Guidance on the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
ACRE 2004 Guidance on Best Practices in the Design of Psot-market monitoring plans in submissions to the Advisory Committee on Realeases to the Environment ACRE Advisory Committee on Releases to the Environment guidances
Alves, 2006, Inheritance of resistance to the Cry1Ab Bacillus thuringiensis toxin in Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera : crambidae), Journal Of Economic Entomology, 99, 494, 10.1603/0022-0493-99.2.494
Andow, 1999, Credibility interval for rare resistance allele frequencies - Response, Journal Of Economic Entomology, 92, 755, 10.1093/jee/92.4.755
Andow, 2008, The risk of resistance evolution in insects to transgenic insecticidal crops, Collection of Biosafety Reviews, 4, 142
Andow, 1998, F-2 screen for rare resistance alleles, Journal Of Economic Entomology, 91, 572, 10.1093/jee/91.3.572
Andow, 2006, Ecological risk assessment for Bt crops, Nature Biotechnology, 24, 749, 10.1038/nbt0706-749
Angevin, 2008, Modelling impacts of cropping systems and climate on maize cross-pollination in agricultural landscapes: The MAPOD model, European Journal Of Agronomy, 28, 471, 10.1016/j.eja.2007.11.010
Arpaia, 2009, Oviposition of the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata - Say) and natural predation on its egg masses in Bt-expressing fields, Biocontrol Science and Technology, 19, 971, 10.1080/09583150903243896
Bagavathiannan, 2008, Crop ferality: Implications for novel trait confinement, Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment, 127, 1, 10.1016/j.agee.2008.03.009
BEETLE_report, 2009, Long-term effects of genetically modified (GM) crops on health and the environment (including biodiversity): prioritization of potential risks and delimitation of uncertainties, German Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety
Birch CPD, Oom SP and Beecham JA, 2007, Rectangular and hexagonal grids used for observation, experiment and simulation in ecology, Ecological Modelling, 206, 347, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2007.03.041
Birch, 2004, Biodiversity and Non-Target Impacts: a Case Study of Bt Maize in Kenya, Environmental Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Organisms, 10.1079/9780851998619.0117
Bishop, 2000, Rapid evolution in plant chitinases: Molecular targets of selection in plant-pathogen coevolution, Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America, 97, 5322, 10.1073/pnas.97.10.5322
Blondel, 2003, Guilds or functional groups: does it matter?, Oikos, 100, 223, 10.1034/j.1600-0706.2003.12152.x
Bohan, 2005, Effects on weed and invertebrate abundance and diversity of herbicide management in genetically modified herbicide-tolerant winter-sown oilseed rape, Proc Biol Sci, 272, 463, 10.1098/rspb.2004.3049
Bolin, 1999, Long-term selection for resistance to bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ac endotoxin in a Minnesota population of European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae), Journal Of Economic Entomology, 92, 1021, 10.1093/jee/92.5.1021
Bourguet, 2003, Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 106, 1225, 10.1007/s00122-002-1172-1
Butler, 2007, Farmland biodiversity and the footprint of agriculture, Science, 315, 381, 10.1126/science.1136607
Champion, 2003, Crop management and agronomic context of the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 358, 1801, 10.1098/rstb.2003.1405
Charleston DS Dicke M 2008 Designing experimental protocols to investigate the impact of GM crops on non-target arthropods COGEM onderzoeksrapport
Chaufaux, 2001, Chronic exposure of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) to CrylAb Bacillus thuringiensis toxin, Journal Of Economic Entomology, 94, 1564, 10.1603/0022-0493-94.6.1564
Chèvre, 2003, A review on interspecific gene flow from oilseed rape to wild relatives, Introgression from Genetically Modified Plants into wild relatives and its consequences
Colbach, 2009, How to model and simulate the effects of cropping systems on population dynamics and gene flow at the landscape level: example of oilseed rape volunteers and their role for coexistence of GM and non-GM crops, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16, 348, 10.1007/s11356-008-0080-6
