Guide to Drug Dosage in Renal Failure

Acocella G. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of rifampin in humans. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 5(Supp. 3): S428, 1983 Affrime MB, Lowenthal DT. Analgesics, sedatives and sedative-hypnotics. In Anderson et al. (Eds) Clinical use of drugs in patients with liver and kidney disease, pp. 199–210, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1981 Albert KS, Gernaat CM. Pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen. American Journal of Medicine 76: 40, 1984 Alberts DS, Chang SY, Chen HS, Evans TL, Moon TE. Oral melphalan kinetics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 26: 73, 1979 Ambrose PJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of chloramphenicol and chloramphenicol succinate. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 9: 222, 1984 Amdisen A. Serum level monitoring and clinical pharmacokinetics of lithium. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2: 73, 1977 Amsterdam J, Brunswick D, Mendels J. The clinical application of tricyclic antidepressant pharmacokinetics and plasma levels. American Journal of Psychiatry 137: 653, 1980 Anderson RJ, Schrier RW, Gambertoglio JG. Clinical use of drugs in patients with kidney and liver disease, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1981 Antila M, Haatja M, Kasanen A. Pharmacokinetics of naproxen in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 18: 263, 1980 Aronoff GR, Bergstrom RJ, Bopp RJ, Sloan RS, Callaghan JT. Nizatidine disposition in subjects with normal and impaired renal function. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 43: 688–695, 1988 Aronoff GR, Szwed JJ, Nelson RL, Marcus EL, Kleit SA. Hypoxanthine-arabinoside pharmacokinetics after adenine arabinoside administration to a patient with renal failure. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 18: 212, 1980 Aronson JK. Clinical pharmacokinetics of digoxin. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 5: 137, 1980 Bach JF, Dardenne M. The metabolism of azathioprine in renal failure. Transplantation 12: 253, 1971 Balant L. Clinical pharmacokinetics of sulphonylurea hypoglycaemic drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 6: 215, 1981 Balant L, Dayer P, Auckenthalaer R. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the third generation cephalosporins. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 10: 101, 1985 Balis FM, Holcenberg JS, Bleyer WA. Clinical pharmacokinetics of commonly used anticancer drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 8: 202, 1983 Barbeau G, Belanger PM. Pharmacokinetics of nalidixic acid in old and young volunteers. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22: 491, 1982 Barnes JN, Williams AJ, Tomson MJ, Toseland PA, Goodwin FJ. Dihydrocodeine in renal failure: further evidence for an important role of the kidney in the handling of opioid drugs. British Medical Journal 290: 740, 1985 Barriere SL, Mills J. Ceforanide: antibacterial activity, pharmacology, and clinical efficacy. Pharmacotherapy 2: 322, 1982 Baudinet C, Henrard L, Quinaux N, Elallaf D, De Landsheere C, et al. Pharmacokinetics of mexiletine in renal insufficiency. Acta Cardiologica (Suppl. 25): 55, 1980 Bauer LA, Bauer SP, Blouin RA. The effect of acute and chronic renal failure on theophylline clearance. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22: 65, 1982 Beermann B, Groschinsky-Grind M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of diuretics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 5: 221, 1980 Benet LZ. Pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of furosemide in man: a review. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 7: 1, 1979 Benjamin RS, Riggs CE, Bachur NR. Plasma pharmacokinetics of adriamycin and its metabolites in humans with normal hepatic and renal function. Cancer Research 37: 1416, 1977 Bennett WM, Aronoff GR, Morrison G, Golper TA, Pulliam J, et al. Drug prescribing in renal failure: dosing guidelines for adults. American Journal of Kidney Diseases 3: 155, 1983 Bergan T. Overview of acylureidopenicillin pharmacokinetics. Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 29 (Suppl.): 33, 1981 Bergan T. Review of the pharmacokinetics of mezlocillin. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 11 (Suppl. C): 1, 1983 Bergan T, Orjavik O, Brodwall EK. Pharmacokinetics of cefapirin in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Arzneimittel-Forschung 10: 1773, 1981 Bergstrom RF, Kay DR, Harkcom TM, Wagner JG. Penicillamine kinetics in normal subjects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 30: 404, 1981 Berkowitz BA. The relationship of pharmacokinetics to pharmacological activity: morphine, methadone, and naloxone. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 1: 219, 1976 Bertilsson L. Clinical pharmacokinetics of carbamazepine. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 3: 128, 1978 Bishop MJ, Hornbein TF. Prolonged effect of succinylcholine after neostigmine and pyridostigmine administration in patients with renal failure. Anesthesiology 58: 384, 1983 Blachey JD, Hill JB. Renal and electrolyte disturbances associated with cisplatin. Annals of Internal Medicine 95: 628, 1981 Blair AD, Burgess ED, Maxwell BM, Cutler RE. Sotalol kinetics in renal insufficiency. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 29: 457, 1981 Boerner U, Abbott S, Roe RL. The metabolism of morphine and heroin in man. Drug Metabolism Reviews 4: 39, 1975 Breimer DD, Jochemsen R. Clinical pharmacokinetics of hypnotic benzodiazepines. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 16: 2775, 1983 Brogden RN, Carmine AA, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS. Ranitidine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic use in peptic ulcer disease and other allied disease. Drugs 24: 267, 1982 Brogden RN, Pinder RM, Sawyer PR, Speight TM, Avery GS. Tobramycin: a review of its antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 12: 166, 1976 Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. Minocycline: a review of its antibacterial and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 9: 251, 1975 Bullingham RE, McQuay HJ, Moore RA. Clinical pharmacokinetics of narcotic agonist-antagonist drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 8: 332, 1983 Bury RW, Becker GJ, Kincaid-Smith PS, Moulds RFW, Whitworth JA. Elimination of enoxacin in renal disease. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 41: 434–438, 1987 Campese VM. Minoxidil: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic uses. Drugs 22: 257, 1981 Campoli-Richards DM, Clissold SP. Famotidine: pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and a preliminary review of its therapeutic use in peptic ulcer disease and Zollinger-Ellison syndrome. Drugs 32: 197–221, 1986 Carmine AA, Brogden RN, Heel RC, Romankiewicz JA, Speight TM, et al. Moxalactam (latamoxef): a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 26: 279, 1983 Carter BL. Labetalol. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 17: 704, 1983 Chaffman M, Brogden RN. Diltiazem: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 29: 387, 1985 Chaffman M, Brogden RN, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS. Auranofin: a preliminary review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in rheumatoid arthritis. Drugs 27: 378, 1984a Chaffman M, Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. Indapamide: a review of pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy in hypertension. Drugs 28: 189, 1984b Chennavasin P, Brater DC. Nomograms for drug use in renal disease. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 6: 193, 1981 Christensen JH, Andreasen F, Jansen J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of thiopental in patients undergoing renal transplantation. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 27: 513, 1983 Clark J, Hochman R, Rolla AR, Thomas S, Miller DG, et al. Coagulopathy associated with the use of cephalosporin or moxalactam antibiotics in acute and chronic renal failure. Clinical and Experimental Dialysis and Apheresis 7: 177, 1983 Cohn JN, Buke LP. Nitroprusside. Annals of Internal Medicine 91: 752, 1979 Conard GJ, Ober RE. Metabolism of flecainide. American Journal of Cardiology 53: 41B, 1984 Conklin JD. The pharmacokinetics of nitrofurantoin and its related bioavailability. Antibiotics and Chemotherapy 25: 233, 1978 Conner CS. Atracurium and vercuronium: two unique neuromuscular blocking agents. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 18: 714, 1984 Cooper DS. Antithyroid drugs. New England Journal of Medicine 311: 1353, 1984 Craig WA, Gudmauadsson S, Reich RM. Netilmicin sulfate: a comparative evaluation of antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetics, adverse reactions and clinical efficacy. Pharmacotherapy 3: 305, 1983 Cronnelly R, Stanski DR, Miller RD. Renal function and the pharmacokinetics of neostigmine in anesthetized man. Anesthesiology 51: 22, 1979 Cronnelly R, Stanski DR, Miller RD, Sheiner LB. Pyridostigmine kinetics with and without renal function. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 28: 78, 1980 Crooke ST, Comis RL, Einhorn LH, Strong JE, Broughton A, et al. Effects of variations in renal function on the clinical pharmacology of bleomycin administered as an IV bolus. Cancer Treatment Reports 61: 1631, 1977 Crooke ST, Prestakayo AW. Bleomycin pharmacokinetics in patients with varying renal function. Cancer Research 18: 286, 1977 Cunningham RF, Israili ZH, Dayton PG. Clinical pharmacokinetics of probenecid. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 6: 135, 1981 Czerwinski A, Federson J. Pharmacokinetics of cefamandole in patients with renal impairment. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 15: 161, 1979 Daneshmend TK, Warnock DW. Clinical pharmacokinetics of systemic antifungal drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 8: 17, 1983 Dawling S, Lynn K, Rosser R. Nortriptyline metabolism in chronic renal failure: metabolite elimination. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 32: 322, 1982 Dayton PG, Perel JM. The metabolism of probenecid in man. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 179: 399, 1971 Deny JE. Evaluation of cefaclor. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 38: 54, 1981 Doller HJ. Levodopa pharmacokinetics. Drug Metabolism and Disposition 6: 164, 1978 Doluiso JT. Clinical pharmacokinetics of cefotaxime in patients with normal and reduced renal function. Reviews of Infectious Diseases 4: S333, 1982 Don HG, Dieppa RA, Taylor P. Narcotic analgesics in anuric patients. Anesthesiology 42: 745, 1976 Drusano GL, Weir M, Forrest A, Plaisance K, Emm T, et al. Pharmacokinetics of intravenously administered ciprofloxacin in patients with various degrees of renal function. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 31: 860–864, 1987 Duchin KL, Pierides AM, Heald A, Singhvi SM, Rommel AJ. Elimination kinetics of captopril in patients with renal failure. Kidney International 25: 942, 1984 Eadie MJ. Anticonvulsant drugs: an update. Drugs 27: 328, 1984 Edwards DJ, Svensson CK, Visco JP, Lalka D. Clinical pharmacokinetics of pethidine: 1982. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 7: 421, 1982 Ehrsson H, Hassan M, Ehrnebo M, Beran M. Busulfan kinetics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 34: 86, 1983 Eiriksson CE, Brogden RN. Lorcainide: a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 27: 279, 1983 Eliopoulos GM, Moellering RC. Azlocillin, mezlocillin and piperacillin: new broad spectrum penicillins. Annals of Internal Medicine 97: 755, 1982 Estes JW. Clinical pharmacokinetics of heparin. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 5: 204, 1980 Ettinger B, Oldroyd NO, Sorgel F. Triamterene nephrolithiasis. Journal of the American Medical Association 244: 2443, 1980 Fahey MR, Rupp SM, Fisher DM, Miller RD, Sharma M, et al. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of atracurium in patients with and without renal failure. Anesthesiology 61: 699, 1984 Faulkner RD, Senekjian HO, Lee CS. Hemodialysis of doxepin and desmethyldoxepin in uremic patients. Artificial Organs 8: 151, 1984 Feldman JM. Glyburide: a second generation sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent. Pharmacotherapy 5: 43, 1985 Fillastre JP, Leroy A, Baudoin C, Humbert G, Swabb EA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of aztreonam in patients with chronic renal failure. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 10: 91, 1985 Follath F, Wenk M, Vozeh S, Thiel G, Brunner F, et al. Intravenous cyclosporine kinetics in renal failure. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 34: 638, 1983 Forrest JA, Clements JA, Prescott LF. Clinical pharmacokinetics of paracetamol. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 7: 93, 1982 Forsman A, Ohman R. Pharmacokinetic studies on haloperidol in man. Current Therapeutic Research 20: 319, 1976 Frishman W. Atenolol and timolol, two new systemic β-adrenoreceptor antagonists. New England Journal of Medicine 306: 1456, 1982 Frishman WH. Nadolol: a new beta adrenoreceptor antagonist. New England Journal of Medicine 305: 678, 1981 Fung DL, Eisele JH. Fentanyl pharmacokinetics in awake volunteers. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 20: 652, 1980 Gabow PA, Moore S, Schrier RW. Spironolactone-induced hyperchloremic acidosis in cirrhosis. Annals of Internal Medicine 90: 338, 1979 Gaginella TS, Bauman JH. Ranitidine hydrochloride. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 17: 873, 1983 Galeazzi RL, Gugger M, Weidmann P. Beta blockade with pindolol: differential cardiac and renal effects despite similar plasma kinetics in normal and uremic man. Kidney International 15: 661, 1979 Gambertoglio JG, Alexander DP, Barriere SL. Cefmenoxime pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers and subjects with renal insufficiency and on hemodialysis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 26: 845, 1984 Gambertoglio JG, Laver RM. Use of neuropsychiatric drugs. In Anderson & Schrier (Eds) Clinical use of drugs in patients with kidney and liver disease, pp. 276–295, W.B. Saunders, Philadelphia, 1981 Gasser TC, Ebert SC, Graverson PH, Madsen PO. Ciprofloxacin pharmacokinetics in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 31: 709–712, 1987 Gault MH, Vasdev SC, Longerich LL. Endogenous digoxin-like substances and combined hepatic and renal failure. Annals of Internal Medicine 101: 567, 1984 George CF. Amiloride handling in renal failure. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 9: 94, 1980 Gibson TP, Atkinson AJ, Matusik E. Kinetics of procainamide and N-acetylprocainamide in renal failure. Kidney International 12: 422, 1977a Gibson TP, Demetriades JL, Bland JA. Imipenem/cilastatin: pharmacokinetic profile in renal insufficiency. Abstracts. American Journal of Medicine 78: 54, 1985 Gibson TP, Giacomini KM, Briggs WA. Pharmacokinetics of d-propoxyphene in anephric patients. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 21: 103, 1977b Gillis AM, Kates RE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer antiarrhythmic agents. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 9: 375, 1984 Glazko AJ, Dill WA, Young RM. Metabolic disposition of diphenhydramine. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 16: 1066, 1974 Gnann JW, Barton NH, Whitley RJ. Acyclovir mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, safety and clinical applications. Pharmacotherapy 3: 275, 1983 Gormley PE, Bull JM, LeRoy AF. Kinetics of cisdichlorodiammineplatinum. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 25: 351, 1979 Graves PE, Fenster PE, MacFarland RT, Marcus FI, Perrier D. Kinetics of digitoxin and the bis-monodigitoxosides of digitoxigenin in renal insufficiency. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 36: 607, 1984 Graybill JR, Craven PC. Antifungal drugs used in systemic mycoses. Drugs 25: 41, 1983 Greenblatt DJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of oxazepam and lorazepam. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 6: 89, 1981 Greenblatt DJ, Divoll M, Abernethy DR, Ochs HR, Shader RI. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the newer benzodiazepines. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 8: 233, 1983 Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI, MacLeod SM. Clinical pharmacokinetics of chlordiazepoxide. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 3: 381, 1978 Greenblatt DJ, Shader RI. Clinical use of the benzodiazepines. Rational Drug Therapy 15: 1, 1981 Grochow LB, Colvin M. Clinical pharmacokinetics of cyclophosphamide. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 4: 380, 1979 Guay DR. Netilmicin. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 17: 83, 1983 Gugler R. Clinical pharmacokinetics of hypolipidaemic drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 3: 425, 1978 Hallynek T, Soep HH, Dehli L. Influence of age and renal disease on aminoglycoside dosage. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 8 (Suppl. A): 1, 1981 Halstenson CE, Abraham PA, Opsah IJA, Chremos AN, Keane WF, et al. Disposition of famotidine in renal insufficiency. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 27: 782–787, 1987 Halstenson CE, Matzke GR. Bumetanide: a new loop diuretic. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 17: 786, 1983 Hande K, Reed E, Chabner B. Allopurinol kinetics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 23: 598, 1978 Hande KR, Noone RM, Stone WJ. Severe allopurinol toxicity. Description and guidelines for prevention in patients with renal insufficiency. American Journal of Medicine 76: 47, 1984 Hanna WT, Knauss S, Regester RF. Renal disease after mitomycin C therapy. Cancer 48: 2583, 1981 Hansten PD. Potassium supplement interactions. Drug Interactions Newsletter 2: 1, 1982 Harber F, Egger H-J, Weidekamm E, Dubach UC, Frey FJ, et al. Pharmacokinetics of carumonam in patients with renal insufficiency. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 29: 116–121, 1986 Harrington RA, Hamilton CW, Brogden RN, Linkewich JA, Romankiewicz JA, et al. Metoclopramide: an updated review of its pharmacologic properties and clinical use. Drugs 25: 451, 1983 Hartigh JD, McVie JG, Van Oort WJ, Pinedo HM. Pharmacokinetics of mitomycin C in humans. Cancer Research 43: 5017, 1983 Hasegawa GR. Tocainide: a new oral antiarrhythmic. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 19: 514, 1985 Hasegawa J, Lin ET, Williams RL, Sorgel F, Benet LZ. Pharmacokinetics of triamterene and its metabolite in man. Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics 10: 507, 1982 Hasenfuss G, Schäfer-Korting M, Knauf H, Mutschler E, Just H. Pharmacokinetics of carteolol in relation to renal function. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 29: 461–465, 1985 Heany D, Eknoyan G. Minocycline and doxycycline kinetics in chronic renal failure. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 24: 233, 1978 Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. Butorphanol: a review of its pharmacologic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 16: 473, 1978 Himmelstein KJ, Patton TF, Belt RJ, Taylor S, Sternson LA. Clinical kinetics of intact cisplatin and some related species. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 29: 658, 1981 Hirsch MD, Swartz MN. Antiviral agents. New England Journal of Medicine 302: 903, 949, 1980 Höffler D, Schäfer I, Koeppe P, Sörgel F. Pharmacokinetics of Pefloxacin in normal and impaired renal function. Arzneimittel-Forschung 38: 739–743, 1988 Holdiness MR. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the antituberculosis drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 9: 511, 1984 Holmes B, Brogden RN, Heel RC, Speight TM, Avery GS. Guanabenz: a review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy in hypertension. Drugs 26: 212, 1983 Holmes B, Heel RC. Flecainide: a preliminary review of its pharmacodynamic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 29: 1, 1985 Holmes B, Richards DM, Brogden RN, Heel RC. Piperacillin: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 28: 375, 1984 Hopefl AW. Aztreonam — an overview. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 19: 171, 1985 Houghton GW, Dennis MJ, Gabriel R. Pharmacokinetics of metronidazole in patients with varying degrees of renal failure. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 19: 203, 1985 Houston MC. Clonidine hydrochloride: review of pharmacological and clinical aspects. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 23: 337, 1981 Inturrisi CE. Disposition of narcotics in patients with renal disease. American Journal of Medicine 62: 528, 1977 Jolivet J, Cowan KH, Curt GA, Clendeninn NJ, Chabner BA. The pharmacology and clinical use of methotrexate. New England Journal of Medicine 309: 1094, 1983 Kampf D, Shurig R, Korsukewitz I, Bruckner O. Cefoxitin pharmacokinetics: relation to three different renal clearance studies in patients with various degrees of renal insufficiency. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 20: 741, 1981 Kampmann JP, Hansen JM. Clinical pharmacokinetics of antithyroid drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 6: 401, 1981 Kantor TG. Ibuprofen. Annals of Internal Medicine 91: 877, 1979 Kates RE. Calcium antagonists: pharmacokinetic properties. Drugs 25: 113, 1983 Kelly JG, O’Malley K. Clinical pharmacokinetics of oral anticoagulants. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 4: 1, 1979 Kirch W, Gorg ER. Clinical pharmacokinetics of atenolol — a review. European Journal of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics 7: 81, 1982 Kirch W, Rämsch KD, Dührsen U, Ohnhaus EE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of nimodipine in normal and impaired renal function. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 4: 381–384, 1984 Kirch W, Rose I, Demers HG, Leopold G, Pabst J, et al. Pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol during repeated oral administration to healthy volunteers and patients with kidney or liver disease. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 13: 110–117, 1987 Knepshield JH, Winchester JF. Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion for drugs and poisons. Transactions of the American Society of Artificial Internal Organs 28: 666, 1982 Koeppe P, Höffler D, Strobel K. Pharmacokinetics and dosage recommendations of carumonam in renal failure. Arzneimittel-Forschung 37: 65–69, 1987 Konishi K, Ozawa Y. Pharmacokinetics of cefotiam in patients with impaired renal function and in those undergoing hemodialysis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 26: 647, 1984 Kradjan WA, Martin TR, Delaney CJ, Blair AD, Cutler RE. Effect of hemodialysis on the pharmacokinetics of theophylline in chronic renal failure. Nephron 32: 40, 1982 Kramer HJ, Pennig J, Klingmuller D, Kipnowski J, Glanzer K, et al. Digoxin-like immunoreacting substances in the serum of patients with chronic uremia. Nephron 40: 297, 1985 Kucers A. Chloramphenicol, erythromycin, vancomycin, tetracyclines. Lancet 2: 425, 1982 Kusumi R, Metzler C, Fass R. Pharmacokinetics of spectinomycin in volunteers with renal insufficiency. Chemotherapy 27: 95, 1981 Lange K. Nephropathy induced by D-penicillamine. Contributions to Nephrology 10: 63, 1978 Lant A. Diuretics: clinical pharmacology and therapeutic use. Drugs 29: 57, 162, 1985 Larsson R, Erlanson P, Bodemar G, Norlander B, Fransson L, et al. Pharmacokinetics of Cimetidine and its sulfoxide metabolite during hemodialysis. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21: 325, 1982 Latini R, Tognoni G, Kates RE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of amiodarone. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 9: 136, 1984 Latos DS, Bryan CS, Stone WJ. Carbenicillin therapy in patients with normal and impaired renal function. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 17: 692, 1975 Lebovitz HE. Glipizide: a second generation sulfonylurea hypoglycemic agent. Pharmacotherapy 5: 63, 1985 Lecaillon JB, Souppart C, Schroeller JP, Humbert G, Massias P. Sulfinpyrazone kinetics after intravenous and oral administration. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 26: 611, 1979 Lee CS, Marbury TC, Perchalski RT, Wilder BJ. Pharmacokinetics of primidone elimination by uremic patients. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 22: 301, 1982 Lehmann CR, Heironimus JD, Collins CB, O’Neil TJ, Pierson WP, et al. Metoclopramide kinetics in patients with impaired renal function and clearance by hemodialysis. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 37: 284, 1985 Leroy A, Humbert G, Godin M, Finllastre JP. Pharmacokinetics of cefadroxil in patients with impaired renal function. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 10 (Suppl. B): 39, 1982 Levy G. Pharmacokinetics of salicylate in man. Drug Metabolism Reviews 9: 13, 1979 Lieberman JA, Cooper TB, Suckow RF, Steinberg H, Borenstein M, et al. Tricyclic antidepressant and metabolite levels in chronic renal failure. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 37: 301, 1985 Lipner HI, Ruzany F, Dasgupta M. The behavior of carbenicillin as a nonreabsorbable anion. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 86: 183, 1975 Loo JC, Midha KK, McGilveray IJ. Pharmacokinetics of chlorpromazine in normal volunteers. Communications in Psychopharmacology 4: 121, 1980 Lorber A. Monitoring gold plasma levels in rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2: 127, 1977 Lowenthal DT, Hobbs D, Affrime MB. Prazosin kinetics and effectiveness in renal failure. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 27: 779, 1980 Ludden TM, McNay JL, Shephard A, Lin MS. Clinical pharmacokinetics of hydralazine. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 7: 185, 1982 Lydiard RB, Gelenberg AJ. Hazards and adverse effects of lithium. Annual Review of Medicine 33: 327, 1982 Lyon JA. Cefoperazone. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 17: 7, 1983 Maher JF. Pharmacokinetics in patients with renal failure. Clinical Nephrology 21: 39, 1984 Malacoff RF, Finkelstein FO, Andriole VI. Effect of peritoneal dialysis on serum levels of tobramycin and lincomycin. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 8: 574, 1975 Mandelli M, Tognoni G, Garattini S. Clinical pharmacokinetics of diazepam. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 3: 72, 1978 Marbury TC, Lee CS, Bruni J, Wilder BJ. Hemodialysis of valproic acid in uremic patients. Dialysis and Transplantation 9: 961, 1980 Marcantonio LA, Auld WHR, Murdoch WR, Purohit R, Skellern GG, et al. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the diuretic bumetanide in hepatic and renal disease. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 15: 245, 1983 Mather LE. Clinical pharmacokinetics of fentanyl and its newer derivatives. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 8: 422, 1983 Matteo RS, Nichitateno K, Pua EK, Spector S. Pharmacokinetics of d-tubocurarine in man. Anesthesiology 52: 335, 1980 Matzke GR, Keane WF. Cefsulodin pharmacokinetics in patients with various degrees of renal function. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 23: 369, 1983 McAllister CJ, Scowden EB, Stone WJ. Toxic psychosis induced by phenothiazine administration in patients with chronic renal failure. Clinical Nephrology 10: 191, 1978 McAllister RG, Hamann SR, Blouin RA. Pharmacokinetics of calcium-entry blockers. American Journal of Cardiology 55: 30B, 1985 Medical Letter. Pentamidine for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. 27: 6, 1985 Meyer RD. Amikacin. Annals of Internal Medicine 95: 328, 1981 Miller RD. Vercuronium: a new nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. Pharmacotherapy 4: 238, 1984 Miller RD, Maheo RS, Benet LZ. The pharmacokinetics of d-tubocurarine with and without renal failure. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 202: 1, 1977 Moellering RC, Krogstad DJ, Greenblatt DJ. Vancomycin therapy in patients with impaired renal function: a nomogram for dosage. Annals of Internal Medicine 94: 343, 1981 Morrison G, Chiang ST, Koepke HH, Walker BR. Effect of renal impairment and hemodialysis on lorazepam kinetics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 35: 646, 1984 Morsil DN, Brown RD. Acetazolamide and symptomatic metabolic acidosis in mild renal failure. British Medical Journal 283: 1527, 1981 Mulley BA, Parr GD, Rye RM. Pharmacokinetics of chlorthalidone. European Journal of Pharmacology 17: 203, 1980 Munch R, Luthy R, Blaser J, Siegenthaler W. Human pharmacokinetics and CSF penetration of clavulanic acid. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 8: 29, 1981 Murray TG, Chiang ST, Koepke HH. Renal disease, age and oxazepam kinetics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 30: 805, 1981 Myhre F, Rugstad HE, Hansen T. Clinical pharmacokinetics of methyldopa. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 7: 221, 1982 Naesdal J, Andersson T, Bodemar G, Larsson R, Regårdh C-G, et al. Pharmacokinetics of [14C]omeprazole in patients with impaired renal function. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 40: 344–351, 1986 Nanlin S, Jessup K, Floyd M, Wang T, Van Buren CT, et al. Quantitation of plasma azathioprine and 6-mercaptopurine levels in renal transplant patients. Transplantation 29: 290, 1980 Nauta EH, Mattie H. Dicloxacillin and cloxacillin: pharmacokinetics in healthy and hemodialysis subjects. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 20: 98, 1976 Nelson E. Rate of metabolism of tolbutamide in test subjects with liver disease or impaired renal function. American Journal of the Medical Sciences 248: 657, 1964 Neu HC. Amoxicillin. Annals of Internal Medicine 90: 356, 1979 Neu HC. Amdinocillin: a novel penicillin. Antibacterial activity, pharmacology and clinical use. Pharmacotherapy 5: 1, 1985 Nickander R, McMahon FG, Ridolfo AS. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 19: 469, 1979 Niemeyer C, Hasenfuss G, Wais U, Knauf H, Schafer-Korting M, et al. Pharmacokinetics of hydrochlorothiazide in relation to renal function. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 24: 661, 1983 Noone P. Sisomicin, netilmicin and dibekacin: a review of their antibacterial activity and therapeutic use. Drugs 27: 548, 1984 Nutt JG, Fellman JH. Pharmacokinetics of levodopa. Clinical Neuropharmacology 7: 35, 1984 Ochs HR, Greenblatt DJ, Woo E. Clinical pharmacokinetics of quinidine. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 5: 150, 1980 Ogilvie RI. Clinical pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 3: 267, 1978 Ohkawa M, Takamae K, Shimamura M, Kuroda K, Awazu S. Pharmacokinetics of cefroxadine in healthy volunteers and patients with impaired renal function. Chemotherapy 27: 149, 1981 Oltmanns D, Pottage A, Endell W. Pharmacokinetics of tocainide in patients with combined hepatic and renal dysfunction. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 25: 787, 1983 Owellen RJ, Roat MA, Hains FO. Pharmacokinetics of vinblastine and vincristine in humans. Cancer Research 37: 2603, 1977 Parry MF, Neu HC. Pharmacokinetics of ticarcillin in patients with abnormal renal function. Journal of Infectious Diseases 133: 46, 1976 Patel R, Welling PG. Clinical pharmacokinetics of co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole). Clinical Pharmacokinetics 5: 403, 1980 Payne JP. The clinical pharmacology of pentazocine. Drugs 5: 1, 1973 Payton CD, Fox JG, Pauleau NF, Boulton-Jones JM, Ioannides C, et al. The single dose pharmacokinetics of bisoprolol (10mg) in renal insufficiency: the clinical significance of balanced clearance. European Heart Journal 8 (Suppl. M): 15–22, 1987 Pearson RM. Pharmacokinetics and response to diazoxide in renal failure. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 2: 198, 1977 Pechere J, Dugal R. Clinical pharmacokinetics of aminoglycoside antibiotics. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 4: 170, 1979 Peets EA, Jackson M, Symchowics S. Metabolism of chlorpheniramine maleate in man. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 180: 464, 1972 Penry JK, Newmark ME. The use of antiepileptic drugs. Annals of Internal Medicine 90: 207, 1979 Pontzer RE, Kaye D. Cefonicid: a long acting, second generation cephalosporin. Pharmacotherapy 4: 325, 1984 Procci WR. Mania during maintenance hemodialysis successfully treated with oral lithium carbonate. Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases 164: 355, 1977 Quintiliani R, Nightingale CH. Cefazolin. Annals of Internal Medicine 89: 650, 1978 Rabkin R, Simon NM, Steiner S. Effect of renal disease on renal uptake and excretion of insulin in man. New England Journal of Medicine 282: 182, 1970 Rahn KH. The influence of renal function on plasma levels, urinary excretion, metabolism and antihypertensive effects of guanethidine in man. Clinical Nephrology 1: 14, 1973 Ralph ED. Clinical pharmacokinetics of metronidazole. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 8: 43, 1983 Ramzam MI, Shanks CA, Triggs EJ. Gallamine disposition in surgical patients with chronic renal failure. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 12: 141, 1981a Ramzam MI, Somogyi AA, Walker JS, Shanks CA, Triggs EJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of the nondepolarizing muscle relaxants. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 6: 25, 1981b Rapeport WG. Clinical pharmacokinetics of bretylium. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 10: 248, 1985 Reece PA, Cozamanis I, Zacest R. Kinetics of hydralazine and its main metabolites in slow and fast acetylators. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 28: 769, 1980 Reeves D. Sulphonamides and trimethoprim. Lancet 2: 370, 1982 Regardh CG, Johnsson G. Clinical pharmacokinetics of metoprolol. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 5: 557, 1980 Reidenberg MM, Drayer DE. Drug therapy in renal failure. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 20: 45, 1980 Rhymer AR. Sulindac. Clinics in Rheumatic Diseases 5: 553, 1979 Richards DM, Brogden RN. Ceftazidime: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 29: 105, 1985 Richards DM, Heel RC. Ceftizoxime: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 29: 281, 1985 Richards DM, Heel RC, Brogden RN, Speight TM, Avery GS. Ceftriaxone: a review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacological properties and therapeutic use. Drugs 27: 469, 1984 Richens A. Clinical pharmacokinetics of Phenytoin. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 4: 153, 1979 Rimmer EM, Richens A. An update on sodium valproate. Pharmacotherapy 5: 171, 1985 Ristuccia AM, Cunha BA. An overview of amikacin. Therapeutic Drug Monitoring 7: 12, 1985 Roberts AP, Eastwood JB, Gower PE, Fenton CM, Curtis JR. Serum and plasma concentration of clindamycin following a single intramuscular injection of clindamycin phosphate in maintenance hemodialysis patients and normal subjects. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 14: 435, 1978 Roberts C. Clinical pharmacokinetics of ranitidine. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 9: 211, 1984 Roth T, Roehrs TA, Zonck FJ. Pharmacology and hypnotic efficacy of triazolam. Pharmacotherapy 3: 137, 1983 Rudnick M, Morrison G, Walker G. Renal failure, hemodialysis and nafcillin kinetics. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 20: 413, 1976 Rumore MM. Clinical pharmacokinetics of chlorpheniramine. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 18: 701, 1984 Sandoz M, Vandel S, Vandel B, Bonin B, Hory B, et al. Metabolism of amitriptyline in patients with chronic renal failure. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 26: 227, 1984 Schulz V. Clinical pharmacokinetics of nitroprusside, cyanide, thiosulphate. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 9: 239, 1984 Sheehan J, White A, Wilson R. Hazards of phenothiazines in chronic renal failure. Irish Medical Journal 75: 335, 1982 Shen DD, Azarnoff DL. Clinical pharmacokinetics of methotrexate. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 3: 1, 1978 Shen DD, Cunningham JL, Shudo I. Disposition kinetics of disopyramide in patients with renal insufficiency. Biopharmaceuticals and Drug Disposition 1: 133, 1980 Sherrard DJ, Goldberg AB, Haas LB, Brunzell JB. Chronic clofibrate therapy in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Nephron 25: 219, 1960 Shionori H, Ikeda Y, Kimura K, Miyakawa T, Kaneko Y. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of single dose ramipril in hypertensive patients with various degrees of renal function. Current Therapeutic Research 40: 74–85, 1986 Siegal D. Tetracyclines: a new look at old antibiotics. New York State Journal of Medicine 78: 950, 1115, 1978 Singh BN, Thoden WR, Ward A. Acebutolol: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic efficacy in hypertension, angina pectoris and arrhythmia. Drugs 29: 531, 1985 Skillman TG, Feldman JM. The pharmacology of sulfonylureas. American Journal of Medicine 70: 361, 1981 Slaughter RL, Cerra FB, Koup JR. Effect of hemodialysis on total body clearance of chloramphenicol. American Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 37: 1083, 1980 Smith BR, LeFrock J. Amoxicillin-potassium clavulanate: a novel β-lactamase inhibitor. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 19: 415, 1985 Solomon AE, Buggs JD, McGleachey R. The administration of cephradine to patients with normal and impaired renal function. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 2: 443, 1975 Somogyi A, Gugler R. Clinical pharmacokinetics of cimetidine. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 8: 463, 1983 Somogyi AA, Shanks CA, Triggs EA. The effects of renal failure on the disposition and neuromuscular blocking effects of pancuronium bromide. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 12: 23, 1977 Spark RF, Dickstein G. Bromocriptine and endocrine disorders. Annals of Internal Medicine 90: 949, 1979 Stanaszek WF, Kellerman D, Brogden RN, Romankiewicz JA. Prazosin update. A review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic use in hypertension and congestive heart failure. Drugs 25: 339, 1983 Stein G, Kunze M, Zaumseil J, Traeger A. Pharmacokinetics of indomethacin and indomethacin metabolites administered continually to patients with healthy and damaged kidneys. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics 15: 470, 1977 Stone WJ, Walle T. Massive propranolol metabolic retention during maintenance hemodialysis. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 28: 448, 1980 Szeto HH, Inturrisi CE, Houde R, Reidenberg M. Accumulation of normeperidine, an active metabolite of meperidine, in patients with renal failure or cancer. Annals of Internal Medicine 86: 738, 1977 Tartaglione TA, Polk RE. Review of the new second generation cephalosporins: cefonicid, ceforanide and cefuroxime. Drug Intelligence and Clinical Pharmacy 19: 188, 1985 Thompson RL, Wright AJ. Cephalosporin antibiotics. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 58: 79, 1983 Tien AN, Bjornson J. Heparin elimination in uremic patients on hemodialysis. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 17: 29, 1977 Tilstone WJ, Dargie H, Dargie EN. Pharmacokinetics of metolazone in normal subjects and in patients with cardiac or renal dysfunction. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 16: 322, 1974 Van Scoy RE, Wilson WR. Antimicrobial agents in patients with renal insufficiency. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 58: 246, 1983 Van Tyle JH. Ketoconazole mechanism of action, spectrum of activity, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, adverse reactions and therapeutic use. Pharmacotherapy 4: 343, 1984 Verbeeck RK, Blackburn JL, Loewen GR. Clinical pharmacokinetics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 8: 297, 1983 Vohringer HF, Rietbrock N. Digitalis therapy in renal failure with special regard to digitoxin. International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, Therapy and Toxicology 19: 175, 1981 Waller ES. Pharmacokinetic principles of lidocaine dosing in relation to disease state. Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 21: 181, 1981 Walstad RA, Nilsen OG, Berg KJ. Pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of cefuroxime in patients with severe renal insufficiency. European Journal of Clinical Pharmacy 24: 391, 1983 Ward A, Heel RC. Bumetanide: a review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic uses. Drugs 28: 426, 1984 Weber WW, Hein DW. Clinical pharmacokinetics of isoniazid. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 4: 287, 1976 Welling PG, Craig W. Pharmacokinetics of intravenous erythromycin. Journal Pharmaceutical Sciences 67: 1057, 1978 Wenk M, Vozeh S, Follath F. Serum level monitoring of antibacterial drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 9: 475, 1984 Whelton A, Stout RL, Delgado FA. An azlocillin closing nomogram for renal insufficiency. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 11 (Suppl. B): 97, 1983 White NJ. Clinical pharmacokinetics of antimalarial drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 10: 187, 1985 Wise R. Penicillins and cephalosporins: antimicrobial and pharmacological properties. Lancet 2: 140, 1982 Wood AJ, Vestal RE, Spannuth CL. Propranolol disposition in renal failure. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 10: 561, 1980 Wright AJ, Wilkowske CJ. The penicillins. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 58: 21, 1983 Wu MJ, Ing TS, Soung S, Daugirdas JT, Hano JE, et al. Amantadine hydrochloride pharmacokinetics in patients with impaired renal function. Clinical Nephrology 17: 19, 1982 Zsotér TT, Johnson GE, DeVeber GA. Excretion and metabolism of reserpine in renal failure. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics 14: 325, 1973