simons FE, Ardusso LR, Bilò MB, El-Gamal YM, Ledford DK, Ring J, et al. World Allergy Organization anaphylaxis guidelines: summary. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:587–93.e1–22.
Tryba M, Ahnefeld FW, Barth J, Dick W, Doenicke A, Fuchs T, et al. Akuttherapie anaphylaktoider Reaktionen. Ergebnisse einer interdisziplinären Konsensuskonferenz. Allergo J. 1994;3:211–24.
Ring J, Brockow K, Duda D, Eschenhagen T, Fuchs T, Huttegger I, et al. Akuttherapie anaphylaktischer Reaktionen. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allergologie und klinische Immunologie (DGAKI), des Ärzteverbandes Deutscher Allergologen (ÄDA), der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA) und der Deutschen Akademie für Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (DAAU). Allergo J. 2007;16:420–34.
Ring J, Beyer K, Biedermann T, Bircher A, Duda D, Fischer J et al. Leitlinie zu Akuttherapie und Management der Anaphylaxie. S2-Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allergologie und klinische Immunologie (DGAKI), des Ärzteverbands Deutscher Allergologen (AeDA), der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA), der Deutschen Akademie für Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (DAAU), des Berufsverbands der Kinder- und Jugendärzte Deutschlands (BVKJ), der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI), der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (SGAI), der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Anästhesiologie und Intensiv-medizin (DGAI), der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pharmakologie (DGP), der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychosomatische Medizin (DGPM), der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Anaphylaxie Training und Edukation (AGATE) und der Patientenorganisation Deutscher Allergie- und Asthmabund (DAAB). Allergo J Int 2014;23:96–112
Muraro A, Roberts G, Clark A, Eigenmann PA, Halken S, Lack G, et al. The management of anaphylaxis in childhood: position paper of the European academy of allergology and clinical immunology. Allergy. 2007;62:857–71.
Sampson HA, Muñoz-Furlong A, Campbell RL, Adkinson NF Jr, Brock SA, Branum A, et al. Second symposium on the definition and management of anaphylaxis: summary report—Second National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease/Food Allergy and Anaphylaxis Network symposium. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2006;117:391–7.
Bresser H, Sander CH, Rakoski J. Insektenstichnotfälle in München. Allergo J. 1995;4:373–6.
Mehl A, Wahn U, Niggemann B. Anaphylactic reactions in children—a questionnaire-based survey in Germany. Allergy. 2005;60:1440–5.
Mostmans Y, Grosber M, Blykers M, Mols P, Naeije N, Gutermuth J. Adrenalin in anaphylaxis treatment and self-administration: experience from an inner city emergency department. Allergy. 2017;72:492–7.
Moneret-Vautrin DA, Morisset M, Flabbee J, Beaudouin E, Kanny G. Epidemiology of life-threatening and lethal anaphylaxis: a review. Allergy. 2005;60:443–51.
Helbling A, Hurni T, Mueller UR, Pichler WJ. Incidence of anaphylaxis with circulatory symptoms: a study over a 3-year period comprising 940,000 inhabitants of the Swiss Canton Bern. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004;34:285–90.
Decker WW, Campbell RL, Manivannan V, Luke A, Sauver StJL, Weaver A, et al. The etiology and incidence of anaphylaxis in Rochester, Minnesota: a report from the Rochester Epidemiology Project. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2008;122:1161–5.
Sheikh A, Hippisley-Cox J, Newton J, Fenty J. Trends in national incidence, lifetime prevalence and adrenaline prescribing for anaphylaxis in England. J R Soc Med. 2008;101:139–43.
Poulos LM, Waters AM, Correll PK, Loblay RH, Marks GB. Trends in hospitalizations for anaphylaxis, angioedema, and urticaria in Australia, 1993–1994 to 2004–2005. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007;120:878–84.
