Greenbelt conservation as a component of ecosystem, ecological benefits and management services: evidence from Peshawar City, Pakistan
Tóm tắt
Conservation of greenbelts is the most enduringly successful and popular basic need for today to protect green land, preserve ecological landscape and open green spaces or gardens in urban fringes. Developing countries like Pakistan need to generate a wide range of strategic policies for the limitation of urban sprawl and construction of green structures to achieve sustainable green development. The research method was focused on a survey study regarding conservation of greenbelts with their significant impacts on environment, commercial market and the business community itself in the City of Peshawar, Pakistan. The study was projected mainly through an adapted questionnaire (n = 200) and then analyzed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences applying chi-square test and cross-tables, graphs, frequencies and percentages. The study highlighted the deterioration of greenbelts’ infrastructure system smashed possibly with improper developmental plans inside the urban fringes and inadequate maintenance of green structures. Opinion measures reported improved environmental and psychological paybacks, i.e., development of strong human senses to release stress and purify air, and several other benefits (a healthy, green, noise and pollution-free environment). The percentage swift urban sprawl and commercialization are the main causes of greenbelt deterioration and uplift of urban property costs. On the other hand, lack of spaces for greenbelts is a major cause for non-availability of facilities like sitting areas, walking track, trees, streetlights and car parking area. Qualitative surveillance based on conservation of greenbelts in an urban area revealed significant impacts on the environment, commercial marketing and the business community itself.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abu, L. J., & Hay, R. J. (2013). Third world urbanization. Routledge.
Acharya, G., & Bennett, L. (2001). Valuing open space and land-use patterns in urban watersheds. The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics, 22, 221–237.
Ahmad, M., Khattak, M. R., Jadoon, S. A., Rab, A., Basit, A., Ullah, I., Khalid, M. A., Ullah, I., & Shair, M. (2019). Influence of zinc sulphate on flowering and seed production of flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) A medicinal flowering plant. International Journal of Biosciences, 14, 464–476. https://doi.org/10.12692/ijb/14.4.464-476
Alam, M., Hayat, K., Ullah, I., Sajid, M., Ahmad, M., Basit, A., Ahmad, I., Muhammad, A., Akbar, S., & Hussain, Z. (2020). Improving okra (abelmoschus esculentus L.) Growth and yield by mitigating drought through exogenous application of Salicylic acid. Fres. Environ. Bulle, 29, 529–535.
Anderson, L. M., & Cordell, H. K. (1988). Influence of trees on residential property values in Athen Georgia; a survey based on actual sales prices. Landscape and Urban Planning, 15, 15–164.
Angel, S., Blei, A. M., Parent, J., Lamson-Hall, P., Sánchez, N. G., Civco, D. L., Lei, R. Q. and Thom, K. (2016). Atlas of urban expansion-2016 edition; volume 1: areas and densities.
Basit. (2018). Green belts conservation and possibilities of business community in its involvement. Case study. Abdul Basit, M. Sc. (Hons.) Research thesis submitted to Dept. Hort. Uni. Agri., Peshawar, Pak.
Basit, A., Khan, S., Sulaiman, S. S., & Shah, A. A. (2019). Morphological features of various selected tree species on the greater university campus Peshawar, Pakistan. International Journal of Botany Studies, 4, 92–97.
Beerli, A., & Maertin, D. (2004). Tourists characteristics and image of tourist’s destination: A quantitative analysis of a Lanzarote, Spain. Tourism Management, 25, 623–636.
Bowen, K. J., & Lynch, Y. (2017). The public health benefits of green infrastructure: The potential of economic framing for enhanced decision-making. Current Opinion in Envir. Sust., 25, 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.08.003
Brett, P., (2015). Planning on the doorstep: The big issues–green belt. Local Government Association and Planning Advisory Service. pp. 1–8.
Chung, J. Y., Kyle, G. T., & Abasher, J. D. (2011). Fairness of prices, user fee policy and willingness to pay among visitors to a national forest. Tourism Management, 32, 1038–1046.
