Nội dung được dịch bởi AI, chỉ mang tính chất tham khảo
Cấu Trúc Nhóm và Mạng Lưới Hợp Tác của Phụ Nữ tại Sa Mạc Phương Tây của Úc
Tóm tắt
Sự phân công lao động thường được mô tả như một chiến lược bổ sung trong đó nam giới và nữ giới làm các nhiệm vụ riêng biệt nhằm đạt được mục tiêu chung là cung cấp cho gia đình. Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi đề xuất rằng việc chuyên môn hóa công việc giữa những người thân nữ có thể đóng vai trò quan trọng trong các chiến lược xã hội và kinh tế của phụ nữ. Chúng tôi sử dụng dữ liệu về cấu trúc nhóm lịch sử từ một quần thể người bản địa Martu ở Sa Mạc Phương Tây để chứng minh cách mà phụ nữ duy trì quyền truy cập vào người thân đồng giới suốt cuộc đời. Kết quả của chúng tôi cho thấy rằng phụ nữ trưởng thành có nhiều người thân đồng giới và có mối quan hệ gần gũi với người thân hơn nam giới trưởng thành, và họ giữ được những liên kết này sau khi kết hôn. Sự đồng cư của mẹ con phổ biến hơn đối với phụ nữ đã kết hôn so với nam giới đã kết hôn, và có bằng chứng cho thấy các bà mẹ có thể đang chiến lược để sống cùng con gái vào những thời điểm quan trọng—đầu sự nghiệp sinh sản của họ và khi họ không có người thân nữ gần gũi nào khác trong nhóm. Việc duy trì mạng lưới người thân nữ xuyên suốt cuộc đời cho phép khả năng sinh sản hợp tác cũng như một sự phân công lao động hoàn toàn của phụ nữ.
Từ khóa
#phân công lao động #mạng lưới hợp tác #người bản địa Martu #xã hội học #chiến lược kinh tếTài liệu tham khảo
Barnard, A. (1983). Contemporary hunter-gatherers: current theoretical issues in ecology and social organization. Annual Review of Anthropology, 12, 193–214.
Bereczkei, T., & Dunbar, R. (2002). Helping-at-the-nest and sex-biased parental investment in a Hungarian gypsy population. Current Anthropology, 43, 804–9.
Berndt, R. M. (1955). Murngin (Wulamba) social organization. American Anthropologist, 57, 84–106.
Bird, R. (1999). Cooperation and conflict: the behavioral ecology of the sexual division of labor. Evolutionary Anthropology, 8, 65–75.
Bliege Bird, R., & Bird, D. W. (2008). Why women hunt: Risk and contemporary foraging in a Western Desert Aboriginal community. Current Anthropology, 49, in press.
Blurton Jones, N. G., Hawkes, K., & O’Connell, J. F. (2005). Hadza grandmothers as helpers: residence data. In E. Voland, A. Chasiotis, & W. Schiefenhoevel (Eds.), Grandmotherhood: The evolutionary significance of the second half of female life (pp. 160–176). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Borgerhoff Mulder, M. (1988). The relevance of the polygyny threshold model to humans. In C. Mascie-Taylor, & A. Boyce (Eds.), Human mating patterns (pp. 00–00). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Bove, R. B., Valeggia, C. R., & Ellison, P. T. (2002). Girl helpers and time allocation of nursing women among the Toba of Argentina. Human Nature, 13, 457–472.
Brown, J. (1970). A note on the division of labor by sex. American Anthropologist, 72, 1073–1078.
Chisholm, J. S., & Burbank, V. (1991). Monogamy and polygyny in southeast Arnhem Land: Male coercion and female choice. Ethology and Sociobiology, 12, 291–313.
Dahlberg, F., ed. (1981). Woman the gatherer. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Davenport, S., Johnson, P., & Yuwali. 2005. Cleared out: First contact in the Western Desert. Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.
Devitt, J. (1988). Contemporary aboriginal women and subsistence in remote, arid Australia. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Queensland.