Beyer K, Eckermann O, Hompes S, Grabenhenrich L, Worm M. Anaphylaxis in an emergency setting—elicitors, therapy and incidence of severe allergic reactions. Allergy. 2012;67:1451–6.
Turner PJ, Gowland MH, Sharma V, Ierodiakonou D, Harper N, Garcez T, et al. Increase in anaphylaxis-related hospitalizations but no increase in fatalities: an analysis of United Kingdom national anaphylaxis data, 1992–2012. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:956–963.e1.
Mullins RJ, Wainstein BK, Barnes EH, Liew WK, Campbell DE. Increases in anaphylaxis fatalities in Australia from 1997 to 2013. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016;46:1099–110.
Lee S, Hess EP, Lohse C, Gilani W, Chamberlain AM, Campbell RL. Trends, characteristics and incidence of anaphylaxis in 2001–2010: a population-based study. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139:182–188.e2.
Tanno LK, Chalmers RJ, Calderon MA, Aymé S, Demoly P, the Joint Allergy Academies. Reaching multidisciplinary consensus on classification of anaphylaxis for the eleventh revision of the World Health Organization’s (WHO) International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11). Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2017;12:53.
Tanno LK, Molinari N, Bruel S, Bourrain IL, Calderon M, Aubas P, et al. Field-testing the new anaphylaxis’ classification for the WHO International Classification of Diseases-11 revision. Allergy. 2017;72:820–6.
Worm M, Moneret-Vautrin A, Scherer K, Lang R, Fernandez-Riva M, Cardona V, et al. First European data from the network of severe allergic reactions (NORA). Allergy. 2014;69:1397–404.
Worm M, Sturm G, Kleine-Tebbe J, Cichocka-Jarosz E, Cardona V, Maris I, et al. New trends in anaphylaxis. Allergo J Int. 2017;26:295–300.
Worm M, Edenharter G, Ruëff F, Scherer K, Pföhler C, Mahler V, et al. Symptom profile and risk factors of anaphylaxis in Central Europe. Allergy. 2012;67:691–8.
Worm M, Francuzik W, Renaudin JM, Bilò MB, Cardona V, Scherer Hofmeier K, et al. Factors increasing the risk for a severe reaction in anaphylaxis: An analysis of data from The European Anaphylaxis Registry. Allergy. 2018;73:1322–30.
Ring J, Messmer K. Incidence and severity of anaphylactoid reactions to colloid volume substitutes. Lancet. 1977;1:466–9.
Smith PL, Kagey-Sobotka A, Bleecker ER, Traystman R, Kaplan AP, Gralnick H, et al. Physiologic manifestations of human anaphylaxis. J Clin Invest. 1980;66:1072–80.
Reber LL, Hernandez JD, Galli SJ. The pathophysiology of anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140:335–48.
Kalesnikoff J, Galli SJ. Anaphylaxis: mechanisms of mast cell activation. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2010;95:45–66.
Vadas P, Perelman B, Liss G. Platelet-activating factor, histamine, and tryptase levels in human anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013;131:144–9.
Kaliner M, Sigler R, Summers R, Shelhamer JH. Effects of infused histamine: analysis of the effects of H‑1 and H‑2 histamine receptor antagonists on cardiovascular and pulmonary responses. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1981;68:365–71.
Vigorito C, Russo P, Picotti GB, Chiariello M, Poto S, Marone G. Cardiovascular effects of histamine infusion in man. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1983;5:531–7.
Ring J. Allergy in practice. Berlin New York: Springer; 2005.
Finkelman FD, Khodoun MV, Strait R. Human IgE-independent systemic anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137:1674–80.
Solinski HJ, Gudermann T, Breit A. Pharmacology and signaling of MAS-related G Protein coupled receptors. Pharmacol Rev. 2014;66:570–97.