Colbach, 2005, Evaluation and use of a spatio-temporal model of cropping system effects on gene escape from transgenic oilseed rape varieties - Example of the GENESYS model applied to three co-existing herbicide tolerance transgenes, European Journal Of Agronomy, 22, 417, 10.1016/j.eja.2004.06.004
Colbach, 2009, A simulation study of the medium-term effects of field patterns on cross-pollination rates in oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), Ecological Modelling, 220, 662, 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.11.020
Crawley, 1993, Ecology of transgenic oilseed rape in natural habitats, Nature, 363, 620, 10.1038/363620a0
Damgaard, 2009, Competitive interactions and the effect of herbivory on Bt-Brassica napus, Brassica rapa and Lolium perenne, Journal of Applied Ecology, 46, 1073, 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01689.x
Damude, 2008a, Engineering oilseeds to produce nutritional fatty acids, Physiologia Plantarum, 132, 1, 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.00998.x
Damude, 2008b, Enhancing plant seed oils for human nutrition, Plant Physiology, 147, 962, 10.1104/pp.108.121681
Poza, 2008, Genetic Structure of Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre) Populations in the Mediterranean Area, Environmental Entomology, 37, 1354, 10.1603/0046-225X(2008)37[1354:GSOSNL]2.0.CO;2
Poza, 2005, Impact of farm-scale Bt maize on abundance of predatory arthropods in Spain, Crop Protection, 24, 677, 10.1016/j.cropro.2004.12.003
Nijs, 2004, Introgression of GM plants and the EU Guidance Note for monitoring, Introgression from Genetically Modified Plants into wild relatives and its consequences, 10.1079/9780851998169.0365
Duan JJ Lundgren JG Naranjo S Marvier M 2009 Extrapolating non-target risk of Bt crops from laboratory to field
Eastham, 2002, Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): the significance of gene flow through pollen transfer
EC, 1991, Council Directive of 15 July 1991 concerning the placing of plant protection products on the market (91/414/EEC), Official Journal of the European Union, L 230, 1
EC, 2001, Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC, Official Journal of the European Communities, L106, 1
EC, 2002, Council Decision of 3 October 2002 establishing guidance notes supplementing Annex VII to Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the deliberate release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC, Official Journal of the European Communities, L, 27
EC, 2003, Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 September 2003 on genetically modified food and feed, Official journal of the European Union, L 268, 1
EC, 2004, Directive 2004/35/CE of the European Parliament and of the council of 21 April 2004 on environmental liability with regard to the prevention and remedying of environmental damage, Official Journal of the European Communities, L, 56
EC, 2009a, Directive 2009/128/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 establishing a framework for Community action to achieve the sustainable use of pesticides, Official Journal of the European Union, L, 71
EC 2009b Long-term effects of genetically modified (GM) crops on health and the environment (including biodiversity): Prioritisation of potential risks and delimilation of uncertainties
EFSA, 2006a, Guidance document for the risk assessment of genetically modified microorganisms and their derived products intended for food and feed use by the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), The EFSA journal, 374, 1
EFSA, 2006b, Guidance document of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms for the Risk Assessment of Genetically Modified Plants and Derived Food and Feed, The EFSA Journal, 99, 1
EFSA, 2007, Guidance document of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms for the risk assessment of GM Plants containing stacked transformation events, The EFSA journal, 512, 1
EFSA 2008 Environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants - challenges and approaches EFSA scientific colloquium - summary report
EFSA, 2009a, EFSA and GMO Risk Assessment for Human and Animal Health and the Environment, EFSA and GMO Risk Assessment for Human and Animal Health and the Environment
EFSA, 2009b, Guidance of the Scientific Committee on Transparency in the Scientific Aspects of Risk Assesments carried out by EFSA. Part 2: General Principles, The EFSA Journal, 1051, 1
EFSA, 2009c, Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms on applications (EFSA-GMO-RX-MON810) for the renewal of authorisation for the continued marketing of (1) existing food and food ingredients produced from genetically modified insect resistant maize MON810; (2) feed consisting of and/or containing maize MON810, and maize MON810 for feed use (including cultivation); and of (3) food additives and feed materials produced from maize MON810, all under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 from Monsanto, The EFSA Journal, 1149, 1
EFSA, 2009d, Scientific opinion on Guidance for the risk assessment of genetically modified plants used for non-food or non-feed purposes, The EFSA Journal, 1164, 1
EFSA, 2009e, Scientific opinion on Statistical considerations for the safety evaluation of GMOs, on request of EFSA, The EFSA journal, 1250, 1
EFSA, 2009f, Scientific report of EFSA prepared by the GMO Unit on Public Consultation on the Updated Guidance Document of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) for the risk assessment of genetically modified plants and derived food and feed, The EFSA Scientific Report, 293, 1
EFSA, 2009g, Statement of EFSA on the consolidated presentation of the joint Scientific Opinion of the GMO and BIOHAZ Panels on the “Use of Antibiotic Resistance Genes as Marker Genes in Genetically Modified Plants” and the Scientific Opinion of the GMO Panel on “Consequences of the Opinion on the Use of Antibiotic Resistance Genes as Marker Genes in Genetically Modified Plants on Previous EFSA Assessments of Individual GM Plants”, The EFSA Journal, 1108, 1
EFSA, 2010a, Outcome of the public consultation on the draft Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) on the assessment of potential impacts of genetically modified plants on non-target organisms, The EFSA journal, 8, 1878, 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1878
EFSA, 2010b, Outcome of the public consultation on the draft Scientific Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO) on the guidance on the environmental risk assessment of genetically modified plants, The EFSA journal, 8, 1880, 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1880
EFSA, 2010c, Scientific opinion of the EFSA GMO Panel on the assessment of potential impacts of genetically modified plants on non-target organisms, The EFSA Journal, 8, 1877, 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1877
EFSA, 2010d, Scientific Opinion on the assessment of allergenicity of GM plants and microorganisms and derived food and feed, The EFSA Journal, 8, 1
EFSA, 2010e, Scientific Opinion on the assessment of potential impacts of genetically modified plants on non-target organisms, The EFSA Journal, xxx
EFSA, 2010f, Scientific Opinion on the development of specific protection goal options for environmental risk assessment of pesticides, in particular in relation to the revision of the Guidance Documents on Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecotoxicology (SANCO/3268/2001 and SANCO/10329/2002)1, The EFSA journal, 8, 1821, 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1821
Ellstrand NC, 2003, Dangerous liaisons? When cultivated plants mate with their wild relatives
EPA U, 1998, Guidelines for Ecological Risk Assessment
FAO/WHO 1996 Biotechnology and food safety Report of the joint FAO/WHO consultation
Farinos, 2008, Diversity and seasonal phenology of aboveground arthropods in conventional and transgenic maize crops in Central Spain, Biological Control, 44, 362, 10.1016/j.biocontrol.2007.11.007
Farinos, 2004, Resistance monitoring of field populations of the corn borers Sesamia nonagrioides and Ostrinia nubilalis after 5 years of Bt maize cultivation in Spain, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 110, 23, 10.1111/j.0013-8703.2004.00116.x
Finley, 1994, The benefits of probabilistic exposure assessment: three case studies Involving contaminated air, water, and soil, Risk Analysis, 14, 53, 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1994.tb00028.x
Firbank, 2003, An introduction to the Farm-Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops, Journal of Applied Ecology, 40, 2, 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00787.x
