Động đất ở Pisco, Peru vào ngày 15 tháng 8 năm 2007

Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering - Tập 7 - Trang 71-111 - 2008
Hernando Tavera1, Isabel Bernal1, Fleur O. Strasser2, Maria C. Arango-Gaviria2, John E. Alarcón3, Julian J. Bommer2
1Dirección de Sismología, Instituto Geofísico del Perú, Ate, Lima, Peru
2Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
3Ove Arup & Partners, London, UK

Tóm tắt

Một trận động đất Mw 7.9 đã xảy ra vào ngày 15 tháng 8 năm 2007 ngoài khơi bờ biển miền trung Peru, cách thành phố Pisco 60 km về phía tây. Sự kiện này liên quan đến các quá trình hạ sâu ở bề mặt tiếp xúc của các mảng kiến tạo Nazca và Nam Mỹ, và được đặc trưng bởi một cơ chế nguồn phức tạp liên quan đến sự đứt gãy trên hai điểm nhấn chính, với sự lan truyền mất cân bằng về phía đông nam. Quá trình đứt gãy được phản ánh rõ ràng trong các chuyển động mặt đất được ghi nhận trong sự kiện này, bao gồm hai tập hợp riêng biệt của sự rung chuyển mạnh. Sự kiện đã kích hoạt 18 trạm gia tốc; các ghi nhận được kiểm tra dựa trên các đặc điểm của chúng và so sánh với các dự đoán từ các phương trình dự đoán chuyển động mặt đất cho những môi trường hạ sâu, sử dụng phương pháp ước lượng tối đa dựa trên lý thuyết của Scherbaum và cộng sự (Bull Seismol Soc Am 94(6):2164–2185, 2004). Thêm vào đó, các quan sát địa chấn vĩ mô và các mẫu thiệt hại được xem xét và thảo luận trong bối cảnh các thực hành xây dựng địa phương, dựa vào các quan sát thực địa thu thập được trong các sứ mệnh khảo sát sau động đất.

Từ khóa

#động đất; chuyển động mặt đất; hạ sâu; Nazca; Nam Mỹ; Pisco; bão động; trạm gia tốc; quan sát địa chấn; thiệt hại

