Greenhouse gas emissions from soils—A review
Tóm tắt
Từ khóa
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abdalla, 2009, Nitrous oxide fluxes and denitrification sensitivity to temperature in Irish pasture soils, Soil Use Manage., 25, 376, 10.1111/j.1475-2743.2009.00237.x
Abdalla, 2009, Application of the DNDC model to predict emissions of N2O from Irish agriculture, Geoderma, 151, 327, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2009.04.021
Abdalla, 2011, Testing DNDC model for simulating soil respiration and assessing the effects of climate change on the CO2 gas flux from Irish agriculture, Glob. Planet. Change, 78, 106, 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.05.011
Abdalla, 2013, Simulating the impacts of land use in Northwest Europe on net ecosystem exchange (NEE): the role of arable ecosystems, grasslands and forest plantations in climate change mitigation, Sci. Total Environ., 465, 325, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.12.030
Achtnich, 1995, Competition for electron donors among nitrate reducers, ferric iron reducers, sulfate reducers, and methanogens in anoxic paddy soil, Biol. Fertil. Soil., 19, 65, 10.1007/BF00336349
Almagro, 2009, Temperature dependence of soil CO2 efflux is strongly modulated by seasonal patterns of moisture availability in a Mediterranean ecosystem, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 594, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.12.021
Ambus, 1995, Spatial and seasonal nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in Danish forest-, grassland-, and agroecosystems, J. Environ. Qual., 25, 993, 10.2134/jeq1995.00472425002400050031x
Amelio, 2009, Regional N2O fluxes in Amazonia derived from aircraft vertical profiles, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 8785, 10.5194/acp-9-8785-2009
Aranibar, 2004, Nitrogen cycling in the soil-plant system along a precipitation gradient in the Kalahari sands, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 359, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2003.00698.x
Arnold, 1954, Losses of nitrous oxide from soil, J. Soil Sci., 5, 116, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1954.tb02180.x
Arrhenius, 1896, On the influence of carbonic acid in the air upon the temperature of the ground, Philos. Mag. J. Sci., 41, 239, 10.1080/14786449608620846
Asaf, 2013, Ecosystem photosynthesis inferred from measurements of carbonyl sulphide flux, Nat. Geosci., 6, 186, 10.1038/ngeo1730
Aselmann, 1989, Global distribution of natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies, their net primary productivity, seasonality and possible methane emissions, J. Atmos. Chem., 8, 307, 10.1007/BF00052709
Audet, 2014, Nitrous oxide fluxes in undisturbed riparian wetlands located in agricultural catchments: emission, uptake and controlling factors, Soil Biol. Biochem., 68, 291, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.10.011
Baggs, 2003, Nitrous oxide emissions following application of residues and fertiliser under zero and conventional tillage, Plant Soil, 254, 361, 10.1023/A:1025593121839
Bahn, 2010, Soil respiration at mean annual temperature predicts annual total across vegetation types and biomes, Biogeoscience, 7, 2147, 10.5194/bg-7-2147-2010
Bahn, 2012, 272
Bain, 2005, Wind-induced error in the measurement of soil respiration using closed dynamic chambers, Agric. For. Meteorol., 131, 225, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2005.06.004
Baldocchi, 2003, Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future, Glob. Change Biol., 9, 479, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00629.x
Baldocchi, 2001, FLUXNET: a new tool to study the temporal and spatial variability of ecosystem-scale carbon dioxide, water vapor, and energy flux densities, Bull. Am. Meteorol. Soc., 82, 2415, 10.1175/1520-0477(2001)082<2415:FANTTS>2.3.CO;2
Balogh, 2007, Comparison of CO2 and H2O fluxes over grassland vegetation measured by the eddy-covariance technique and by open system chamber, Photosynthetica, 45, 288, 10.1007/s11099-007-0046-9
Barbera, 2015, Comparison of carbon balance in Mediterranean pilot constructed wetlands vegetated with different C4 plant species, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 22, 2372, 10.1007/s11356-014-2870-3
Bass, 2014, Carbon dioxide and methane emissions from a wet-dry tropical floodplain in northern Australia, Wetlands, 34, 619, 10.1007/s13157-014-0522-5
Batjes, 1996, Total carbon and nitrogen in the soils of the world, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 47, 151, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1996.tb01386.x
Bayer, 2014, Soil nitrous oxide emissions as affected by long-term tillage, cropping systems and nitrogen fertilization in southern Brazil, Soil Tillage Res., 146B, 213
Berglund, 2010, A lysimeter study on the effect of temperature on CO2 emission from cultivated peat soils, Geoderma, 154, 211, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.09.007
Bhattacharyya, 2013, Impact of elevated CO2 and temperature on soil C and N dynamics in relation to CH4 and N2O emissions from tropical flooded rice (Oryza sativa L.), Sci. Total Environ., 461–462, 601, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.05.035
Birch, 1958, The effect of soil drying on humus decomposition and nitrogen availability, Plant Soil, 10, 9, 10.1007/BF01343734
Boeckx, 1997, Methane emission from a freshwater wetland in Belgium, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 61, 1250, 10.2136/sssaj1997.03615995006100040035x
Börjesson, 2007, Methane oxidation in Swedish landfills quantified with the stable carbon isotope technique in combination with an optical method for emitted methane, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41, 6684, 10.1021/es062735v
Boesch, 2011, Global characterization of CO2 column retrievals from shortwave-infrared satellite observations of the orbiting carbon observatory-2 mission, Remote Sens., 3, 270, 10.3390/rs3020270
Bond-Lamberty, 2010, A global database of soil respiration data, Biogeoscience, 7, 1915, 10.5194/bg-7-1915-2010
Borken, 1997, Liming practice in temperate forest ecosystems and the effects on CO2, N2O and CH4 fluxes, Soil Use Manage., 13, 251, 10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00596.x
Borken, 2009, Reappraisal of drying and wetting effects on C and N mineralization and fluxes in soils, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 808, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01681.x
Borken, 1999, A climate change scenario for carbon dioxide and dissolved organic carbon fluxes from a temperate forest soil: drought and rewetting effects, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 63, 1848, 10.2136/sssaj1999.6361848x
Borken, 2002, Site and temporal variation of soil respiration in European beech, Norway spruce, and Scots pine forests, Glob. Change Biol., 8, 1205, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2002.00547.x
Boussingault, 1853, Mémoire sur la composition de l'aire confine dans la terre vegetal, Ann. Chem. Phys., 5
Bowden, 1991, Effects of nitrogen additions on annual nitrous oxide fluxes from temperate forest soils in the northeastern United States, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9321, 10.1029/91JD00151
Bowden, 2004, Chronic nitrogen additions reduce total soil respiration and microbial respiration in temperate forest soils at the Harvard Forest, Forest Ecol. Manage., 196, 43, 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.011
Brümmer, 2008, Soil-atmosphere exchange of N2O and NO in near-natural savanna and agricultural land in Burkina Faso (W. Africa), Ecosystem, 11, 582, 10.1007/s10021-008-9144-1
Breecker, 2012, Deep autotrophic soil respiration in shrubland and woodland ecosystems in central New Mexico, Ecosystem, 15, 83, 10.1007/s10021-011-9495-x
Brooks, 1997, Winter production of CO2 and N2O from alpine tundra: environmental controls and relationship to inter-system C and N fluxes, Oecologia, 110, 403
Brumme, 1999, Site variation in methane oxidation as affected by atmospheric deposition and type of temperate forest ecosystem, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 13, 493, 10.1029/1998GB900017
Buchwitz, 2013, Carbon monitoring satellite (CarbonSat): assessment of atmospheric CO2 and CH4 retrieval errors by error parameterization, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 3477, 10.5194/amt-6-3477-2013
Burrows, 2005, Net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in a temperate poor fen: a comparison of automated and manual chamber techniques, Biogeochemistry, 76, 21, 10.1007/s10533-004-6334-6
Butterbach-Bahl, 1998, Impact of N-input by wet deposition on N-trace fluxes and CH4-oxidation in spruce forest ecosystems of the temperate zone in Europe, Atmos. Environ., 32, 559, 10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00234-3
Butterbach-Bahl, 2004, Quantifying the regional source strength of N-trace gases across agricultural and forest ecosystems with process-based models, Plant Soil, 260, 311, 10.1023/B:PLSO.0000030186.81212.fb
Butterbach-Bahl, 2009, A European-wide inventory of soil NO emissions using the biogeochemical models DNDC/Forest-DNDC, Atmos. Environ., 43, 1392, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2008.02.008
Butterbach-Bahl, 2011, Measurement of biosphere-atmosphere exchange of CH4 in terrestrial ecosystems, Meth. Enzymol., 495, 271, 10.1016/B978-0-12-386905-0.00018-8
Butterbach-Bahl, 2013, Nitrous oxide emissions from soils: how well do we understand the processes and their controls?, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B: Biol. Sci., 368, 20130122, 10.1098/rstb.2013.0122
Cao, 1998, Global methane emission from wetlands and its sensitivity to climate change, Atmos. Environ., 32, 3293, 10.1016/S1352-2310(98)00105-8
Caprez, 2012, Forest soil respiration reflects plant productivity across a temperature gradient in the Alps, Oecologia, 170, 1143, 10.1007/s00442-012-2371-3
Caritat, 2012, Comparing results from two continental geochemical surveys to world soil composition and deriving Predicted Empirical global Soil (PEGS-2) reference values, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 319–320, 269, 10.1016/j.epsl.2011.12.033
Castaldi, 2005, Soil-atmosphere methane exchange in undisturbed and burned Mediterranean shrubland of southern Italy, Ecosystem, 8, 182, 10.1007/s10021-004-0093-z
Castaldi, 2006, Fluxes of N2O and CH4 from soils of savannas and seasonally-dry ecosystems, J. Biogeogr., 33, 401, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01447.x
Castro, 1993, Exchange of N2O and CH4 between the atmosphere and soils in spruce-fir forest in the Northeastern United States, Biogeochemistry, 18, 119, 10.1007/BF00003273
Chan, 2005, Consequences of nitrogen fertilization on soil methane consumption in a productive temperate deciduous forest, Biol. Fertil. Soil., 41, 182, 10.1007/s00374-004-0822-7
Chapuis-Lardy, 2007, Soils, a sink for N2O? A review, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 1, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01280.x
Chimner, 2003, Influence of water table levels on CO2 emissions in a Colorado sub-alpine fen: an in situ microcosm study, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 345, 10.1016/S0038-0717(02)00284-5
Chirinda, 2014, Carbon dioxide in arable soil profiles: a comparison of automated and manual measuring systems, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 45, 1278, 10.1080/00103624.2014.884107
Choudhary, 2002, Nitrous oxide emissions from a New Zealand cropped soil: tillage effects, spatial and seasonal variability, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 93, 33, 10.1016/S0167-8809(02)00005-1
Christensen, 1991, Organic matter available for denitrification in different soil fractions: effect of freeze/thaw cycles and straw disposal, J. Soil Sci., 42, 637, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1991.tb00110.x
Christiansen, 2011, Assessing the effects of chamber placement, manual sampling and headspace mixing on CH4 fluxes in a laboratory experiment, Plant Soil, 343, 171, 10.1007/s11104-010-0701-y
Correia, 2012, Soil water availability strongly modulates soil CO2 efflux in different Mediterranean ecosystems: model calibration using the Bayesian approach, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 161, 88, 10.1016/j.agee.2012.07.025
Correia, 2014, Carbon sink strength of a Mediterranean cork oak understorey: how do semi-deciduous and evergreen shrubs face summer drought?, J. Veg. Sci., 25, 411, 10.1111/jvs.12102
Cowan, 2015, Spatial variability and hotspots of soil N2O fluxes from intensively grazed grassland, Biogeoscience, 12, 1585, 10.5194/bg-12-1585-2015
Cox, 2000, Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model, Nature, 408, 184, 10.1038/35041539
Cuhel, 2010, Insights into the effect of soil pH on N2O and N2 emissions and denitrifier community size and activity, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 76, 1870, 10.1128/AEM.02484-09
Dalal, 2008, Greenhouse gas fluxes from natural ecosystems. Turner review no. 18, Australian, J. Bot., 56, 369
Davidson, 2002, Minimizing artifacts and biases in chamber-based measurements of soil respiration, Agric. For. Meteorol., 113, 21, 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00100-4
de Dato, 2010, Impact of drought and increasing temperatures on soil CO2 emissions in a Mediterranean shrubland (gariga), Plant Soil, 327, 153, 10.1007/s11104-009-0041-y
Degryze, 2004, Soil organic carbon pool changes following land-use conversions, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 1120, 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00786.x
Desjardins, 1997, Scaling up flux measurements for the boreal forest using aircraft-tower combinations, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 29125, 10.1029/97JD00278
Desjardins, 2010, Multiscale estimates of N2O emissions from agricultural lands, Agric. For. Meteorol., 150, 817, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2009.09.001
Dilustro, 2005, Moisture and soil texture effects on soil CO2 efflux components in southeastern mixed pine forests, For. Ecol. Manage., 204, 87, 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.09.001
Ding, 2003, Key factors affecting spatial variation of methane emissions from freshwater marshes, Chemosphere, 51, 167, 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00804-4
Dixon, 1994, Carbon pools and flux of global forest ecosystems, Science, 263, 185, 10.1126/science.263.5144.185
Dorodnikov, 2009, Stimulation of microbial extracellular enzyme activities by elevated CO2 depends on soil aggregate size, Glob. Change Biol., 15, 1603, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01844.x
Drewer, 2012, How do soil emissions of N2O, CH4 and CO2 from perennial bioenergy crops differ from arable annual crops?, GCB Bioenergy, 4, 408, 10.1111/j.1757-1707.2011.01136.x
Du, 2013, Effects of different gap filling methods and land surface energy balance closure on annual net ecosystem exchange in a semiarid area of China, Sci. China Earth Sci., 57, 1340, 10.1007/s11430-013-4756-5
Dutaur, 2007, A global inventory of the soil CH4 sink, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 21
EPA, 2010. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from natural sources. Report EPA 430-R-10-001 Office of Atmospheric Programs (6207J) Washington, DC., to be found under nepis.epa.gov, then search for document name; last access December 08, 2015.
Edwards, 2003, Automated monitoring of soil respiration. A moving chamber design, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 67, 1266, 10.2136/sssaj2003.1266
Eickenscheidt, 2012, NOx and N2O fluxes in a nitrogen-enriched European spruce forest soil under experimental long-term reduction of nitrogen depositions, Atmos. Environ., 60, 51, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.06.018
Eshela, 2014, Carbon exchange in rainfed wheat fields: effects of long-term tillage and fertilization under arid conditions, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 195, 112, 10.1016/j.agee.2014.05.007
FAO, 1998. Wetland characterization and classification for sustainable agricultural development. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Harare. http://www.fao.org/docrep/003/x6611e/x6611e00.HTM (last access December 08, 2015).
FAO, 2014. Global Land Cover-SHARE of year 2014—Beta-Release 1.0. http://www.glcn.org/databases/lc_glcshare_en.jsp (last access April 18, 2016).
FAO, 2014. FAOSTAT Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, http://faostat3.fao.org/home/E (last access April 18, 2016).
Falloon, 2012, Modelling soil carbon dynamics, 221
Fang, 2001, The dependence of soil CO2 efflux on temperature, Soil Biol. Biochem., 33, 155, 10.1016/S0038-0717(00)00125-5
Feig, 2008, Use of laboratory and remote sensing techniques to estimate vegetation patch scale emissions of nitric oxide from an arid Kalahari savannah, Biogeosci. Discus., 5, 4621, 10.5194/bgd-5-4621-2008
Fernández-Luqueño, 2009, Emission of CO2 and N2O from soil cultivated with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) fertilized with different N sources, Sci. Total Environ., 407, 4289, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.04.016
Fiedler, 2000, Methane emissions, groundwater levels, and redox potentials of common wetland soils in a temperate-humid climate, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle, 14, 1081, 10.1029/1999GB001255
Fiedler, 2005, Methane budget of a Black Forest spruce ecosystem considering soil pattern, Biogeochemistry, 76, 1, 10.1007/s10533-005-5551-y
Fleck, D., He, Y., Alexander, C., Jacobsen, G., Cunningham, K.L., 2013. Simultaneous soil flux measurements of five gases N2O, CH4, CO2, NH3, and H2O with the Picarro G2508. Santa Clara. Picarro application note, http://www.picarro.com/application_notes/an034_simultaneous_soil_flux_measurements_of_five_gases_n2o_ch4_co2_nh3_and_h2o_wi (last access December 08, 2015).
Forbrich, 2010, A comparison of linear and exponential regression for estimating diffusive CH4 fluxes by closed-chambers in peatlands, Soil Biol. Biochem., 42, 507, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.12.004
Fornara, 2008, Plant functional composition influences rates of soil carbon and nitrogen accumulation, J. Ecol., 96, 314, 10.1111/j.1365-2745.2007.01345.x
Forster, 2007
Fowler, 2009, Atmospheric composition change: ecosystems-Atmosphere interactions, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5193, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.07.068
Frankenberg, 2005, Iterative maximum a posteriori (IMAP)-DOAS for retrieval of strongly absorbing trace gases: model studies for CH4 and CO2 retrieval from near infrared spectra of SCIAMACHY onboard ENVISAT, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 5, 9, 10.5194/acp-5-9-2005
Freibauer, 2003, Controls and models for estimating direct nitrous oxide emissions from temperate and sub-boreal agricultural mineral soils in Europe, Biogeochemistry, 63, 93, 10.1023/A:1023398108860
Fumoto, 2008, Revising a process-based biogeochemistry model (DNDC) to simulate methane emission from rice paddy fields under various residue management and fertilizer regimes, Glob. Change Biol., 14, 382, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01475.x
G7, 2015. Leaders declaration G7 summit. 8. June 2015. Schloss Elmau. http://www.bundesregierung.de/Content/EN/_Anlagen/G7/2015-06-08-g7-abschluss-eng_en.pdf?__blob=publicationFile&v=1 (last access April 18, 2016).
Galbally, 1987, Emission of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from a flooded soil fertilized with urea: relation to other nitrogen loss processes, J. Atmos. Chem., 5, 343, 10.1007/BF00114111
Gao, 2014, Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from optimized and alternative cereal cropping systems on the North China Plain: a two-year field study, Sci. Total Environ., 472, 112, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.003
Gillenwater, 2007, Practical policy applications of uncertainty analysis for national greenhouse gas inventories, Water Air Soil Pollut., 7, 451, 10.1007/s11267-006-9118-2
Gnaana Saraswathi, 2008, Seasonal variability in soil-surface CO2 efflux in selected young tree plantations in semi-arid eco-climate of Madurai, Curr. Sci., 95, 94
Gogoi, 2011, Nitrous oxide emission from tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. kuntze)-planted soils of North East India and soil parameters associated with the emission, Curr. Sci., 101, 531
Goldberg, 2009, N2O and NO fluxes between a Norway spruce forest soil and atmosphere as affected by prolonged summer drought, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 1986, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.07.001
Gong, 2012, Soil respiration in poplar plantations in northern China at different forest ages, Plant Soil, 360, 109, 10.1007/s11104-011-1121-3
Gorczyca, 2013, Concentration of radiocarbon in soil-respired CO2 flux: data-model comparison for three different ecosystems in southern Poland, Radiocarbon, 55, 1521, 10.1017/S003382220004844X
Greicius, T., Perez, M., Espinoza, L., Orr, K., 2014. NASA set for a big year in Earth Science. http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2014-019 (last access April 18, 2016).
Griffith, 2012, A Fourier transform infrared trace gas and isotope analyser for atmospheric applications, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 5, 2481, 10.5194/amt-5-2481-2012
Griffiths, 2009, Completely automated open-path FT-IR spectrometry, Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 393, 45, 10.1007/s00216-008-2429-6
Gritsch, 2015, Interdependencies between temperature and moisture sensitivities of CO2 emissions in European land ecosystems, Biogeosci., 12, 5981, 10.5194/bg-12-5981-2015
Groffman, 2006, Snow depth, soil freezing, and fluxes of carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane in a northern hardwood forest, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 1748, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01194.x
Groffman, 2009, Challenges to incorporating spatially and temporally explicit phenomena (hotspots and hot moments) in denitrification models, Biogeochemistry, 93, 49, 10.1007/s10533-008-9277-5
Grunwald, 2012, Towards improved bottom-up inventories of methane from the European land surface, Atmos. Environ., 51, 203, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.025
Gu, 2013, A regional experiment suggests that soil texture is a major control of N2O emissions from tile-drained winter wheat fields during the fertilization period, Soil Biol. Biochem., 60, 134, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.01.029
Gu, 2014, Modeling nitrous oxide emissions from tile-drained winter wheat fields in Central France, Nutr. Cyc. Agroecosyst., 98, 27, 10.1007/s10705-013-9593-6
Günther, 2014, The effect of biomass harvesting on greenhouse gas emissions from a rewetted temperate fen, GCB Bioenergy, 7, 1092, 10.1111/gcbb.12214
Gundersen, 2012, The response of methane and nitrous oxide fluxes to forest change in Europe, Biogeoscience, 9, 3999, 10.5194/bg-9-3999-2012
Gundersen, 2012, Influence of hydromorphic soil conditions on greenhouse gas emissions and soil carbon stocks in a Danish temperate forest, For. Ecol. Manage., 284, 185, 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.07.048
Hall, 2008, Soil N2O and NO emissions from an arid, urban ecosystem, J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci., 113, G1, 10.1029/2007JG000523
Hanson, 2000, Separating root and soil microbial contributions to soil respiration: a review of methods and observations, Biogeochemistry, 48, 115, 10.1023/A:1006244819642
Hastings, 2010, Uncertainty propagation in soil greenhouse gas emission models: An experiment using the DNDC model and at the Oensingen cropland site, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 136, 97, 10.1016/j.agee.2009.11.016
Hayakawa, 2009, N2O and NO emissions from an Andisol field as influenced by pelleted poultry manure, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 521, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2008.12.011
Heinemeyer, 2011, Comparing the closed static versus the closed dynamic chamber flux methodology: implications for soil respiration studies, Plant Soil, 346, 145, 10.1007/s11104-011-0804-0