Cox, H. (2013). The secular city: Secularization and urbanization in theological perspective. Princeton University Press.
Dyett, B. (2007). Green belt conservation strategies, Opportunities and challenges assessment. Lodi general plan update working paper #4 by Mundie & Associates (Urban and Regional Planners). September, 2007.
Ellaway, A., Macintyre, S., & Bonnefoy, X. (2005). Graffiti, greenery, and obesity in adults: Secondary analysis of European cross sectional survey. British Medical Journal, 31, 611–612.
Evans, A. W. (2003). Shouting very loudly. Town Planning Review, 74(2), 195–212.
Freestone, R. (2002), ‘Greenbelts in city and regional planning’. In Parsons, K., & Schuyler, D (eds.) ‘From garden city to green city: The legacy of Ebenezer howard’, (Baltimore: John Hopkins), pp. 67–98.
Gallent, N., & Shaw, D. (2007). Spatial planning, area action plans and the rural-urban fringe. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management., 50, 617–638. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560701475188
Gault, I. (1981). ‘Green belts and the development plan system’. In ‘Green belt policies in development plans’, (Oxford: Oxford Polytechnic Dept. of Town Planning, Working Paper Series). 41: 1–17.
Gooch, P., & Madser, S. T. (1999). A community management plane. The Van Gujjars and TheRajaji Parks. State Society and the Environment in South Asia, N.D. India.
Grinde, B., & Patil, G. G. (2009). Biophilia: Does visual contact with nature impact on health and well-being? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 6(9), 2332–2343.
Han, H., Huang, C., Ahn, K. H., Shu, X., Lin, L., & Qiu, D. (2017). The effects of greenbelt policies on land development: Evidence from the deregulation of the Greenbelt in the Seoul Metropolitan Area. Journal of Sustainability, 1259, 1–17.
Hassaan, A., Mahmoud, A., & Adel-El-Sayed, M. (2011). Development of sustainable urban green areas in Egyptian new cities: The case of El-Sadat City. Landscape Urban Plan, 101(2), 157–170.
Honu, Y. A. K., & K. Chandy andD.J. Gibson. (2009). Occurrence of non-native species deep in natural areas of the Shawnee Natural Forest, Southern Illinois, USA. Natural Areas Journal, 29(2), 177–187.
Jan, M. T., Shah, P, Hollington, P. A., Khan, M. J., & Sohail, Q. (2009). Agriculture research: Design and analysis. Dept. of Agronomy, KPK Agric. Uni. Peshawar, Pakistan.
Jim, C. Y., & Chen, W. Y. (2008). Pattern and divergence of tree communities in Taipei’s main urban green spaces. Landscape and Urban Planning, 84, 312–323.
Khan, F. I., & Abbasi, S. A. (2000). Attenuation of gaseous pollutants by greenbelts. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 64, 457–475.
Lee, S. C. (2004). Measuring public support for the Korean green belt policy: A multivariate analysis. Unpublished paper presented at the Association of Collegiate Schools of Planning 45th Annual Conference, Portland, OR, Oct. 21–24: 2004.
Lindsey, G., & Knaap, G. (1999). Willingness to pay for urban greenway projects. Journal of the American Planning Association, 65(3), 297–313.
Linfield, M., Steinberg, F. (2012). Urban development series. Asian Development Bank report “Green Cities” edited by Linfield, M. and Steinberg, F. pp. 1–3.
Litman, T. (2015). Understanding smart growth savings: Evaluating economic savings and benefits of compact development, and how they are misrepresented by critics. Victoria Transport Policy Institute.
Luttik, J. (2000). The value of trees, water and open spaces as reflected by house prices in the Netherlands. Landscape Urban Planning., 48, 161–167.
Malik, A. (2015). Potential role of business community in development and maintenance of adjacent urban green spaces: A case study of D-Ground, Faisalabad. M. Sc. (Hons.) Thesis. Inst. Of Hort. Sci. Uni. Agri., Faisalabad, Pakistan.
McPherson, J. R., & Simpson, S. E. (2005). "Municipal Forest Benefits and Costs in Five US Cities” Journal of Forestry. (December).
Moatasim F. (2017). Notice of Supreme Court of Pakistan on Illegal Encroachments and Deforestation in Posh Area of Islamabad Near Bani Gala. Available online: https://www.dawn.com/news/1350136, 07 August, 2017.
Mortberg, U., & Wallentinus, H. G. (2000). Red-listed forest bird species in an urban env-assessment of green space corridors. LSC and Urban Planning, 50(4), 215–226.
Nelson, A. C. (1985). A unifying view of greenbelt influences on regional land values and implications for regional planning policy. Growth and Change., 16(2), 43–48.
Nowak, D. J., Crane, D. E., & Stevens, J. C. (2006). Air pollution removal by urban trees and shrubs in the United States. Urban for Urban Greening, 4, 115–123.
Pendall, R., Martin, J., Fulton, W. (2002). Holding the line: urban containment in the United States. Discussion Paper. Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution, Pp: 45.
Plant, L., (2006). Brisbane: Beautiful one day, perfect the next-Is there room for improvement? TREENET Proceedings of the 7th National Street Tree Symposium: 7th and 8th September.
Riaz, A., Batool, Z., Younas, A., & Abid, L. (2002). Green areas: A source of healthy environment for people and value addition to property. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 4(4), 478–481.
Roe, M., & Mell, I. (2013). Negotiating value and priorities: evaluating the demands of green infrastructure development. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 56(5), 650–673. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2012.693454
Saelens, B. E., & Handy, S. L. (2008). Built environment correlates of walking: A review. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 40(7), 550–566.
Sajid, M., Basit, A., Ullah, Z., Shah, S. T., Ullah, I., Mohamed, H. I., & Ullah, I. (2020). Chitosan-based foliar application modulated the yield and biochemical attributes of peach (Prunus persica L.) cv early grand. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44, 150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s42269-020-00405-w
Sander, H. A., & Haight, R. G. (2012). Estimating the economic value of cultural ecosystem services in an urbanizing area using hedonic pricing. Journal of Environmental Management, 113, 194–205.
Sarwar, A. (2002). Planning green spaces in poverty line areas, Shadab colony, Noor pur and chak No. 7, case study. M. Sc. (Hons.) Thesis. Dept. Hort. Uni. Agri., Faisalabad, Pakistan.
Shaheen, I., Alamgir, M. G., & Usman, A. (2002). Perceptions of community of Madina Town towards the Underdeveloped Green space in Madina Town. Pakistan Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 2, 1099–1101. https://doi.org/10.3923/jas.2002.1099-1101
Smith, J. L. (2008). A critical appreciation of the “bottom-up” approach to sustainable water management: Embracing complexity rather than desirability. Local Environment, 13, 353–366.
Southworth, M. (2005). Designing the walkable city. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 131(4), 246–257.
Terry, C., Thomas, B., & Jack, M. (2006). Citizen-centered collaborative public management. Public Admin Review, 1, 2.
Vidal, J. (2007). ‘10,000 acres of Green Belt under threat’, The Guardian 12 March 2007.
Ward, S. V. (2002). Planning the twentieth century city. John Wiley & Sons.
Wild, T. C., Ogden, S., & Lerner, D. N. (2008). An innovative partnership response to the management of urban river corridors, Sheffield’s River Stewardship Company. In: Akrasar, W. S., Elif, E., & Hirth, H. (eds.). 11th International Conference on Urban Drainage, IAHR/IWA, Edinburgh. pp: 97–99.
Williams, S., (2015). The green belt: Its origins, role in planning, and the LNP report for Dorset local nature partnership. Pp. 1–31.
Yokohari, M., Takeuchi, K., Watanabe, T., & Yokota, S. (2000). Beyond greenbelts and zoning: A new planning concept for the environment of Asian mega-cities. Landscape and Urban Planning, 47, 159–171.
Young, R. F. (2011). Planting the living city. The Journal of the American Planning Association, 77(4), 368–381.