Ruëff F, Przybilla B, Bilò MB, Müller U, Scheipl F, Aberer W, et al. Predictors of severe systemic anaphylactic reactions in patients with Hymenoptera venom allergy: importance of baseline serum tryptase—a study of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology Interest Group on Insect Venom Hypersensitivity. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:1047–54.
Brockow K, Jofer C, Behrendt H, Ring J. Anaphylaxis in patients with mastocytosis: a study on history, clinical features and risk factors in 120 patients. Allergy. 2008;63:226–32.
Guenova E, Volz T, Eichner M, Hoetzenecker W, Caroli U, Griesinger G, et al. Basal serum tryptase as risk assessment for severe Hymenoptera sting reactions in elderly. Allergy. 2010;65:919–23.
Przybilla B, Ruëff F, Walker A, Räwer HC, Aberer W, Bauer CP et al. Diagnose und Therapie der Bienen- und Wespengiftallergie. Leitlinie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allergologie und klinische Immunologie (DGAKI), des Ärzteverbandes Deutscher Allergologen (ÄDA), der Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Allergologie und Umweltmedizin (GPA), der Deutschen Dermatologischen Gesellschaft (DDG) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin (DGKJ) in Zusammenarbeit mit der Österreichischen Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (ÖGAI) und der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Allergologie und Immunologie (SGAI). Allergo J 2011;20:318–39
De Schryver S, Halbrich M, Clarke A, La Vieille S, Eisman H, Alizadehfar R, et al. Tryptase levels in children presenting with anaphylaxis: temporal trends and associated factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2016;137:1138–42.
Sturm GJ, Varga EM, Roberts G, Mosbech H, Bilò MB, Akdis CA, et al. EAACI Guidelines on allergen immunotherapy: hymenoptera venom allergy. Allergy. 2018;73:744–64.
Kim TH, Yoon SH, Lee SY, Choi YH, Park CM, Kang HR, et al. Biphasic and protracted anaphylaxis to iodinated contrast media. Eur Radiol. 2018;28:1242–52.
Rohacek M, Edenhofer H, Bircher A, Bingisser R. Biphasic anaphylactic reaction: occurrene and mortality. Allergy. 2014;69:791–7.
Commins SP, Platts-Mills TA. Anaphylaxis syndromes related to a new mammalian cross-reactive carbohydrate determinant. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124:652–7.
Fischer J, Lupberger E, Hebsaker J, Blumenstock G, Aichinger E, Yazdi AS, et al. Prevalence of type I sensitization to alpha-gal in forest service employees and hunters. Allergy. 2017;72:1540–7.
Weins AB, Eberlein B, Biedermann T. Diagnostics of alpha-gal syndrome: current standards, pitfalls and perspectives. Hautarzt. 2019;70:36–43.
Blümchen K, Beder A, Beschoner J, Ahrens F, Gruebl A, Hamelmann E, et al. Modified oral food challenge used with sensitization biomarkers provides more real-life clinical thresholds for peanut allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2014;134:390–8.
Barnard JH. Studies of 400 Hymenoptera sting deaths in the United States. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1973;52:259–64.
Delage C, Irey NS. Anaphylactic deaths: a clinicopathologic study of 43 cases. J Forensic Sci. 1972;17:525–40.
Fisher MM. Clinical observations on the pathophysiology and treatment of anaphylactic cardiovascular collapse. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1986;14:17–21.
Timmermann A, Böttiger BW, Byhahn C, Dörges V, Eich C. S1-Leitlinie (AMWF). Prähospitales Atemwegsmanagement. 02/2019.. https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/001-040l_S1_Praehospitales-Atemwegsmanagement_2019-03_1.pdf. https://doi.org/10.19224/ai2019.316
Pumphrey RS, Roberts IS. Postmortem findings after fatal anaphylactic reactions. J Clin Pathol. 2000;53:273–6.
Pumphrey R. Anaphylaxis: can we tell who is at risk of a fatal reaction? Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol. 2004;4:285–90.
von Krogh G, Maibach HI. The contact urticaria syndrome—an updated review. J Am Acad Dermatol. 1981;5:328–42.