Heinemeyer, 2011, Soil respiration: implications of the plant-soil continuum and respiration chamber collar-insertion depth on measurement and modelling of soil CO2 efflux rates in three ecosystems, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 62, 82, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01331.x
Hellebrand, 2003, Long-term studies on greenhouse gas fluxes during cultivation of energy crops on sandy soils, Atmos. Environ., 37, 1635, 10.1016/S1352-2310(03)00015-3
Herold, 2008, Some challenges in global land cover mapping, an assessment of agreement and accuracy in existing 1km datasets, Remote Sens. Environ., 112, 2538, 10.1016/j.rse.2007.11.013
Holst, 2008, Fluxes of nitrous oxide, methane and carbon dioxide during freezing–thawing cycles in an Inner Mongolian steppe, Plant Soil, 308, 105, 10.1007/s11104-008-9610-8
Holzapfel-Pschorn, 1985, Production, oxidation and emission of methane in rice paddies, FEMS Microbiol. Lett., 31, 343, 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1985.tb01170.x
Hou, 2012, Growing season in situ uptake of atmospheric methane by desert soils in a semiarid region of northern China, Geoderma, 189–190, 415, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.05.012
1990, 410
Hu, 2014, Greenhouse gases fluxes of biological soil crusts and soil ecosystem in the artificial sand-fixing vegetation region in Shapotou area, Chin. J. Appl. Ecol., 25, 61
Hu, 2015, Ecosystem respiration and its components from a Carex meadow of Poyang Lake during the drawdown period, Atmos. Environ., 100, 124, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.10.047
Hungershoefer, 2010, Evaluation of various observing systems for the global monitoring of CO2 surface fluxes, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 10503, 10.5194/acp-10-10503-2010
Hutchinson, 1979, Nitrous oxide emissions from an irrigated cornfield, Sci. New Ser., 205, 1125
IPCC, 2007
IPCC, 2013, 1535
Iqbal, 2009, Temporal variability of soil-atmosphre CO2 and CH4 fluxes from different land uses in mid-subtropical China, Atmos. Environ., 43, 5865, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.08.025
Izaurralde, 2004, Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural toposequences in Alberta and Saskatchewan, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 68, 1285, 10.2136/sssaj2004.1285
Jäger, 2011, Emission rates of N2O and CO2 from soils with different organic matter content from three long-term fertilization experiments—a laboratory study, Biol. Fertil. Soil., 47, 483, 10.1007/s00374-011-0553-5
Jacinthe, 2006, Spatial variability of soil properties and trace gas fluxes in reclaimed mine land of southeastern Ohio, Geoderma, 136, 598, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.04.020
Jiang, 2015, Changes in temperature sensitivity of soil respiration in the phases of a three-year crop rotation system, Soil Tillage Res., 150, 139, 10.1016/j.still.2015.02.002
Jin, 2009, Precipitation pulses and soil CO2 emission in desert shrubland of Artemisia ordosica on the Ordos Plateau of Inner Mongolia, China, Pedosphere, 19, 799, 10.1016/S1002-0160(09)60175-2
Jungkunst, 2007, Latitudinal differentiated water table control of carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from hydromorphic soils: feedbacks to climate change, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2668, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01459.x
Kallenbach, 2010, Cover cropping affects soil N2O and CO2 emissions differently depending on type of irrigation, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 137, 251, 10.1016/j.agee.2010.02.010
Kammer, 2011, Application of a quantum cascade laser-based spectrometer in a closed chamber system for real-time δ13C and δ18O measurements of soil-respired CO2, Agric. For. Meteorol., 151, 39, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2010.09.001
Kampfl, 2007, Study of NOx and CO2 production of cultivated soil in closed microcosm experimental system, Microchem. J., 85, 31, 10.1016/j.microc.2006.05.003
Kasimir-Klemedtsson, 1997, Greenhouse gas emissions from farmed organic soils: a review, Soil Use Manage., 13, 245, 10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00595.x
Keller, 1994, Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and methane under secondary succession of pasture to forest in the Atlantic lowlands of Costa Rica, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 8, 399, 10.1029/94GB01660
Kelliher, 2002, Measuring nitrous oxide emission rate from grazed pasture using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in the nocturnal boundary layer, Agric. For. Meteorol., 111, 29, 10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00007-2
Kim, 2013, Soil-atmosphere exchange of CO2, CH4 and N2O in northern temperate forests: effects of elevated CO2 concentration, N deposition and forest fire, Eurasian J. For. Res., 16, 1
Kitzler, 2006, Nitrogen oxides emission from two beech forests subjected to different nitrogen loads, Biogeoscience, 3, 293, 10.5194/bg-3-293-2006
Klopatek, 2002, Belowground carbon pools and processes in different age stands of Douglas-fir, Tree Physiol., 22, 197, 10.1093/treephys/22.2-3.197
Kluber, 2014, Multistate assessment of wetland restoration on CO2 and N2O emissions and soil bacterial communities, Appl. Soil Ecol., 76, 87, 10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.12.014
Knox, 2015, Agricultural peatland restoration: effects of land-use change on greenhouse gas (CO2 and CH4) fluxes in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Glob. Change Biol., 21, 750, 10.1111/gcb.12745
Koch, 2015
Kögel-Knabner, 1998, Structure and stability, Mitt. Dtsch. Bodenkdl. Ges., 87, 51
Kögel-Knabner, 2010, Biogeochemistry of paddy soils, Geoderma, 157, 1, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2010.03.009
Koljonen, T., 1992. The geochemical atlas of Finland. Part 2: Till. Geol. Surv Finland, Espoo, Finland, 218 p.
Konnerup, 2014, Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from the restored mangrove ecosystem of the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombia, Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 140, 43, 10.1016/j.ecss.2014.01.006
Kormann, 2001, Eddy flux measurements of methane over the den Murnauer Moos, 11°11′E, 47°39′N, using a fast tunable diode laser spectrometer, Atmos. Environ., 35, 2533, 10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00424-6
Kustas, 2006, Using a remote sensing field experiment to investigate flux-footprint relations and flux sampling distributions for tower and aircraft-based observations, Adv. Water Res., 29, 355, 10.1016/j.advwatres.2005.05.003
Kutsch, 2009, xi
Kutzbach, 2007, CO2 flux determination by closed-chamber methods can be seriously biased by inappropriate application of linear regression, Biogeoscience, 4, 1005, 10.5194/bg-4-1005-2007
Kuze, 2009, Thermal and near infrared sensor for carbon observation Fourier-transform spectrometer on the greenhouse gases observing Satellite for greenhouse gases monitoring, Appl. Opt., 48, 6716, 10.1364/AO.48.006716
La Scala, 2006, Short-term soil CO2 emission after conventional and reduced tillage of a no-till sugar cane area in southern Brazil, Soil Tillage Res., 91, 244, 10.1016/j.still.2005.11.012
Lai, 2012, Soil respiration in different agricultural and natural ecosystems in an arid region, PLoS One, 7, e48011, 10.1371/journal.pone.0048011
2001
Lamers, 2007, Nitrous oxide emissions from mineral and organic soils of a Norway spruce stand in South-West Germany, Atmos. Environ., 41, 1681, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.050
Latham, J., Cumani, R., Rosati, I., Bloise, M., 2014. Global Land Cover SHARE (GLC-SHARE) database. Beta-Release Version 1.0. http://www.glcn.org/downs/prj/glcshare/GLC_SHARE_beta_v1.0_2014.pdf (last access April 18, 2016).
Launiainen, 2005, Eddy covariance measurements of CO2 and sensible and latent heat fluxes during a full year in a boreal pine forest trunk-space, Boreal Environ. Res., 10, 569
Laville, 2009, Characterisation of soil emissions of nitric oxide at field and laboratory scale using high-resolution method, Atmos. Environ., 43, 2648, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.01.043
Law, 2011, Forest sector carbon management, measurement and verification, and discussion of policy related to climate change, Carbon Manage., 2, 73, 10.4155/cmt.10.40
Law, 1999, Seasonal and annual respiration of a ponderosa pine ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol., 5, 169, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00214.x
Leppelt, 2014, Nitrous oxide emission budgets and land-use-driven hotspots for organic soils in Europe, Biogeoscience, 11, 6595, 10.5194/bg-11-6595-2014
Leppin, 2015
Li, 1992, A model of nitrous oxide evolution from soil driven by rainfall events: 1. model structure and sensitivity, J. Geophys. Res., 97, 9759, 10.1029/92JD00509
Li, 1994, Modeling carbon biogeochemistry in agricultural soils, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 8, 237, 10.1029/94GB00767
Li, 2005, Carbon sequestration in arable soils is likely to increase nitrous oxide emissions, offsetting reductions in climate radiative forcing, Clim. Change, 72, 321, 10.1007/s10584-005-6791-5
Li, 2012, Estimates of N2O emissions and mitigation potential from a spring maize field based on DNDC model, J. Integr. Agric., 11, 2067, 10.1016/S2095-3119(12)60465-1
Li, 2013, Emissions of CH4 and CO2 from double rice cropping systems under varying tillage and seeding methods, Atmos. Environ., 80, 438, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.08.027
Liang, 2004, In situ comparison of four approaches to estimating soil CO2 efflux in a northern larch (Larix kaempferi Sarg.) forest, Agric. For. Meteorol., 123, 97, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.10.002
Liang, 2013, Soil respiration in a subtropical mangrove wetland in the Jiulong River estuary, China, Pedosphere, 23, 678, 10.1016/S1002-0160(13)60060-0
LI-COR, 2012. LI-810A Automated Soil CO2 flux System. http://www.licor.com/env/products/soil_flux/ (last access April 18, 2016).
Liu, 2009, Growing season methane budget of an Inner Mongolian steppe, Atmos. Environ., 43, 3086, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2009.03.014
Liu, 2009, Sheepfolds as hotspots of nitric oxide (NO) emission in an Inner Mongolian steppe, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 134, 136, 10.1016/j.agee.2009.06.007
Liu, 2009, A review of nitrogen enrichment effects on three biogenic GHGs: the CO2 sink may be largely offset by stimulated N2O and CH4 emission, Ecol. Lett., 12, 1103, 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2009.01351.x
Lohila, 2003, Soil and total ecosystem respiration in agricultural fields: effect of soil and crop type, Plant Soil, 251, 303, 10.1023/A:1023004205844
Ludwig, 2001, Soil-air exchange of nitric oxide: an overview of processes, environmental factors, and modeling studies, Biogeochemistry, 52, 225, 10.1023/A:1006424330555
Lundegardh, 1927, Carbon dioxide evolution of soil and crop growth, Soil Sci., 23, 417, 10.1097/00010694-192706000-00001
Luo, 2012, Decadal variability of soil CO2, NO, N2O, and CH4 fluxes at the Höglwald forest, Germany, Biogeoscience, 9, 1741, 10.5194/bg-9-1741-2012
Luyssaert, 2007, CO2 balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 2509, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x
MacKenzie, 2004, Forest structure and organic horizon analysis along a fire chronosequence in the low elevation forests of western Montana, For. Ecol. Manage., 203, 331, 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.08.003
Maeck, 2014, Pumping methane out of aquatic sediments–ebullition forcing mechanisms in an impounded river, Biogeoscience, 11, 2925, 10.5194/bg-11-2925-2014
Maljanen, 2004, Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane dynamics in boreal organic agricultural soils with different soil characteristics, Soil Biol. Biochem., 36, 1801, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.05.003
Maljanen, 2007, Greenhouse gas emissions from cultivated and abandoned organic croplands in Finland, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 133
Marín-Muñiz, 2015, Greenhouse gas emissions from coastal freshwater wetlands in Veracruz Mexico: effect of plant community and seasonal dynamics, Atmos. Environ., 107, 107, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.036
Marwinski, 2015
McSwiney, 2005, Nonlinear response of N2O flux to incremental fertilizer addition in a continuous maize (Zea mays L.) cropping system, Glob. Change Biol., 11, 1712, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01040.x
McTaggart, 2002, Influence of soil physical properties, fertiliser type and moisture tension on N2O and NO emissions from nearly saturated Japanese upland soils, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 63, 207, 10.1023/A:1021119412863
Merbold, 2013, Winter greenhouse gas fluxes (CO2 CH4 and N2O) from a subalpine grassland, Biogeoscience, 10, 3185, 10.5194/bg-10-3185-2013
Merbold, 2014, Greenhouse gas budget (CO2 CH4 and N2O) of intensively managed grassland following restoration, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 1913, 10.1111/gcb.12518
Micks, 2004, Short-term soil respiration and nitrogen immobilization response to nitrogen applications in control and nitrogen-enriched temperate forests, For. Ecol. Manage., 196, 57, 10.1016/j.foreco.2004.03.012
Monson, 2006, Winter forest soils respiration controlled by climate and microbial community composition, Nature, 439, 711, 10.1038/nature04555
Mordhorst, 2014, Influence of mechanical loading on static and dynamic CO2 efflux on differently textured and managed luvisols, Geoderma, 219–220, 1, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2013.12.020
Mørkved, 2006, N2O emissions and product ratios of nitrification and denitrification as affected by freezing and thawing, Soil Biol. Biochem., 38, 3411, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2006.05.015
Muhammad, 2011, Crop residues and fertilizer nitrogen influence residue decomposition and nitrous oxide emission from a Vertisol, Biol. Fertil. Soil, 47, 15, 10.1007/s00374-010-0497-1
Musenze, 2015, Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from a subtropical coastal embayment (Moreton Bay, Australia), J. Environ. Sci. (China), 29, 82, 10.1016/j.jes.2014.06.049
Myklebust, 2008, Comparison of eddy covariance, chamber, and gradient methods of measuring soil CO2 efflux in an annual semi-arid grass, Bromus tectorum, Agric. For. Meteorol., 148, 1894, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.06.016
NASA, 2014. Orbiting Carbon Observatory (OCO-2). http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/oco2/index.html (last access April 18, 2016).
