Going for the throat

An earlier version of this article was presented at the Law Commission of Canada hosted conference In Search of Security: An International Conference on Policing & Security Montréal, Québec, Canada, February, 2003, under the title Going for the Throat: Techniques in Crime Control or Denial of Privacy Thanks to Michael McLaren, Rob Kitto, and Pam Krauss for their research assistance, funded in part by the Law Foundation of Ontario. J. Goodman, et al, “Carnivore: Will it Devour your Privacy?”(2001) Duke L. & Tech. Rev. 0028. However, this may change in the US if the Total Information Awareness proposals discussed above are taken forward. USA., Department of Justice, Carnivore and the Fourth Amendment, (Statement of Kevin V. DiGregory, Deputy Assistant Attorney General, United States Department of Justice, Before the Subcommittee on the Constitution of the House Committee on the Judiciary)(24 July 2000), online: US Department of Justice http://www.usdoj.gov/criminal/cybercrime/carnivore.htm (date accessed: 24 September 2001) [hereinafter “Carnivore and the Fourth Amendment”]. S.P. Smith et al., “Independent Review of the Carnivore System – Final Report”, Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute (8 December 2000) online: US Department of Justice: http://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/publications/carniv_final.pdf (date accessed: 26 December 2002). Title III of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 18 USC. §§ 2510-22 Carnivore and the Fourth Amendment, supra note 5. R. Graham, “Carnivore FAQ (Frequently Asked Questions)”online: Robert Graham http://www.robertgraham.com/pubs/carnivore-faq.html (date accessed: 28 December 2001). Smith, supra note 6. Ibid. Goodman, supra note 3. Ibid. U.S.A., Federal Bureau of Investigation, Internet and Data Interception Capabilities Developed by FBI, (Congressional Statement) by D. M. Kerr,(Washington, D.C.:24 July 2000), online: FBI http://www.fbi.gov/congress/congress00/kerr072400.htm (date accessed: 24 Dec 2002). M.M. Grier Jr., “The Software Formerly Known as ‘Carnivore': When Does E-mail Surveillance Encroach Upon a Reasonable Expectation of Privacy?” (2001) 52 S.C. L. Rev. 875. Smith v. Maryland 442 US 735, 739 (1979). See discussion in Goodman, supra note 3. 47 USC. § 1001 D. Gessel, “CALEA, Carnivore, and Counter-measures”(IS2K Conference, Seoul, Korea, 2000), online: http://www.dis.org/gessel/IS2K/CALEA_Carnivore.pdf (date accessed: 8 February 2002). United States Telecom Ass'n v. FCC 227 F.3d 450, 453 (D.C. Cir. 2000). Ibid at 455 (references omitted). See discussion in Grier, supra note 15. 21st Century Department of Justice Appropriations Authorization Act (H.R. 2215). R. Longley, “Congress Clamps Down On Carnivore”About.com (6 August 2001), online: About.com http://usgovinfo.about.com/library/weekly/aa080601a.htm (date accessed: 27 December 2001). Stacy Blasberg “Legal Update: Law and Technology of Security Measures in the Wake of Terrorism” 8 B.U. J. SCI. & TECH. L. 72 D. McCullagh, “Senate OKs FBI Net Spying” Wired News (14 September 2001), online: Wired News http://www.wired.com/news/politics/0,1283,46852,00.html (date accessed: 29 December 2001). B. Sullivan, “FBI Software Cracks Encryption Wall”, MSNBC(20 November 2001), online: MSNBC http://www.msnbc.com/news/660096.asp (date accessed: 27 December 2001). McCullagh, supra note 25. Ibid. Regulation of Investigative Powers Act (U.K.), 2000, c. 23. Gessel, supra note 19. K. Lillington, “Irish, UK Crypto Regs Far Apart” Wired News (16 February 2000), online: Wired News http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,34350,00.html (date accessed: 24 May 2002). Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, Ch. 23, s. 2 (Eng.). See also discussion in Gessel, supra note 19. Ibid. The Economic Impact of the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Bill (The British Chambers of Commerce, 2000) (Editors: I. Brown, S. Davies, G. Hosein), online: The British Chambers of Commerce http://www.britishchambers.org.uk/newsandpolicy/ict/ripbillsummary.htm (date accessed: 3 July 2002 – no longer online at this site, but held on file) [hereinafter “Economic Impact”]. Ibid. Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, Ch. 23, s. 5(3) (Eng.) Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, