Guidance for the prevention and treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism

Khorana AA, McCrae KR (2014) Risk stratification strategies for cancer-associated thrombosis: an update. Thromb Res 133(Suppl 2):S35–S38

Khorana AA, O’Connell C, Agnelli G, Liebman HA, Lee AY (2012) Incidental venous thromboembolism in oncology patients. J Thromb Haemost 10(12):2602–2604

Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Piccioli A et al (2002) Recurrent venous thromboembolism and bleeding complications during anticoagulant treatment in patients with cancer and venous thrombosis. Blood 100(10):3484–3488

Khorana AA, Francis CW, Culakova E, Kuderer NM, Lyman GH (2007) Thromboembolism is a leading cause of death in cancer patients receiving outpatient chemotherapy. J Thromb Haemost 5(3):632–634

Khorana AA, Dalal MR, Lin J, Connolly GC (2013) Health care costs associated with venous thromboembolism in selected high-risk ambulatory patients with solid tumors undergoing chemotherapy in the United States. Clinicoecon Outcomes Res 5:101–108

Mandala M, Falanga A, Roila F (2011) Management of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in cancer patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines. Ann Oncol 22(Suppl 6):vi85–92

Lyman GH, Khorana AA, Kuderer NM et al (2013) Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment in patients with cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline update. J Clin Oncol 31(17):2189–2204

Streiff MB, Bockenstedt PL, Cataland SR et al (2013) Venous thromboembolic disease. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 11(11):1402–1429

Carrier M, Le Gal G, Wells PS, Fergusson D, Ramsay T, Rodger MA (2008) Systematic review: the Trousseau syndrome revisited: should we screen extensively for cancer in patients with venous thromboembolism? Ann Intern Med 149(5):323–333

White RH, Chew HK, Zhou H et al (2005) Incidence of venous thromboembolism in the year before the diagnosis of cancer in 528,693 adults. Arch Intern Med 165(15):1782–1787

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Prandoni P, Casiglia E, Piccioli A et al (2010) The risk of cancer in patients with venous thromboembolism does not exceed that expected in the general population after the first 6 months. J Thromb Haemost 8(5):1126–1127

Van Doormaal FF, Terpstra W, Van Der Griend R et al (2011) Is extensive screening for cancer in idiopathic venous thromboembolism warranted? J Thromb Haemost 9(1):79–84

Piccioli A, Lensing AW, Prins MH et al (2004) Extensive screening for occult malignant disease in idiopathic venous thromboembolism: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Thromb Haemost 2(6):884–889

Din M, Otten HM, Piccioli A et al (2005) Decision analysis for cancer screening in idiopathic venous thromboembolism. J Thromb Haemost 3(11):2391–2396

Langford N, Stansby G, Avital L (2012) The management of venous thromboembolic diseases and the role of thrombophilia testing: summary of NICE Guideline CG144. Acute Med 11(3):138–142

Horsted F, West J, Grainge MJ (2012) Risk of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Med 9(7):e1001275

Scappaticci FA, Fehrenbacher L, Cartwright T et al (2005) Surgical wound healing complications in metastatic colorectal cancer patients treated with bevacizumab. J Surg Oncol 91(3):173–180

Choueiri TK, Schutz FA, Je Y, Rosenberg JE, Bellmunt J (2010) Risk of arterial thromboembolic events with sunitinib and sorafenib: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 28(13):2280–2285

Cavo M, Zamagni E, Cellini C et al (2002) Deep-vein thrombosis in patients with multiple myeloma receiving first-line thalidomide-dexamethasone therapy. Blood 100(6):2272–2273

Petrelli F, Cabiddu M, Borgonovo K, Barni S (2012) Risk of venous and arterial thromboembolic events associated with anti-EGFR agents: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ann Oncol 23(7):1672–1679

Pabinger I, Thaler J, Ay C (2013) Biomarkers for prediction of venous thromboembolism in cancer. Blood 122(12):2011–2018

Agnelli G, Gussoni G, Bianchini C et al (2009) Nadroparin for the prevention of thromboembolic events in ambulatory patients with metastatic or locally advanced solid cancer receiving chemotherapy: a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Lancet Oncol 10(10):943–949

Agnelli G, George DJ, Kakkar AK et al (2012) Semuloparin for thromboprophylaxis in patients receiving chemotherapy for cancer. N Engl J Med 366(7):601–609

Khorana AA, Kuderer NM, Culakova E, Lyman GH, Francis CW (2008) Development and validation of a predictive model for chemotherapy-associated thrombosis. Blood 111(10):4902–4907

Ay C, Dunkler D, Marosi C et al (2010) Prediction of venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. Blood 116(24):5377–5382

Di Nisio M, Porreca E, Ferrante N, Otten H-M, Cuccurullo F, Rutjes AWS (2012) Primary prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in ambulatory cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2:CD008500. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD008500.pub2

Verso M, Agnelli G, Barni S, Gasparini G, LaBianca R (2012) A modified Khorana risk assessment score for venous thromboembolism in cancer patients receiving chemotherapy: the Protecht score. Intern Emerg Med 7(3):291–292

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Carrier M, Khorana AA, Moretto P, Le Gal G, Karp R, Zwicker JI (2014) Lack of evidence to support thromboprophylaxis in hospitalized medical patients with cancer. Am J Med 127(1):82–86 e81

Lee AY, Levine MN, Baker RI et al (2003) Low-molecular-weight heparin versus a coumarin for the prevention of recurrent venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer. N Engl J Med 349(2):146–153

Akl EA, Barba M, Rohilla S et al (2008) Low-molecular-weight heparins are superior to vitamin K antagonists for the long term treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with cancer: a cochrane systematic review. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 27(1):21

Lee AY, Bauersachs R, Janas MS et al (2013) CATCH: a randomised clinical trial comparing long-term tinzaparin versus warfarin for treatment of acute venous thromboembolism in cancer patients. BMC Cancer 13:284

Lee AYY, Kamphuisen PW, Meyer G et al (2015) Tinzaparin vs Warfarin for treatment of Acute Venous Thromboembolism in patients with active cancer: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA 314(7):677–686

Agency EM. http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Product_Information/human/002148/WC500107728.pdf . Accessed 12 January 12 2015

Carrier M, Cameron C, Delluc A, Castellucci L, Khorana AA, Lee AY (2014) Efficacy and safety of anticoagulant therapy for the treatment of acute cancer-associated thrombosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thromb Res 134(6):1214–1219

Connolly GC, Menapace L, Safadjou S, Francis CW, Khorana AA (2013) Prevalence and clinical significance of incidental and clinically suspected venous thromboembolism in lung cancer patients. Clin Lung Cancer 14(6):713–718. doi: 10.1016/j.cllc.2013.06.003

Menapace LA, Peterson DR, Berry A, Sousou T, Khorana AA (2011) Symptomatic and incidental thromboembolism are both associated with mortality in pancreatic cancer. Thromb Haemost 106(2):371–378

Chaturvedi S, Sidana S, Elson P, Khorana AA, McCrae KR (2014) Symptomatic and incidental venous thromboembolic disease are both associated with mortality in patients with prostate cancer. PLoS One 9(8):e94048

den Exter PL, Hooijer J, Dekkers OM, Huisman MV (2011) Risk of recurrent venous thromboembolism and mortality in patients with cancer incidentally diagnosed with pulmonary embolism: a comparison with symptomatic patients. J Clin Oncol 29(17):2405–2409

Carrier M, Righini M, Le Gal G (2012) Symptomatic subsegmental pulmonary embolism: what is the next step? J Thromb Haemost 10(8):1486–1490

Singh R, Sousou T, Mohile S, Khorana AA (2010) High rates of symptomatic and incidental thromboembolic events in gastrointestinal cancer patients. J Thromb Haemost 8(8):1879–1881

Ageno W, Squizzato A, Togna A et al (2012) Incidental diagnosis of a deep vein thrombosis in consecutive patients undergoing a computed tomography scan of the abdomen: a retrospective cohort study. J Thromb Haemost 10(1):158–160

Carrier M, Le Gal G, Cho R, Tierney S, Rodger M, Lee AY (2009) Dose escalation of low molecular weight heparin to manage recurrent venous thromboembolic events despite systemic anticoagulation in cancer patients. J Thromb Haemost 7(5):760–765

Carrier M, Khorana AA, Zwicker J et al (2013) Management of challenging cases of patients with cancer associated thrombosis including recurrent thrombosis and bleeding: guidance from the SSC of the ISTH. J Thromb Haemost 11(9):1760–1765

Matsuo K, Carter CM, Ahn EH et al (2013) Inferior vena cava filter placement and risk of hematogenous distant metastasis in ovarian cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 36(4):362–367