Tài liệu tham khảo

Agüero C, Tavera H, Fernández E, Huaco P, Talavera C, Arredondo (2007a) Macroseismic intensities in the urban area of Pisco City: the August 15, 2007 (7.0 ML) Pisco Earthquake (Preliminary report). Dirección de Sismología, Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) (in Spanish) Agüero C, Tavera H, Fernández E, Huaco P, Talavera C, Arredondo (2007b) Macroseismic intensities in the urban area of Ica City: the August 15, 2007 (7.0 ML) Pisco Earthquake (Preliminary report). Dirección de Sismología, Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) (in Spanish) Agüero C, Tavera H, Fernández E, Huaco P, Talavera C, Arredondo (2007c) Macroseismic intensities in the urban area of Chincha City: the August 15, 2007 (7.0 ML) Pisco Earthquake (Preliminary report). Dirección de Sismología, Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) (in Spanish) Aguilar Z, Alva J (2007) Seismic microzonation of Lima. In: International Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Centro Peruano Japonés de Investigaciones Sismicas y Mitigación de Desastres (CISMID), Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Lima, Peru (in Spanish) Astroza M (2007) Study of the area affected by the 15 August 2007 Pisco earthquake. CERESIS/UNESCO Reconnaissance Mission. Intensities and damage observations. The August 15, 2007 (7.0 ML) Pisco Earthquake (Preliminary report). Dirección de Sismología, Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) (in Spanish) Atkinson GM, Boore DM (2003) Empirical ground-motion relations for subduction-zone earthquakes and their application to Cascadia and other regions. Bull Seismol Soc Am 93(4): 1703–1729. doi:10.1785/0120020156 Atkinson GM, Boore DM (2008) Erratum: empirical ground-motion relations for subduction-zone earthquakes and their application to Cascadia and other regions. Bull Seismol Soc Am (submitted) Bernal I, Tavera H (2007a) Peak accelerations recorded in the City of Lima: the August 15, 2007 (7.0 ML) Pisco Earthquake (Preliminary report). Dirección de Sismología, Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) (in Spanish) Bernal I, Tavera H (2007b) Peak accelerations recorded in the City of Ica: the August 15, 2007 (7.0 ML) Pisco Earthquake (Preliminary report). Dirección de Sismología, Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) (in Spanish) Beyer K, Bommer JJ (2006) Relationships between median values and between aleatory variabilities for different definitions of the horizontal component of motion. Bull Seism Soc Am 96(4A):1512–1522. Erratum 97(5):1769, 2007 Bilek SL, Ruff LJ (2002) Analysis of the 23rd June 2001 Mw = 8.4 Peru underthrusting earthquake and its aftershock. Geophys Res Lett 29(20): 1960–1963. doi:10.1029/2002GL015543 Bilek SL, Lay T, Ruff LJ (2004) Radiated seismic energy and earthquake source duration variations from teleseismic source time functions for shallow subduction zone thrust earthquakes. J Geophys Res 109: B09308. doi:10.1029/2004JB003039 Bindi D, Luzi L, Pacor F, Franceschina G, Castro R (2006) Ground-motion predictions from empirical attenuation relationships versus recorded data: the case of the 1997–1998 Umbria-Marche, Central Italy, strong-motion data set. Bull Seismol Soc Am 96(3): 984–1002. doi:10.1785/0120050102 Bommer JJ, Benito M, Ciudad-Real M, Lemoine A, Lopez-Menjivar M, Madariaga R et al (2002) The El Salvador earthquakes of January and February 2001:context, characteristics and implications for seismic risk. Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng 22: 389–418. doi:10.1016/S0267-7261(02)00024-6 Bommer JJ, Scherbaum F, Bungum H, Cotton F, Sabetta F, Abrahamson NA (2005) On the use of logic trees for ground-motion prediction equations in seismic hazard analysis. Bull Seismol Soc Am 95(2): 377–389. doi:10.1785/0120040073 Boore DM, Bommer JJ (2005) Processing of strong-motion accelerograms: needs, options and consequences. Soil Dyn Earthquake Eng 34(2): 145–165. doi:10.1002/eqe.414 Bragato PL, Slejko D (2005) Empirical ground-motion attenuation relations for the Eastern Alps in the magnitude range 2.5–6.3. Bull Seismol Soc Am 5(1): 252–276. doi:10.1785/0120030231 Cuenca Sanchez JC (2007) Damage from the 15 August 2007 earthquake. UNAM Reconnaissance Mission. The August 15, 2007 (7.0 ML) Pisco Earthquake (Preliminary report). Dirección de Sismología, Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP) (in Spanish) Carlo DL, Lay T, Ammon CJ, Zhang J (1999) Rupture process of the 1995 Antofagasta subduction earthquake (Mw = 8.1). Pure Appl Geophys 154:677–709. doi:10.1007/s000240050248 Choy GL, Dewey JW (1988) Rupture