Dorjahn, V. (1958). Fertility, polygyny and their interrelationships in Temne society. American Anthropologist, 60, 838–860.
Draper, P. (1975). Cultural pressures on sex difference. American Ethnologist, 2, 602–616.
Ember, C. (1975). Residential variation among hunter-gatherers. Cross-Cultural Research, 10, 199–227.
Ember, M., & Ember, C. (1971). The conditions favoring matrilocal versus patrilocal residence. American Anthropologist, 73, 571–594.
Estioko-Griffin, A., & Griffin, P. B. (1981). Woman the hunter: the Agta. In F. Dahlberg (Ed.), Woman the gatherer (pp. 121–204). New Haven: Yale University Press.
Finlayson, H. H. (1935). The red centre: man and beast in the heart of Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robinson.
Foley, R. (1995). The adaptive legacy of human evolution: a search for the environment of evolutionary adaptedness. Evolutionary Anthropology, 60, 508–517.
Gould, R. A. (1969). Subsistence behavior among the Western Desert Aborigines of Australia. Oceania, 39, 253–274.
Hames, R. (1988). The allocation of parental care among the Ye’kwana. In L. Betzig, M. Borgerhoff-Mulder, & P. Turke (Eds.), Human reproductive behavior: a Darwinian perspective (pp. 237–251). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hames, R., & Draper, P. (2004). Women’s work, child care and helpers-at-the-nest in a hunter-gatherer society. Human Nature, 15, 319–341.
Hamilton, A. (1970). The role of women in aboriginal marriage arrangements. In F. Gale (Ed.), Women’s role in Aboriginal society (pp. 28–35). Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
Hawkes, K. (2003). Grandmothers and the evolution of human longevity. American Journal of Human Biology, 15, 380–400.
Hawkes, K., O’Connell, J. F., & Blurton Jones, N. G. (1997). Hadza women’s time allocation, offspring provisioning and the evolution of long postmenopausal life spans. Current Anthropology, 38, 551–577.
Hawkes, K., et al. (1998). Grandmothering, menopause, and the evolution of human life histories. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, 95, 1336–1339.
Hawkes, K., et al. (2000). The grandmother hypothesis and human evolution. In L. Cronk, N. Chagnon, & W. Irons (Eds.), Adaptation and human behavior: An anthropological perspective (pp. 237–260). Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
Hern, W. M. (1992). Polygyny and fertility among the Shipibo of the Peruvian Amazon. Population Studies, 46, 53–64.
Hiatt, B. (1970). Woman the gatherer. In F. Gale (Ed.), Women’s role in Aboriginal society (pp. 4–15). Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
Hiatt, L. R. (1962). Local organization among the Australian Aborigines. Oceania, 32, 267–286.
Hiatt, L. R. (1985). Maidens, males and Marx: some contrasts in the work of Frederick Rose and Claude Meillassoux. Oceania, 56, 34–46.
Hiatt, L. R. (1996). Arguments about Aborigines: Australia and the evolution of social anthropology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Hill, K., & Hurtado, A. M. (1996). Ache life history: the ecology and demography of a foraging people. Hawthorne, NY: Aldine de Gruyter.
Howell, N. (1979). Demography of the Dobe !Kung. New York: Academic Press.
Hrdy, S. B. (2005). Cooperative breeders with an ace in the hole. In E. Voland, A. Chasiotis, & W. Schiefenhoevel (Eds.), Grandmotherhood: the evolutionary significance of the second half of female life (pp. 295–318). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Hurtado, A. M., et al. (1985). Female subsistence strategies among Ache hunter-gatherers of eastern Paraguay. Human Ecology, 13, 1–28.
Jarvenpa, R., & Brumbach, H. J. (1995). Ethnoarchaeology and gender: Chipewyan women as hunters. Research in Economic Anthropology, 16, 39–82.
Josephson, S. (2002). Does polygyny reduce fertility? American Journal of Human Biology, 14, 222–232.