Fischer, 2001, Achieving plant disease resistance by antibody expression, Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology-Revue Canadienne De Phytopathologie, 23, 236, 10.1080/07060660109506936
FitzJohn, 2007, Hybridisation within Brassica and allied genera: evaluation of potential for transgene escape, Euphytica, 158, 209, 10.1007/s10681-007-9444-0
Garcia-Alonso M 2009 Current challenges in environmental risk assessment: The assessment of unintended effects of GM crops on non-target organisms
Gathmann, 2006a, Spatial distribution of Aglais urticae (L.) and its host plant Urtica dioica (L.) in an agricultural landscape: implications for Bt maize risk assessment and post-market monitoring, Environmental Biosafety Research, 5, 27, 10.1051/ebr:2006014
Gathmann, 2006b, Impact of Bt maize pollen (MON810) on lepidopteran larvae living on accompanying weeds, Molecular Ecology, 15, 2677, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.02962.x
Gay, 2005, Antibiotic resistance markers in genetically modified plants: a risk to human health?, Lancet Infectious Diseases, 5, 637, 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70241-3
Georghiou, 1986, Pesticide resistance: strategies and tactics for management, Pesticide resistance: strategies and tactics for management, xi + 471
Gibbons, 2006, Weed seed resources for birds in fields with contrasting conventional and genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops, Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 273, 1921, 10.1098/rspb.2006.3522
Gonzalez-Cabrera, 2006, Toxicity and mode of action of Bacillus thuringiensis cry proteins in the Mediterranean corn borer, Sesamia nonagrioides (Lefebvre), Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 72, 2594, 10.1128/AEM.72.4.2594-2600.2006
Gonzalez-Nunez, 2000, Susceptibility of Spanish populations of the corn borers Sesamia nonagrioides (Lepidoptera : noctuidae) and Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) to a Bacillus thuringiensis endotoxin, Journal Of Economic Entomology, 93, 459, 10.1603/0022-0493-93.2.459
Gould, 1997, Initial frequency of alleles for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis toxins in field populations of Heliothis virescens, Proceedings of the national academy of sciences of the United States of America, 94, 3519, 10.1073/pnas.94.8.3519
Grover, 2003, Strategies for development of fungus-resistant transgenic plants, Current Science, 84, 330
Hails, 1997, Burial and seed survival in Brassica napus subsp oleifera and Sinapis arvensis including a comparison of transgenic and non-transgenic lines of the crop, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 264, 1, 10.1098/rspb.1997.0001
Hawes, 2003, Responses of plants and invertebrate trophic groups to contrasting herbicide regimes in the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 358, 1899, 10.1098/rstb.2003.1406
Heap, 2008, International survey of herbicide-resistant weeds - survey results and criteria to add cases, Proceedings of the 16th Australian Weeds Conference, 68
Heard, 2003, Weeds in fields with contrasting conventional and genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. I. Effects on abundance and diversity, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 358, 1819, 10.1098/rstb.2003.1402
Heard, 2005, Predicting longer-term changes in weed populations under GMHT management, Weed research, 45, 331, 10.1111/j.1365-3180.2005.00465.x
Hilbeck, 2006, Methodology to support non-target and biodiversity risk assessment, 108
Hill, 2003, General principles for risk assessment of living modified organisms: Lessons from chemical risk assessment, Environmental Biosafety Research, 2, 81, 10.1051/ebr:2003004
Horak, 2007, Characterization of roundup ready flex cotton, ‘MON 88913’, for use in ecological risk assessment: Evaluation of seed germination, vegetative and reproductive growth, and ecological interactions, CropScience, 47, 268
Huang, 2002, Survival of Kansas Dipel-resistant European corn borer (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) on Bt and Non-Bt corn hybrids, Journal Of Economic Entomology, 95, 614, 10.1603/0022-0493-95.3.614
Jenczewski, 2003, Crop-to-wild gene flow, introgression and possible fitness effects of transgenes, Environmental Biosafety Research, 2, 9, 10.1051/ebr:2003001
Joersbo, 2007, Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry, Transgenic crops IV