Nay, 1994, Biases of chamber methods for measuring soil CO2 efflux demonstrated with a laboratory apparatus, Ecology, 75, 2460, 10.2307/1940900
Ng, 2014, Carbon fluxes from an urban tropical grassland, Environ. Pollut., 14, S0269
Nicolini, 2013, A literature overview of micrometeorological CH4 and N2O flux measurements in terrestrial ecosystems, Atmos. Environ., 81, 311, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.09.030
Nieder, 2008
Niu, 2010, Nitrogen effects on net ecosystem carbon exchange in a temperate steppe, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 144, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2009.01894.x
Nugroho, 2007, Low nitrification rates in acid Scots pine forest soils are due to pH-related factors, Microbiol. Ecol., 53, 89, 10.1007/s00248-006-9142-9
Nyamadzawu, 2014, Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from cultivated seasonal wetland (sambo) soils with inorganic, organic and integrated nutrient management, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 100, 161, 10.1007/s10705-014-9634-9
Oertel, 2011, CO2-fluxes from disturbed soil samples—a pot experiment with different fertilisers and plant cover, Protection of Agricultural Soils Against Joint Stress of Natural and Anthropogenic Factors: International Conference 13th-16th June 2011, Pulawy, Poland, 47
Oertel, 2012, Nitric oxide emissions from soils: a case study with temperate soils from Saxony, Germany, Environ. Earth Sci., 66, 2343, 10.1007/s12665-011-1456-3
Oertel, 2015, Soil respiration at forest sites in Saxony (Central Europe), Environ. Earth Sci., 74, 2405, 10.1007/s12665-015-4241-x
Oertel, C., Börner, E., Kempe, H., Matschullat, J. 2015b. Kammersystem für die Analyse von Gasflüssen von Ökosystemen. DE 10 2014 000 816 A1 2015.07.23.
Omonode, 2011, Soil nitrous oxide emissions in corn following three decades of tillage and rotation treatments, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 75, 152, 10.2136/sssaj2009.0147
Papale, 2006, Towards a standardized processing of net ecosystem exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation, Biogeoscience, 3, 571, 10.5194/bg-3-571-2006
Pape, 2009, An automated dynamic chamber system for surface exchange measurement of non-reactive and reactive trace gases of grassland ecosystems, Biogeoscience, 6, 405, 10.5194/bg-6-405-2009
Parkin, 2012, Calculating the detection limits of chamber-based soil greenhouse gas flux measurements, J. Environ. Qual., 41, 705, 10.2134/jeq2011.0394
Patino-Zuniga, 2009, The effect of different tillage and residue management practices on soil characteristics, inorganic N dynamics and emissions of N2O, CO2 and CH4 in the central highlands of Mexico: a laboratory study, Plant Soil, 314, 231, 10.1007/s11104-008-9722-1
Pattey, 2007, Tools for quantifying N2O emissions from agroecosystems, Agric. For. Meteorol., 142, 103, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.05.013
Pausch, 2013, Estimation of rhizodeposition at field scale: upscaling of a 14C labeling study, Plant Soil, 364, 273, 10.1007/s11104-012-1363-8
Peng, 2011, Effects of nitrogen fertilization on soil respiration in temperate grassland in Inner Mongolia, China, Environ. Earth Sci., 62, 1163, 10.1007/s12665-010-0605-4
Petersen, 2011, Tillage effects on N2O emissions as influenced by a winter cover crop, Soil Biol. Biochem., 43, 1509, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2011.03.028
Petersen, 2013, Long-term effects of cropping system on N2O emission potential, Soil Biol. Biochem., 57, 706, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.08.032
Pflugmacher, 2011, Comparison and assessment of coarse resolution land cover maps for Northern Eurasia, Remote Sens. Environ., 115, 3539, 10.1016/j.rse.2011.08.016
Phalan, 2013, Crop expansion and conservation priorities in tropical countries, PLoS One, 8, e51759, 10.1371/journal.pone.0051759
Phillips, 2010, Interannual, seasonal, and diel variation in soil respiration relative to ecosystem respiration at wetland to upland slope at Harvard Forest, J. Geophys. Res.: Biogeosci., 115, 10.1029/2008JG000858
Pihlatie, 2013, Comparison of static chambers to measure CH4 emissions from soils, Agric. For. Meteorol., 171–172, 124, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2012.11.008
Pilegaard, 2006, Factors controlling regional differences in forest soil emission of nitrogen oxides (NO and N2O), Biogeoscience, 3, 651, 10.5194/bg-3-651-2006
Poeplau, 2013, Sensitivity of soil organic carbon stocks and fractions to different land-use changes across Europe, Geoderma, 192, 189, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2012.08.003
Poth, 1995, The magnitude and persistence of soil NO, N2O CH4, and CO2 fluxes from burned tropical savanna in Brazil, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 9, 503, 10.1029/95GB02086
Priemé, 1994, Production and emission of methane in a brackish and a freshwater wetland, Soil Biol. Biochem., 26, 7, 10.1016/0038-0717(94)90190-2
Pumpanen, 2004, Comparison of different chamber techniques for measuring soil CO2 efflux, Agric. For. Meteorol., 123, 159, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2003.12.001
Pumpanen, 2012, Field measurements of soil respiration: principles and constraints, potentials and limitations of different methods
Raich, 1995, Global patterns of carbon dioxide emissions from soils, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 9, 23, 10.1029/94GB02723
Raich, 1992, The global carbon dioxide flux in soil respiration and its relationship to vegetation and climate, Tellus, 44B, 81, 10.3402/tellusb.v44i2.15428
Raich, 2000, Vegetation and soil respiration: correlations and controls, Biogeochemistry, 48, 71, 10.1023/A:1006112000616
Ramankutty, 2008, Farming the planet: 1. geographic distribution of global agricultural lands in the year 2000, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle, 22, 10.1029/2007GB002952
Rees, 2006, Nitrous oxide fluxes from savanna (miombo) woodlands in Zimbabwe, J. Biogeogr., 33, 424, 10.1111/j.1365-2699.2005.01423.x
Reicosky, 2008, Tillage and wind effects on soil CO2 concentrations in muck soils, Soil Tillage Res., 99, 221, 10.1016/j.still.2008.02.006
Reimann, 2009, Arsenic distribution in the environment: the effects of scale, Appl. Geochem., 24, 1147, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.03.013
Reimann, 2010, Antimony in the environment: lessons from geochemical mapping, Appl. Geochem., 25, 175, 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2009.11.011
Reimann, C., Birke, M., Demetriades, A., Filzmoser, P., O'Connor, P. (Eds.), 2014. Chemistry of Europe's Agricultural Soils. Part A and B. Geol. Jb. 102, 880 p.
Rella, 2013, High accuracy measurements of dry mole fractions of carbon dioxide and methane in humid air, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 6, 837, 10.5194/amt-6-837-2013
Remde, 1991, Role of nitrification and denitrification for NO metabolism in soil, Biogeochemistry, 12, 189, 10.1007/BF00002607
Robertson, 1989, Nitrification and denitrification in humid tropical ecosystems: potential controls on nitrogen retention, 55
Rochette, 2008, Chamber measurements of soil nitrous oxide flux: are absolute values reliable?, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 72, 331, 10.2136/sssaj2007.0215
Rochette, 1997, Description of a dynamic closed chamber for measuring soil respiration and its comparison with other techniques, Can. J. Soil. Sci., 77, 195, 10.4141/S96-110
Rochette, 2011, Towards a standard non-steady-state chamber methodology for measuring soil N2O emissions, Anim. Feed Sci. Tech., 166-167, 141, 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.04.063
Rösemann, 2011, Calculations of gaseous and particulate emissions from German agriculture 1990–2009, vTI Agric. For. Res. Spec., 389
Russell, 1915, The atmosphere of the soil: gas composition and the causes of variation, J. Agric. Sci., 7, 43, 10.1017/S0021859600002410
Ruuskanen, 2011, Eddy covariance VOC emission and deposition fluxes above grassland using PTR-TOF, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 11, 611, 10.5194/acp-11-611-2011
Ryals, 2013, Effects of organic matter amendments on net primary productivity and greenhouse gas emissions in annual grasslands, Ecol. Appl., 23, 46, 10.1890/12-0620.1
Saggar, 2008, Soil-atmosphere exchange of nitrous oxide and methane in New Zealand terrestrial ecosystems and their mitigation options: a review, Plant Soil, 309, 25, 10.1007/s11104-007-9421-3
Sahrawat, 2004, Terminal electron acceptors for controlling methane emissions from submerged rice soils, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 35, 1401, 10.1081/CSS-120037554
Sainju, 2008, Soil carbon dioxide emission and carbon content as affected by irrigation, tillage, cropping system, and nitrogen fertilization, J. Environ. Qual., 37, 98, 10.2134/jeq2006.0392
Saiz, 2006, Stand age-related effects on soil respiration in a first rotation Sitka spruce chronosequence in central Ireland, Glob. Change Biol., 12, 1007, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01145.x
Sanhueza, E., Hao, W.M., Scharffe, D., Donoso, L., Crutzen, P.J., 1990. N2O and NO emissions from soils of the northern part of the Guayana Shield, Venezuela. J. Geophys. Res.: Atmos. (1984–2012) 95, D13, 22481–22488.
Sanz-Cobena, 2014, Soil moisture determines the effectiveness of two urease inhibitors to decrease N2O emission, Mitig. Adapt. Strateg. Glob. Change, 10.1007/s11027-014-9548-5
Sanz-Cobena, 2014, Do cover crops enhance N2O, CO2 or CH4 emissions from soil in Mediterranean arable systems?, Sci. Total Environ., 466–467, 164, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.07.023
Savage, 2001, Interannual variation of soil respiration in two New England forests, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 15, 337, 10.1029/1999GB001248
Schach, 2015
Schaufler, 2010, Greenhouse gas emissions from European soils under different land use: effects of soil moisture and temperature, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 61, 683, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2010.01277.x
Schindlbacher, 2004, Effects of soil moisture and temperature on NO, NO2, and N2O emissions from European forest soils, J. Geophys. Res. D: Atmos., 109, 10.1029/2004JD004590
Schlesinger, 2000, Soil respiration and the global carbon cycle, Biogeochemistry, 48, 7, 10.1023/A:1006247623877
Schmidt, 1988, Emission of nitrous oxide from temperate forest soils into the atmosphere, J. Atmos. Chem., 6, 95, 10.1007/BF00048334
Schneising, 2008, Three years of greenhouse gas column-averaged dry air mole fractions retrieved from satellite—part 1: carbon dioxide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 3827, 10.5194/acp-8-3827-2008
Schulze, 2009, Importance of methane and nitrous oxide for Europës terrestrial greenhouse-gas balance, Nat. Geosci., 2, 842, 10.1038/ngeo686
Schulze, 2010, The European carbon balance. Part 4: integration of carbon and trace-gas fluxes, Glob. Change Biol., 16, 1451, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02215.x
Schwenke, 2015, Soil N2O emissions under N2-fixing legumes and N-fertilised canola: a reappraisal of emissions factor calculations, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 202, 232, 10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.017
Shi, 2014, Soil CO2 emissions from five different types of land use on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China, with emphasis on the contribution of winter soil respiration, Atmos. Environ., 88, 74, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.01.066
Shoji, 2001, Use of controlled release fertilizers and nitrification inhibitors to increase nitrogen use efficiency and to conserve air and water quality, Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal., 32, 1051, 10.1081/CSS-100104103
Šimek, 2014, Emissions of CH4 CO2, and N2O from soil at a cattle overwintering area as affected by available C and N, Appl. Soil Ecol., 75, 52, 10.1016/j.apsoil.2013.10.010
Simpson, 1997, Micrometeorological measurements of methane and nitrous oxide exchange above a boreal aspen forest, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 29331, 10.1029/97JD03181
Six, 2002, Soil organic matter, biota and aggregation in temperate and tropical soils—effects of no-tillage, Agronomy, 22, 755, 10.1051/agro:2002043
Six, 2004, The potential to mitigate global warming with no-tillage management is only realized when practised in the long term, Glob. Change Biol., 10, 155, 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2003.00730.x
Sjögersten, 2015, Tropical wetlands: a missing link in the global carbon cycle?, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycle, 28, 1371, 10.1002/2014GB004844
Skiba, 2009, Biosphere–atmosphere exchange of reactive nitrogen and greenhouse gases at the NitroEurope core flux measurement sites: measurement strategy and first data sets, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 133, 139, 10.1016/j.agee.2009.05.018
Smart, 1997, Evidence that elevated CO2 levels can indirectly increase rhizosphere denitrifier activity?, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 63, 4621, 10.1128/AEM.63.11.4621-4624.1997
Smith, 2000, Oxidation of atmospheric methane in Northern European soils, comparison with other ecosystems, and uncertainties in the global terrestrial sink, Glob. Change Biol., 6, 793, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2000.00356.x
Smith, 2003, Exchange of greenhouse gases between soil and atmosphere: interactions of soil physical factors and biological processes, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 54, 779, 10.1046/j.1351-0754.2003.0567.x
Snyder, 2009, Review of greenhouse gas emissions from crop production systems and fertilizer management effects, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 133, 247, 10.1016/j.agee.2009.04.021
Søvik, 2006, Emission of the greenhouse gases nitrous oxide and methane from constructed wetlands in Europe, J. Environ. Qual., 35, 2360, 10.2134/jeq2006.0038
Sponseller, 2007, Precipitation pulses and soil CO2 flux in a Sonoran Desert ecosystem, Glob. Change Biol., 13, 426, 10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01307.x
Stehfest, 2006, N2O and NO emission from agricultural fields and soils under natural vegetation: summarizing available measurement data and modeling of global annual emissions, Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 74, 207, 10.1007/s10705-006-9000-7
Stoyan, 2000, Spatial heterogeneity of soil respiration and related properties at the plant scale, Plant Soil, 222, 203, 10.1023/A:1004757405147
Suleau, 2009, Wind velocity perturbation of soil respiration measurements using closed dynamic chambers, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 60, 515, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01141.x
Tang, 2003, Assessing soil CO2 efflux using continuous measurements of CO2 profiles in soils with small solid-state sensors, Agric. For. Meteorol., 118, 207, 10.1016/S0168-1923(03)00112-6
Teiter, 2005, Emission of N2O, N2 CH4, and CO2 from constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment and from riparian buffer zones, Ecol. Eng., 25, 528, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2005.07.011
Teixeira, 2013, Quantification of uncertainties associated with space-time estimates of short-term soil CO2 emissions in a sugar cane area, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 167, 33, 10.1016/j.agee.2013.01.004
Tellez-Rio, 2014, Nitrous oxide and methane emissions from a vetch-cropping season are changed by long-term tillage practices in a Mediterranean agroecosystem, Biol. Fertil. Soils, 51, 77, 10.1007/s00374-014-0952-5
Tenuta, 2003, Nitrous oxide production from granular nitrogen fertilizers applied to a silt loam soil, Can. J. Soil Sci., 83, 521, 10.4141/S02-062
Thomas, 2011, Soil respiration at five sites along the Kalahari Transect: effects of temperature, precipitation pulses and biological soil crust cover, Geoderma, 167–168, 284, 10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.07.034
Turetsky, 2014, A synthesis of methane emissions from 71 northern, temperate, and subtropical wetlands, Glob. Change Biol., 20, 2183, 10.1111/gcb.12580
UBA, 2013. Treibhausgasneutrales Deutschland im Jahr 2050. Hintergrundbericht, 32 pp. http://www.uba.de/publikationen/treibhausgasneutrales-deutschland-im-jahr-2050 (last access April 18, 2016).
Urbanová, 2012, Vegetation and carbon gas dynamics under a changed hydrological regime in central European peatlands, Plant Ecol. Divers., 5, 89, 10.1080/17550874.2012.688069
Urbanski, 2007, Factors controlling CO2 exchange on timescales from hourly to decadal at Harvard Forest, J. Geophys. Res., 112
Ussiri, 2013
van der Weerden, 2010, Influence of pore size distribution and soil water content on nitrous oxide emissions, Soil Res., 50, 125, 10.1071/SR11112
Velty, 2007, Greenhouse gas fluxes during rewetting of peatlands by use of effluents—a lysimeter study, Arch. Agron. Soil Sci., 53, 629, 10.1080/03650340701637602
Venterea, 2005, Nitrogen oxide and methane emissions under varying tillage and fertilizer management, J. Environ. Qual., 34, 1467, 10.2134/jeq2005.0018
Venterea, 2012, Challenges and opportunities for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized cropping systems, Front. Ecol. Environ., 10, 562, 10.1890/120062
Verchot, 1999, Land-use change and biogeochemical controls of methane fluxes in soils of eastern Amazonia, Ecosystems, 3, 41, 10.1007/s100210000009
Verchot, 1999, Land use change and biogeochemical controls of nitrogen oxide emissions from soils in eastern Amazonia, Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, 13, 31, 10.1029/1998GB900019
Verhoeven, 2010, Agricultural use of wetlands: opportunities and limitations, Ann. Bot., 105, 155, 10.1093/aob/mcp172
Vermeulen, 2012, Climate change and food systems, Ann. Rev. Environ. Resour., 37, 195, 10.1146/annurev-environ-020411-130608
Vesterdal, 2012, Soil respiration and rates of soil carbon turnover differ among six common European tree species, For. Ecol. Manage., 264, 185, 10.1016/j.foreco.2011.10.009
Virkajärvi, 2010, N2O emissions from boreal grass and grass–clover pasture soils, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 137, 59, 10.1016/j.agee.2009.12.015
Waletzko, 2013, Methane emissions from wetlands: an in situ side-by-side comparison of two static accumulation chamber designs, Ecol. Eng., 72, 95, 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.09.008
Wang, 2013, Comparison between eddy covariance and automatic chamber techniques for measuring net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide in cotton and wheat fields, Biogeoscience, 10, 6865, 10.5194/bg-10-6865-2013
Wang, 2013, Concentration profiles of CH4 CO2 and N2O in soils of a wheat–maize rotation ecosystem in North China Plain, measured weekly over a whole year, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 164, 260, 10.1016/j.agee.2012.10.004
Wang, 2014, Soil moisture modifies the response of soil respiration to temperature in a desert shrub ecosystem, Biogeoscience, 11, 259, 10.5194/bg-11-259-2014
Wei, 2014, Effect of soil temperature and soil moisture on CO2 flux from eroded landscape positions on black soil in Northeast China, Soil Tillage Res., 144, 119, 10.1016/j.still.2014.07.012
Weiß, 2011
Weslien, 2009, Strong pH influence on N2O and CH4 fluxes from forested organic soils, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 60, 311, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01123.x
Whalen, 2005, Biogeochemistry of methane exchange between natural wetlands and the atmosphere, Environ. Eng. Sci., 22, 73, 10.1089/ees.2005.22.73
Willson, 2008, Carbon neutrality at the local level: achievable goal or fantasy?, J. Am. Plan. Assoc., 74, 497, 10.1080/01944360802380431
Winiwarter, 2007, National greenhouse gas inventories: understanding uncertainties versus potential for improving reliability, Water Air Soil Pollut., 7, 443, 10.1007/s11267-006-9117-3
Wolf, 2010, Grazing-induced reduction of natural nitrous oxide release from continental steppe, Nature, 464, 881, 10.1038/nature08931
Wu, 2013, Ant mounds alter spatial ad temporal patterns of CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions from a marsh soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 57, 884, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2012.10.034
Xu, 2006, On maintaining pressure equilibrium between a soil CO2 flux chamber and the ambient air, J. Geophys. Res., 111, S10
Yan, 2012, Effects of influent C/N ratios on CO2 and CH4 emissions from vertical subsurface flow constructed wetlands treating synthetic municipal wastewater, J. Hazard. Mater., 203–204, 188, 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.002
Yan, 2013, Two-year simultaneous records of N2O and NO fluxes from a farmed cropland in the northern China plain with a reduced nitrogen addition rate by one-third, Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 178, 39, 10.1016/j.agee.2013.06.016
Yao, 2009, Tillage and crop residue management significantly affects N-trace gas emissions during the non-rice season of a subtropical rice-wheat rotation, Soil Biol. Biochem., 41, 2131, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2009.07.025
Yao, 2010, Spatial variability of N2O, CH4 and CO2 fluxes within the Xilin River catchment of Inner Mongolia, China: a soil core study, Plant Soil, 331, 341, 10.1007/s11104-009-0257-x
Yim, 2002, Comparison of field methods for measuring soil respiration: a static alkali absorption method and two dynamic closed chamber methods, For. Ecol. Manage., 170, 189, 10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00773-3
Yoshida, 2011, Retrieval algorithm for CO2 and CH4 column abundances from short-wavelength infrared spectral observations by the Greenhouse gases observing satellite, Atmos. Meas. Tech., 4, 717, 10.5194/amt-4-717-2011
Yu, 2013, A comparison of methane emission measurements using eddy covariance and manual and automated chamber-based techniques in Tibetan Plateau alpine wetland, Environ. Pollut., 181, 81, 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.06.018
Zhang, 2009, Abiotic regulators of soil respiration in desert ecosystems, Environ. Geol., 57, 1855, 10.1007/s00254-008-1474-y
Zhang, 2013, Seasonal variations in soil respiration, heterotrophic respiration and autotrophic respiration of a wheat and maize rotation cropland in the North China Plain, Agric. For. Meteorol., 180, 34, 10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.04.028
Zhang, 2014, Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions from rice paddy fields under different nitrogen fertilization loads in Chongming Island, Eastern China, Sci. Total Environ., 472, 381, 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.014
Zhou, 2013, Nitrous oxide emissions and nitrate leaching from a rain-fed wheat-maize rotation in the Sichuan Basin, China, Plant Soil, 362, 149, 10.1007/s11104-012-1269-5
Zhu, 2014, Summertime N2O, CH4 and CO2 exchanges from a tundra marsh and an upland tundra in maritime Antarctica, Atmos. Environ., 83, 269, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.017