Growth, current size and the role of the 'reversal paradox' in the foetal origins of adult disease: an illustration using vector geometry

Yu‐Kang Tu1,2, George T. H. Ellison3, Mark S. Gilthorpe1
1Biostatistics Unit, Centre for Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
2Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
3St George’s University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, UK

Tóm tắt

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Huxley RR, Shiell AW, Law CM: The role of size at birthand postnatal catch-up growth in determining systolic blood pressure: a systematic of the literature. J Hypertens 2000, 18:815–831.

Barker DJ, Eriksson JG, Forsen T, Osmond C: Fetal origins of adult disease: strength of effects and biological basis. Int J Epidemiol 2002, 31:1235–1239.

Hahn P: Effect of litter size on plasma cholesterol and insulin and some liver and adipose tissue enzymes in adult rodents. J Nutr 1984, 114:1231–1234.

Leon DA, Koupilova I, Lithell HO, Berglund L, Mohsen R, Vagero D, Lithell U-B, McKeigue PM: Failure to realise growth potential in utero and adult obesity in relation to blood pressure in 50 year old Swedish men. BMJ 1996, 312:401–406.

Huxley RR, Neil A, Collins R: Unravelling the fetal origins hypothesis: is there really an inverse association between birthweight and subsequent blood pressure? Lancet 2002, 360:659–665.

Barker DJP: Developmental origins of adult health and disease. J Epidemiol Community Health 2004, 58:114–115.

Adair L, Dahly D: Developmental determinants of blood pressure in adults. Ann Rev Nutr 2005, 25:407–434.

Bateson P: Fetal experience and good adult design. Int J Epidemiol 2001, 30:928–934.

Lucas A, Fewtrell MS, Cole TJ: Fetal origins of adult disease – the hypothesis revisited. BMJ 1999, 319:245–249.

Tu Y-K, Ellison GTH, Gilthorpe MS: Revisiting the four-model principle in fetal origins hypothesis [abstract]. Pediatric Res 2005, 58:1013.

Tu Y-K, West R, Ellison GTH, Gilthorpe MS: Why evidence for the fetal origins of adult disease might be a statistical artifact: the "reversal paradox" for the relation between birth weight and blood pressure in later life. Am J Epidemiol 2005, 161:27–32.

Macintyre S, Watt G, West P, Ecob R: Correlates of blood pressure in 15 year olds in the west of Scotland. J Epidemiol Community Health 1991, 45:143–147.

Rabbia F, Veglio F, Grosso T, Nacca R, Martini G, Riva P, di Cella SM, Schiavone D, Chiandussi L: Relationship between birth weight and blood pressure in adolescence. Preventive Medicine 1999, 29:455–459.

Fox J: Applied Regression Analysis, Linear Models, and Related Methods. London: Sage 1997.

Wickens TD: The geometry of multivariate statistic. Hillsdale: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates 1995.

Saville DJ, Wood GR: Statistical methods: a geometric primer. New York: Springer 1996.

Ellison GTH, Tu Y-K, West R, Gilthorpe MS: Does adjusting for body size affect the relation between birthweight and hypertension [abstract]? Pediatric Res 2005, 58:1072.

Tu YK, Gilthorpe MS, Ellison GTH: What is the effect of adjusting for more than one measure of current body size on the relation between birthweight and blood pressure? J Human Hypertens 2006, in press.