Jorgensen RB 1999 Gene flow from oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) to related species Symposium Proceedings
Jorgensen, 2007, Oilseed Rape: Co-existence and Gene Flow from Wild Species, Advances in Botanical Research: Incorporating Advances in Plant Pathology, 45, 451, 10.1016/S0065-2296(07)45016-9
Jorgensen, 2009, The variability of processes involved in transgene dispersal-case studies from Brassica and related genera, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16, 389, 10.1007/s11356-009-0142-4
Keese, 2008, Risks from GMOs due to horizontal gene transfer, Environmental Biosafety Research, 7, 123, 10.1051/ebr:2008014
Krogh, 2007, ECOGEN - Soil ecological and economic evaluation of genetically modified crops, Pedobiologia, 51, 171, 10.1016/j.pedobi.2007.05.001
Kruger, 2009, Perspective on the development of stem borer resistance to Bt maize and refuge compliance at the Vaalharts irrigation scheme in South Africa, Crop protection, 28, 684, 10.1016/j.cropro.2009.04.001
Laster, 2003, Non-inferiority trials: the ‘at least as good as’ criterion, Statistics in Medicine, 22, 187, 10.1002/sim.1137
Li, 2005, Characterization of cDNAs encoding three trypsin-like proteinases and mRNA quantitative analysis in Bt-resistant and -susceptible strains of Ostrinia nubilalis, Insect Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 35, 847, 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.03.004
Liu, 2005, The analysis of ordered categorical data: An overview and a survey of recent developments, Test, 14, 1, 10.1007/BF02595397
Lövei, 2005, The impact of transgenic plants on natural enemies: a critical review of laboratory studies, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 114, 1, 10.1111/j.0013-8703.2005.00235.x
Marvier, 2002, Improving risk assessment for non target safety of transgenic crops, Ecological Applications, 12, 1119, 10.1890/1051-0761(2002)012[1119:IRAFNS]2.0.CO;2
Marvier, 2007, A meta-analysis of effects of Bt cotton and maize on nontarget invertebrates, Science, 316, 1475, 10.1126/science.1139208
Matten, 2008, How governemantal regulation can help or hinter the integration of Bt crops into IPM programs, Integration of Insect-Resistant Genetically Modified Crops with IPM Programs, 10.1007/978-1-4020-8373-0_2
May, 2005, Management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant sugar beet for spring and autumn environmental benefit, Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 272, 111, 10.1098/rspb.2004.2948
Millennium Ecosystem Assessnment M, 2005, Ecosystems and Human Well-being: Synthesis
Moar, 2008, Field-evolved resistance to Bt toxins, Nature biotechnology, 26, 1072, 10.1038/nbt1008-1072
Morgan, 1990, Uncertainty: a guide to dealing with uncertainty in quantitative risk and policy analysis, 10.1017/CBO9780511840609
Mücher, 2010, A new European Landscape Classification (LANMAP): A transparent, flexible and user-oriented methodology to distinguish landscapes, Ecological Indicators, 10, 87, 10.1016/j.ecolind.2009.03.018
Naranjo SE 2005a Functional non-target differences between Bt and conventional cotton Second International Symposium on Biological Control of Arthropods Davos, Switzerland 369 380
Naranjo, 2005b, Long-term assessment of the effects of transgenic Bt cotton on the function of the natural enemy community, Environmental Entomology, 34, 1211, 10.1603/0046-225X(2005)034[1211:LAOTEO]2.0.CO;2
Newell-McGloughlin, 2008, Nutritionally improved agricultural crops, Plant Physiology, 147, 939, 10.1104/pp.108.121947
Nielsen, 2007, Release and persistence of extracellular DNA in the environment, Environmental Biosafety Research, 6, 37, 10.1051/ebr:2007031
OECD 1993 Safety considerations for biotechnology: scale up of crop plants Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 1 43
Perry, 1986, Multiple comparison procedures: a dissenting view, Journal of Economic Entomology, 79, 1149, 10.1093/jee/79.5.1149
Perry JN Devos Y Arpaia S Bartsch D Gathmann A Hails RS Kiss J Lheureux K Manachini B Mestdagh S Neemann G Ortego F Schiemann J Sweet JB 2010 A mathematical model of exposure of non-target Lepidoptera to Bt -maize pollen expressing Cry1Ab within Europe Proceedings of the Royal Society Biological Sciences
Perry, 2003, Design, analysis and statistical power of the Farm-Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops, Journal of Applied Ecology, 40, 17, 10.1046/j.1365-2664.2003.00786.x