process of an extended earthquake sequence: teleseismic analysis of the Chilean earthquake of March 3, 1985. J Geophys Res 93: 1103–1118. doi:10.1029/JB093iB02p01103 Delouis B, Monfret T, Dorbath L, Pardo M, Rivera L, Comte D et al (1997) The Mw = 8.0 Antofagasta (Northern Chile) earthquake of 30 July 1995; a precursor to the end of the large 1877 gap. Bull Seismol Soc Am 87(2): 427–445 DeMets C, Gordon RG, Argus DF, Stein S (1990) Current plate motions. Geophys J Int 101(2): 425–478. doi:10.1111/j.1365-246X.1990.tb06579.x Dorbath L, Cisternas A, Dorbath C (1990) Assessment of the size of large and great historical earthquakes in Peru. Bull Seismol Soc Am 80(3): 551–576 Douglas J, Bertil D, Roulle A, Dominique P, Jousset P (2006) A preliminary investigation of strong-motion data from the French Antilles. J Seismol 10: 271–299. doi:10.1007/s10950-006-9016-0 Drouet S, Scherbaum F, Cotton F, Souriau A (2007) Selection and ranking of ground motion models for seismic hazard analysis in the Pyrenees. J Seismol 11: 87–100. doi:10.1007/s10950-006-9039-6 EERI (2007) Learning from earthquakes: The Pisco, Peru, earthquake of August 15, 2007. EERI special earthquake report EERI newsletter, October 2007 Haberland C, Rietbrock A (2001) Attenuation tomography in the western central Andes: a detailed insight into the structure of a magmatic arc. J Geophys Res 106(B6): 11151–11167. doi:10.1029/2000JB900472 Hancock J, Bommer JJ (2006) A state-of-the-knowledge review of the influence of strong-motion duration on structural damage. Eq Spectra 22(3): 827–845. doi:10.1193/1.2220576 Hartzell S, Langer C (1993) Importance of model parameterization in finite fault inversions; application to the 1974 Mw 8.0 Peru earthquake. J Geophys Res 98(12): 22123–22134 Hintersberger E, Scherbaum F, Hainzl S (2007) Update of likelihood-based ground-motion model selection for seismic hazard analysis in western central Europe. Bull Earthquake Eng 5: 1–16. doi:10.1007/s10518-006-9018-x Husen S, Kissling E, Flueh ER (2000) Local earthquake tomography of shallow subduction in north Chile: a combined onshore and offshore study. J Geophys Res 105(B12): 28183–28198. doi:10.1029/2000JB900229 Ji C, Zeng Y (2007) Preliminary results of the Aug 15, 2007 Mw 8.0 coast of central Peru earthquake. United States Geological Survey web report. http://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/eqinthenews/2007/us2007gbcv/finite_fault.php Ji C, Wald DJ, Helmberger DV (2002) Source description of the 1999 Hector Mine, California earthquake; part I: wavelet domain inversion theory and resolution analysis. Bull Seismol Soc Am 92(4): 1192–1207. doi:10.1785/0120000916 Johansson J, Mayorca P, Torres T, Leon E (2007) A reconnaissance report on the Pisco, Peru earthquake of August 15, 2007. Jpn Soc Civil Eng. http://www.jsce.or.jp/report/45/files/Peru_Pisco_Earthquake_Final.pdf Kanno T, Narita A, Morikawa N, Fujiwara H, Yoshimitsu F (2006) A new attenuation relation for strong ground motion in Japan based on recorded data. Bull Seismol Soc Am 96(3): 879–897. doi:10.1785/0120050138 Konca OK (2007) Preliminary result: 07/08/15 (Mw 8.0), Peru earthquake. CALTECH web report. http://www.tectonics.caltech.edu/slip_history/2007_peru/pisco.html Kikuchi M, (1995) Source characteristics of the 1992 Nicaragua tsunami earthquake inferred from teleseismic body waves. Pure Appl Geophys 144(3/4): 441–453. doi:10.1007/BF00874377 Kikuchi M, Yamanaka Y (2001) Near coast of Peru earthquake (Mw = 8.2) on June 23, 2001 (revised). EIC Seismological note no. 105. http://wwweic.eri.u-tokyo.ac.jp/EIC/EIC_News/105E.html Lomnitz C, Cabré R (1968) The Peru earthquake of October 17, 1966. Bull Seismol Soc Am 58(2): 645–661 Mai PM (2004) SRCMOD—database of finite-source rupture models. In: Annual meeting of the southern California earthquake center (SCEC), Sept 19–23, 2004, Palm Springs. http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/srcmod/ McVerry G, Zhao J, Abrahamson N, Somerville P (2006) New Zealand acceleration response spectrum attenuation relations for crustal and subduction zone earthquakes. Bull N Z Soc Earthq Eng 39(1): 1–58 Mendoza C, Hartzell S, Monfret T (1994) Wide-band analysis of the 3 March 1985 Central Chile earthquake—overall source process and rupture history. Bull Seismol Soc Am 84(2): 269–283 Norabuena E, Dixon T, Stein S, Harrison C (1999) Decelerating Nazca-South America and Nazca-Pacific Plate motions. Geophys Res Lett 26(22): 3405–3408. doi:10.1029/1999GL005394 Pelayo AM, Wiens DA (1992) Tsunami earthquakes: slow thrust-faulting events in the accretionary wedge. J Geophys Res 97(B11): 15321–15337. doi:10.1029/92JB01305 Pomachagua O (2000) General characteristics of the tectonic setting and seismicity of Peru. Revista de Trabajos de Investigación, Instituto Geofisico del Peru, 93-04 Rodriguez-Marek A, Hurtado J, Cox B, Meneses J, Moreno V, Olcese M et al (2007) Preliminary reconnaissance report on the geotechnical engineering aspects of the August 15, 2007 Pisco, Peru Earthquake. Report of the National Science Foundation-sponsored Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Reconnaissance (GEER) team. Web report available from: http://gees.usc.edu/GEER/Peru_2007/Peru_2007_WebPage/index.htm Rogers GC, Cassidy JF, Ellis RM (1990) The Prince George, British Columbia, earthquake of 21 March 1986. Bull Seismol Soc Am 80(5): 1144–1161 Rosenblad BL, Bay JA (2008) Shear wave velocity profiles determined from SASW measurements at sites affected by the August 15th, 2007 earthquake in Peru. Report prepared for CERESIS, January 2008, 60 pp Ruiz S, Saragoni G (2005) Attenuation equations for subduction-zone earthquakes in Chile considering two seismogenic mechanisms and site effects. IX Jornadas Chilenas de Sismología e Ingeniería Antisísmica, Concepcion, Chile. Paper N° A01-15 (in Spanish) Salichon J, Delouis B, Lundgren P, Giardini D, Costantini M, Rosen P (2003) Joint inversion of broadband teleseismic and interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data for the slip history of the Mw = 7.7, Nazca ridge (Peru) earthquake of 12 November 1996. J Geophys Res 108(B2):2085. doi:10.1029/2001JB000913 Satake K, Tanioka Y (1999) Sources of tsunami and tsunamigenic earthquakes in subduction zones. Pure Appl Geophys 154: 467–483. doi:10.1007/s000240050240 Scherbaum F, Cotton F, Smit P (2004) On the use of response spectral-reference data for the selection and ranking of ground-motion models for seismic-hazard analysis in regions of moderate seismicity: the case of rock motion. Bull Seismol Soc Am 94(6): 2164–2185. doi:10.1785/0120030147 Sladen A, Konca AO, Perfettini H, Audin L, Tavera H, Avouac J, Simons M, Helmberger DV (2007) Source characteristics of the 2007 Pisco earthquake (Mw = 8.0), Central Peru, derived from seismic waveforms inversion and tsunami modeling. Eos Trans AGU 88(52), Fall Meet Suppl, Abstract S13A-1055 Spence W, Mendoza C, Engdahl ER, Choy GL, Norabuena E (1999) Seismic subduction of the Nazca Ridge as shown by the 1996–97 Peru earthquakes. Pure Appl Geophys 154(3–4): 753–776. doi:10.1007/s000240050251 Stafford PJ, Strasser FO, Bommer JJ (2008) An evaluation of the applicability of the NGA models to ground-motion prediction in the Euro-Mediterranean region. Bull Earthquake Eng 6(2): 149–177 Taucer F, Alarcon JE, So E (2007) 2007 August 15 magnitude 7.9 earthquake near the coast of Central Peru: mission findings. Earthquake Engineering Field Investigation Team (EEFIT) web report, The Institution of Structural Engineers, London, UK. http://www.eefit.org.uk Tavera H, Bernal I (2005) Spatial distribution of rupture areas and seismic gaps in western Peru. Special Volume N6 commemorating Alberto Giesecke, Geological Society of Peru, pp 89–92 (in Spanish) Tavera H, Bernal I (2008) The Pisco (Peru) earthquake of August 15th, 2007: preliminary results. Seismol Res Lett 79(4): 510–515 Tavera H, Buforn E (2001) Source mechanism of earthquakes in Peru. J Seismol 5(4): 519–539. doi:10.1023/A:1012027430555 Tavera H, Fernandez E, Bernal I, Antayhua Y, Agüero C, Rodriguez HSS et al (2006) The southern region of Peru earthquake of June 23rd, 2001. J Seismol 10(2): 171–195. doi:10.1007/s10950-006-9014-2 Tavera H, Bernal I, Salas H (2007) The August 15, 2007 (7.9Mw) Pisco Earthquake—Perú (Preliminary report). Dirección de Sismología, Instituto Geofísico del Perú, August 2007 (in Spanish) Vallée M, Vergoz J, Guilbert J (2007) Source model of the Mw = 7.9 07/08/15 Peru earthquake. Géosciences-Azur web report, dated 20 August 2008, corrected 29 August 2008. http://www-geoazur.unice.fr/SEISME/PERU150807/note1.html Yagi Y (2007) Source model of the 16 August 2007 Peru earthquake. Tsukuba University web report. http://www.geo.tsukuba.ac.jp/press_HP/yagi/EQ/20070816/ Zhao JX, Irikura K, Zhang J, Fukushima Y, Somerville PG, Asano A et al (2006a) An empirical site-classification method for strong-motion stations in Japan using H/V response spectral ratio. Bull Seismol Soc Am 96(3): 914–925. doi:10.1785/0120050124 Zhao JX, Zhang J, Asano A, Ohno Y, Oouchi T, Takahashi T et al (2006b) Attenuation relations of strong ground motion in Japan using site classification based on predominant period. Bull Seismol Soc Am 96(3): 898–913. doi:10.1785/0120050122