Willi R, Pfab F, Huss-Marp J, Buters JT, Zilker T, Behrendt H, et al. Contact anaphylaxis and protein contact dermatitis in a cook handling chicory leaves. Contact Derm. 2009;60:226–7.
Fleischer DM, Greenhawt M, Sussman G, Bégin P, Nowak-Wegrzyn A, Petroni D, et al. Effect of epicutaneous immunotherapy vs placebo on reaction to peanut protein ingestion among children with peanut allergy: the PEPITES Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321:946–55.
Kemp SF, Lockey RF. Anaphylaxis: a review of causes and mechanisms. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2002;110:341–8.
Morita E, Kunie K, Matsuo H. Food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. J Dermatol Sci. 2007;47:109–17.
Scherf KA, Brockow K, Biedermann T, Koehler P, Wieser H. Wheat-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis. Clin Exp Allergy. 2016;46:10–20.
Schwartz LB. Clinical utility of tryptase levels in systemic mastocytosis and associated hematologic disorders. Leuk Res. 2001;25:553–62.
Jakobs RL, Rake GW Jr, Fournier DC, Chilton RJ, Culver WG, Beckmann CH. Potentiated anaphylaxis in patients with drug-induced beta-adrenergic blockade. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1981;68:125–7.
Newman BR, Schultz LK. Epinephrine-resistant anaphylaxis in a patient taking propranolol hydrochloride. Ann Allergy. 1981;47:35–7.
Toogood JH. Risk of anaphylaxis in patients receiving beta-blocker drugs. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1988;81:1–5.
Lang DM, Alpern MB, Visintainer PF, Smith ST. Increased risk for anaphylactoid reaction from contrast media in patients on beta-adrenergic blockers or with asthma. Ann Intern Med. 1991;115:270–6.
Lang DM, Alpern MB, Visintainer PF, Smith ST. Elevated risk of anaphylactoid reaction from radiographic contrast media is associated with both beta-blocker exposure and cardiovascular disorders. Arch Intern Med. 1993;153:2033–40.
Mullins RJ, Dear KB, Tang ML. Characteristics of childhood peanut allergy in the Australian Capital Territory, 1995 to 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;123:689–93.
Pouessel G, Dumond P, Liabeuf V, Tanno LK, Deschildre A, Beaumont P, et al. Gaps in the management of food-induced anaphylaxis reactions at school. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2019;30:767–70.
Ring J, Klimek L, Worm M. Adrenalin in der Akutbehandlung der Anaphylaxie. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018;115:528–34.
Westfall TC, Westfall DP. Adrenergic agonists and antagonists: catecholamines and sympathomimetic drugs. In: Hardman JG, Limbird LE, Goodman A, editors. Goodman & Gilmans The pharmacological basis of therapeutics. NewYork: McGraw-Hill; 2002.
Nolan JP, Soar J, Zideman DA, Biarent D, Bossaert LL, Deakin C, et al. European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Resuscitation 2010 Section 1. Executive summary. Resuscitation. 2010;81:1219–76.
Thomas M, Crawford I. Best evidence topic report. Glucagon infusion in refractory anaphylactic shock in patients on beta-blockers. Emerg Med J. 2005;22:272–3.
Perkins GD, Olasveengen TM, Maconochie I, Soar J, Wyliie J, Greif R et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation: 2017 update. Resuscitation. 2018;123:43–50.
Monsieurs KG, Nolan JP, Bossaert LL, Greif R, Maconochie IK, Nikolaou NI, et al. European Resuscitation Council guidelines for resuscitation 2015: Section 1. executive summary. Resuscitation. 2015;95:1–80.
Bellomo R, Chapman M, Finfer S, Hickling K, Myburgh J. Low-dose dopamine in patients with early renal dysfunction: a placebo-controlled randomised trial. Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Clinical Trials Group. Lancet. 2000;356:2139–43.