Perry, 2009, Statistical aspects of environmental risk assessment of GM plants for effects on non-target organisms, Environmental Biosafety Research, 8, 65, 10.1051/ebr/2009009
Pidgeon, 2007, Mitigation of indirect environmental effects of GM crops, Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences, 274, 1475, 10.1098/rspb.2007.0401
Pontiroli, 2007, Fate of transgenic plant DNA in the environment, Environmental Biosafety Research, 6, 15, 10.1051/ebr:2007037
Prins, 2008, Strategies for antiviral resistance in transgenic plants, Molecular Plant Pathology, 9, 73, 10.1111/j.1364-3703.2007.00447.x
Punja, 2001, Genetic engineering of plants to enhance resistance to fungal pathogens - a review of progress and future prospects, Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology-Revue Canadienne De Phytopathologie, 23, 216, 10.1080/07060660109506935
Raybould, 2006, Problem formulation for environmental risk assessment of genetically modified crops, Environmental Biosafety Research, 5, 119, 10.1051/ebr:2007004
Raybould, 2007, Ecological versus ecotoxicological methods for assessing the environmental risks of transgenic crops, Plant Science, 173, 589, 10.1016/j.plantsci.2007.09.003
Raybould, 2009, Reducing uncertainty in regulatory decision-making for transgenic crops. More ecological research or clearer environmental risk assessment?, GM crops, 1, 1
Raybould, 2005, Tiered tests to assess the environmental risk of fitness changes in hybrids between transgenic crops and wild relatives: the example of virus resistant Brassica napus, Environmental Biosafety Research, 4, 127, 10.1051/ebr:2005018
Raybould A Tuttle A. S. S. Stone T 2009 Environmental risk assessment for transgenic crops producing output trait enzymes Transgenic Research
Risbey JS Kandlikar M 2007 Expressions of likelihood and confidence in the IPCC uncertainty assessment process
Roelofs, 2008, Functional ecological genomics to demonstrate general and specific responses to abiotic stress, Functional Ecology, 22, 8, 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2007.01312.x
Romanow, 1991, Rrsistance in tomato to the greenhouse-whitefly - Analysis of population-Dynamics, Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 60, 247, 10.1111/j.1570-7458.1991.tb01545.x
Romeis, 2008, Assessment of risk of insect-resistant transgenic crops to nontarget arthropods, Nature Biotechnology, 26, 203, 10.1038/nbt1381
Saeglitz, 2006, Monitoring the Cry1Ab susceptibility of European corn borer in Germany, Journal Of Economic Entomology, 99, 1768, 10.1093/jee/99.5.1768
Sanvido, 2009, Valuating environmental impacts of GM crops - ecological and ethical criteria for regulatory decision-making (VERDI), National Research Programme 59 - Benefits and risks of the deliberate release of genetically modified plants
Sanvido, 2005, A conceptual framework for the design of environmental post-market monitoring of genetically modified plants, Environmental Biosafety Research, 4, 13, 10.1051/ebr:2005008
Schuirmann, 1987, A comparison of the 2 one-sided tests procedure and the power approach for assessing the equivalence of average bioavailability, Journal of Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics, 15, 657, 10.1007/BF01068419
Siqueira, 2004, Cross-resistance of CrylAb-selected Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera : Crambidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxins, Journal Of Economic Entomology, 97, 1049, 10.1603/0022-0493(2004)097[1049:COCONL]2.0.CO;2
Smith, 1997, Plant Functional Types: Their Relevance to Ecosystem Properties and Global Change
Snow A Andersen B Jorgensen RB 1999 Costs of transgenic herbicide resistance introgressed from Brassica napus into weedy B. rapa Molecular Ecology 605 615
Snow AA Andow DA Gepts P Hallerman EM Power A Tiedje JM Wolfenbarger LL 2003 Genetically engineered organisms and the environment: Current status and recommendations
Squire, 2003, On the rationale and interpretation of the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 358, 1779, 10.1098/rstb.2003.1403
Squire, 2009, Cumulative impact of GM herbicide-tolerant cropping on arable plants assessed through species-based and functional taxonomies, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 16, 85, 10.1007/s11356-008-0072-6