Kaberry, P. M. (2003). Aboriginal woman: sacred and profane. London: Routledge (Originally published in 1939).
Keen, I. (1982). How some Murngin men marry ten wives: the marital implications of matrilateral cross-cousin structures. Man, 17, 620–642.
Keen, I. (2006). Constraints on the development of enduring inequalities in late Holocene Australia. Current Anthropology, 47, 7–38.
Kelly, R. L. (1995). The foraging spectrum: diversity of hunter-gatherer lifeways. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Kramer, K. L. (2004). Reconsidering the cost of childbearing: the timing of children’s helping behavior across the life cycle of Maya families. Research in Economic Anthropology, 23, 335–353.
Kramer, K. L. (2005). Children’s help and the pace of reproduction: cooperative breeding in humans. Evolutionary Anthropology, 14, 224–237.
Lee, R. B. (1979). The !Kung San: men, women and work in a foraging society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, R. B., & DeVore, I. eds. (1968). Man the hunter. Chicago: Aldine.
Leonetti, D., et al. (2005). Kinship organization and grandmother’s impact on reproductive success among the matrilineal Khasi and patrilineal Bengali of N.E. India. In E. Voland, A. Chasiotis, & W. Schiefenhoevel (Eds.), Grandmotherhood: the evolutionary significance of the second half of female life (pp. 194–214). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Levine, R. A., & Levine, S. E. (1988). Parental strategies among the Gusii of Kenya. New Directions for Child Development, 40, 27–35.
Lévi-Strauss, C. (1969). The elementary structures of kinship. Boston: Beacon Press (originally published in French in 1949).
Long, J. (1971). Arid region Aborigines: the Pintubi. In D. J. Mulvaney, & J. Golson (Eds.), Aboriginal man and environment in Australia (pp. 262–270). Canberra: Australian National University Press.
Marlowe, F. (2000). Good genes and parental care in human evolution. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 23, 611–612.
Marlowe, F. (2003). A critical period for provisioning by Hadza men: implications for pair bonding. Evolution and Human Behavior, 24, 217–229.
Martin, J. F., & Stewart, D. G. (1982). A demographic basis for patrilineal hordes. American Anthropologist, 84, 79–96.
Meggitt, M. J. (1962). Desert people: A study of the Walbiri Aborigines of Central Australia. Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
Meggitt, M. J. (1965). Marriage among the Walbiri of Central Australia: a statistical examination. In R. M. Berndt, & C. H. Berndt (Eds.), Aboriginal man in Australia (pp. 146–166). Sydney: Angus and Robertson.
Murdock, G. P. (1949). Social structure. New York: Macmillan.
Murdock, G. P., & Provost, C. (1973). Factors in the division of labor by sex: a cross-cultural analysis. Ethnology, 12, 203–225.
Myers, F. R. (1986). Pintupi country, Pintupi self. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Peacock, N. R. (1991). Rethinking the sexual division of labor: reproduction and women’s work among the Efe. In M. di Leonardo (Ed.), Gender at the crossroads of knowledge: Feminist anthropology in the postmodern era pp. 339–360. Berkeley: University of California Press.
Peterson, N. (1970). The importance of women in determining the composition of residential groups in Aboriginal Australia. In F. Gale (Ed.), Women’s role in Aboriginal society (pp. 9–16). Canberra: Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.
Peterson, N. (1975). Hunter-gatherer territoriality: the perspective from Australia. American Anthropologist, 77, 53–68.
Peterson, N., & Long, J. (1986). Australian territorial organization. Vol 30. Sydney: University of Sydney.
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1913). Three tribes of Western Australia. Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, 43, 143–194.
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R. (1931). The social organization of Australian tribes. Oceania, 1, 426–56.
Ragsdale, G. (2004). Grandmothering in Cambridgeshire, 1770–1861. Human Nature, 15, 301–317.
Roheim, G. (1933). Women and their life in Central Australia. Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland, 63, 207–265.