Friedrich JO, Adhikari N, Herridge MS, Beyene J. Meta-analysis: low-dose dopamine increases urine output but does not prevent renal dysfunction or death. Ann Intern Med. 2005;142:510–24.
Gronemeyer W. Noradrenalin statt Adrenalin beim anaphylaktischen Schock. Dtsch Med Wochenschr. 1980;102:101.
Schummer C, Wirsing M, Schummer W. The pivotal role of vasopressin in refractory anaphylactic shock. Anesth Analg. 2008;107:620–4.
Messmer K. Plasma substitutes and indications for their use. In: Tinker J, Rapin M, editors. Care of the critically ill patient. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer; 1983. pp. 569–75.
Stoelting RK. Systemic circulation. In: Stoelting RK, Hillier C, editors. Pharmacology & physiology in anesthetic practice. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. pp. 61–678.
Walter A, Böttiger BW. Anaphylaktoide Reaktionen in der Prähospitalphase. Internist. 2004;45:296–304.
Martin C, Jacob M, Vicaut E, Guidet B, Van Aken H, Kurz A. Effect of waxy maize-derived hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 on renal function in surgical patients. Anesthesiology. 2013;118:387–94.
CHEST Investigators, Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society Clinical Trials Group, Myburgh JA, Finfer S, Bellomo R, Billot L et al. Hydroxyethyl starch or saline for fluid resuscitation in intensive care. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:1901–11.
Bundesärztekammer rote Hand Brief. HES solutions for infusion 13-08-2018
Sheikh A, Ten Broek V, Brown SG, Simons FE. H1-antihistamines for the treatment of anaphylaxis: Cochrane systematic review. Allergy. 2007;62:830–7.
Pragst F, Herre S, Bakdash A. Poisonings with diphenhydramine—a survey of 68 clinical and 55 death cases. Forensic Sci Int. 2006;161:89–97.
Dermatology Section of the European Academy of Allergology and Clinical Immunology, Global Allergy and Asthma European Network, European Dermatology Forum; World Allergy Organization, Zuberbier T, Asero R, Bindslev-Jensen C et al. EAACI/GA(2)LEN/EDF/WAO guideline: management of urticaria. Allergy. 2009;64:1427–43.
Lin RY, Curry A, Pesola GR, Knight RJ, Lee HS, Bakalchuk L, et al. Improved outcomes in patients with acute allergic syndromes who are treated with combined H1 and H2 antagonists. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;36:462–8.
Ring J, Rothenberger KH, Clauss W. Prevention of anaphylactoid reactions after radiographic contrast media infusion by combined histamine H1- and H2-receptor antagonists: results of a prospective controlled trial. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol. 1985;78:9–14.
Brockow K, Kiehn M, Riethmüller C, Vieluf D, Berger J, Ring J. Efficacy of antihistamine pretreatment in the prevention of adverse reactions to Hymenoptera immunotherapy: a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1997;100:458–63.
Aouam K, Bouida W, Fredj BN, Chaabane A, Boubaker H, Boukef R, et al. Severe ranitidine-induced anaphylaxis: a case report and literature review. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2012;37:494–6.
Winbery SL, Lieberman PL. Histamine and antihistamines in anaphylaxis. Clin Allergy Immunol. 2002;17:287–317.
Choo KJ, Simons E, Sheikh A. Glucocorticoids for the treatment of anaphylaxis: Cochrane systematic review. Allergy. 2010;65:1205–11.
Alqurashi W, Ellis AK. Do corticosteroids prevent biphasic anaphylaxis? J Allergy Clin Immunol Practic. 2017;5:1194–205.
Fischer J, Biedermann T. Anaphylaxie auf allergologische Testung oder Therapie – ein Handlungsleitfaden zum Notfallmanagement. Allergo J. 2009;18:124–31.