Stark, 1995, Can population effects of pesticides be predicted from demographic toxicological studies?, J. Econ. Entomol, 88, 1089, 10.1093/jee/88.5.1089
Steneck, 2001, Functional groups, Encyclopedia of biodiversity
Storer, 2010, Discovery and characterization of field resistance to Bt maize Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Puerto Rico, Journal of Economic Entomology, 103, 1031, 10.1603/EC10040
Storkey, 2008, Providing the evidence base for environmental risk assessments of novel farm management practices, Environmental Science & Policy, 11, 579, 10.1016/j.envsci.2008.06.001
Suter, 2000, Generic assessment endpoints are needed for ecological risk assessment, Risk Analysis, 20, 173, 10.1111/0272-4332.202018
Tabashnik, 2008, Delaying insect resistance to transgenic crops, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105, 199, 10.1073/pnas.0810763106
Tabashnik, 2008, Insect resistance to Bt crops: evidence versus theory, Nature Biotechnology, 26, 200, 10.1038/nbt1382
Tepfer, 2002, Risk assessment of virus-resistant transgenic plants, Annual Review of Phytopathology, 40, 467, 10.1146/annurev.phyto.40.120301.093728
Todd, 2008, A screening method for prioritizing non-target invertebrates for improved biosafety testing of transgenic crops, Environmental Biosafety Research, 7, 35, 10.1051/ebr:2008003
Ufaz, 2008, Improving the content of essential amino acids in crop plants: Goals and opportunities, Plant Physiology, 147, 954, 10.1104/pp.108.118091
Vacher, 2004, Impact of ecological factors on the initial invasion of Bt transgenes into wild populations of birdseed rape (Brassica rapa), Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 109, 806, 10.1007/s00122-004-1696-7
Rensburg, 2007, First report of field resistance by the stem borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller) to Bt-transgenic maize, South African Journal of Plant and Soil, 24, 147, 10.1080/02571862.2007.10634798
Walthall, 1997a, A comparison of acute mortality and population growth rate as endpoints of toxicological effect, Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 37, 45, 10.1006/eesa.1997.1521
Walthall, 1997b, Comparison of two population-level ecotoxicological endpoints: The intrinsic (r(m)) and instantaneous (r(i)) rates of increase, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 16, 1068
Wang, 2008, Bt-cotton and secondary pests, International Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 113, 10.1504/IJBT.2008.018348
Warwick, 2009, Gene flow, invasiveness, and ecological impact of genetically modified crops, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1168, 72, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04576.x
Warwick, 2008, Do escaped transgenes persist in nature? The case of an herbicide resistance transgene in a weedy Brassica rapa population, Molecular Ecology, 17, 1387, 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03567.x
Warwick SI Stewart CN 2005 Crops come from wild plants - How domestication, transgenes, and linkage together shape ferality Crop Ferality and Volunteerism 9 30
Weis, 2000, Will plant vigor and tolerance be genetically correlated? Effects of intrinsic growth rate and self-limitation on regrowth, Evolutionary Ecology, 14, 331, 10.1023/A:1010950932468
Whalon ME Mota-Sanchez D Hollingworth RM 2008 Global pesticide resistance in arthropods Global pesticide resistance in arthropods 165
Wilhelm, 2004a, Biometrical analysis of farmers' questionnaires for the monitoring of the cultivation of genetically modified maize varieties - statistical evaluation of monitoring objectives, Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 56, 206
Wilhelm, 2004b, Monitoring of the cultivation of genetically modified plants - Use of farmers' questionnaires, Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 56, 184
Wilhelm, 2003, Concept for the Realisation of a GMO Monitoring in Germany. Updated English Version of “konzept zur Umsetzung eines GVO-Monitoring in Deutschland”, Nachrichtenblatt des Deutschen Pflanzenschutzdienstes, 55, 258
Wilkinson, 2009, Fitness and beyond: Preparing for the arrival of GM crops with ecologically important novel characters, Environmental Biosafety Research, 8, 1, 10.1051/ebr/2009003
Wolt JD Keese P Raybould A Fitzpatrick JW Burachik M Gray A Olin SS Schiemann S Sears M Wu F 2010 Problem formulation in the environmental risk assessment for genetically modified plants