Romanoff, S. (1983). Women as hunters among the Matses of the Peruvian Amazon. Human Ecology, 11, 339–343.
Rose, F. G. G. (1960). Classification of kin, age structure and marriage amongst the Groote Eylandt Aborigines. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag.
Scelza, B. A. (2008). Extended parental investment among Martu Aborigines. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington.
Sear, R., Mace, R., & McGregor, I. A. (2000). Maternal grandmothers improve nutritional status and survival of children in rural Gambia. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences, 267, 1641–1647.
Sear, R., et al. (2002). The effects of kin on child mortality in rural Gambia. Demography, 39, 43–63.
Service, E. R. (1967). Primitive social organization. New York: Random House.
Stanner, W. E. H. (1965). Aboriginal territorial organization: estate, range, domain and regime. Oceania, 36, 1–26.
Steward, J. (1955). Theory of culture change. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
Strassman, B. (1997). Polygyny as a risk factor for child mortality among the Dogon. Current Anthropology, 38, 688–695.
Tonkinson, R. (1974). The Jigalong mob: aboriginal victors of the desert crusade. Menlo Park, CA: Cummings.
Tonkinson, R. (1977). Aboriginal self-regulation and the new regime: Jigalong, Western Australia. Social Anthropology Series, 11, 65–73.
Tonkinson, R. (1978). Aboriginal community autonomy: myth and reality. In M. C. Howard (Ed.), Australian Aboriginal concepts (pp. 81–90). Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanities Press.
Tonkinson, R. (1980). The desert experience. In R. M. Berndt, & C. H. Berndt (Eds.), Aborigines of the west (pp. 140–150). Nedlands: University of Western Australia Press.
Tonkinson, R. (1988). Egalitarianism and inequality in a Western Desert culture. Anthropological Forum, 5, 545–558.
Tonkinson, R. (1990). The changing status of Aborginal women: “Free agent” at Jigalong. In R. Tonkinson, & M. Howard (Eds.), Going it alone? Prospects for Aboriginal autonomy (pp. 125–144). Canberra: Aboriginal Studies Press.
Tonkinson, R. (1991). The Mardu Aborigines: living the dream in Australia’s desert. Fort Worth: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Tonkinson, R. (2000). Gender role transformation among Martu Aborigines. In P. P. Schweitzer, M. Biesele, & R. K. Hitchcock (Eds.), Hunters and gatherers in the modern world: Conflict, resistance and self-determination (pp. 343–360). New York: Berghahn Press.
Tonkinson, R. (2007). Aboriginal “difference” and “autonomy” then and now: four decades of change in a Western Desert society. Anthropological Forum, 17, 41–60.
Turke, P. (1988). Helpers-at-the-nest: Childcare networks on Ifaluk. In L. Betzig, M. Borgerhoff Mulder, & P. Turke (Eds.), Human reproductive behavior: a Darwinian perspective (pp. 173–188). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Van Beek, W. (1987). The Kapsiki or the Mandara Hills. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press.
Veth, P., & Walsh, F. J. (1988). The concept of “staple” plant foods in the Western Desert region of Western Australia. Australian Aboriginal Studies, 2, 19–25.
Walsh, F. (1990). An ecological study of traditional Aboriginal use of country: Martu in the Great and Little Sandy Deserts, Western Australia. Proceedings of the Ecological Society of Australia, 16, 23–37.
Warner, W. L. (1937). A black civilization: A social study of an Australian tribe. New York: Harper.
White, D. (1988). Rethinking polygyny: co-wives, codes and cultural systems. Current Anthropology, 29, 529–572.
White, D., Burton, M. L., & Brudner, L. A. (1977). Entailment theory and method: a cross-cultural analysis of the sexual division of labor. Behavior Science Research, 12, 1–24.
Yengoyan, A. (1979). Economy, society and myth in Aboriginal Australia. Annual Review of Anthropology, 8, 393–415.