Bernhard M, Hossfeld B, Bein B, Böttiger BW, Bohn A, Fischer M, Gräsner JT, et al. https://www.awmf.org/uploads/tx_szleitlinien/001-030l_S1_Praehospitale_Notfallnarkose_Erwachsene_2015-03-verlaengert.pdf. Handlungsempfehlung zur Praehospitalen Notfallnarkose bei Erwachsenen Anaesthesie Intensivmed. 2015;56:317–335.
Lommatzsch M, Buhl R, Korn S. The treatment of mild and moderate asthma in adults. Dtsch Aerztebl Int. 2020;117:434–444
Lieberman JA, Chehade M. Use of omalizumab in the treatment of food allergy and anaphylaxis. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2013;13:78–84.
World Allergy Organization, Simons FE, Ardusso LR, Dimov V, Ebisawa M, El-Gamal YM et al. World Allergy Organization Anaphylaxis Guidelines: 2013 update of the evidence base. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2013;162:193–204.
Beyer K, Grabenhenrich L, Härtl M, Beder A, Kalb B, Ziegert M, et al. Predictive values of component-specific IgE for the outcome of peanut and hazelnut food challenges in children. Allergy. 2015;70:90–8.
Worm M, Reese I, Ballmer-Weber B, Beyer K, Bischoff SC, Classen M, et al. Guidelines on the management of IgE-mediated food allergies. S2k-Guidelines of the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology (DGAKI) in collaboration with the German Medical Association of Allergologists (AeDA), the German Professional Association of Pediatricians (BVKJ), the German Allergy and Asthma Association (DAAB), German Dermatological Society (DDG), the German Society for Nutrition (DGE), the German Society for Gastroenterology, Digestive and Metabolic Diseases (DGVS), the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, the German Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine (DGKJ), the German Society for Pediatric Allergology and Environmental Medicine (GPA), the German Society for Pneumology (DGP), the German Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (GPGE), German Contact Allergy Group (DKG), the Austrian Society for Allergology and Immunology (Æ-GAI), German Professional Association of Nutritional Sciences (VDOE) and the Association of the Scientific Medical Societies Germany (AWMF). Allergo J Int. 2015;24:256–93.
Lange L, Lasota L, Finger A, Vlajnic D, Büsing S, Meister J, et al. Ana o 3‑specific IgE is a good predictor for clinically relevant cashew allergy in children. Allergy. 2017;72:598–603.
Guerlain S, Hugine A, Wang L. A comparison of 4 epinephrine autoinjector delivery systems: usability and patient preference. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2010;104:172–7.
Ring J, Beyer K, Dorsch A, Biedermann T, Fischer J, Friedrichs F, et al. Anaphylaxieschulung – ein neues Behandlungsprogramm zur tertiären Krankheitsprävention nach Anaphylaxie. Allergo J. 2012;21:96–102.
Bilò MB, Cichocka-Jarosz E, Pumphrey R, Oude-Elberink JN, Lange J, Jakob T, et al. Self-medication of anaphylactic reactions due to hymenoptera stings—an EAACI Task Force Consensus Statement. Allergy. 2016;71:931–43.
Brockow K, Schallmayer S, Beyer K, Biedermann T, Fischer J, Gebert N, et al. Effects of a structured educational intervention on knowledge and emergency management in patients at risk for anaphylaxis. Allergy. 2015;70:227–35.
Ring J, Brockow K, Kugler C, Gebert N, Grando K, Götz D, et al. Neue Aspekte zur Allergie-Edukation: Beispiel Anaphylaxie. Allergo J. 2017;26:34–40.
Worm M, Ring J, Klimek L, Jakob T, Lange L, Treudler R, et al. Anaphylaxie-Risiko bei der COVID-19-Impfung – Empfehlungen für das praktische Management. MMW Fortschr Med 2021;163:48–51. (in press).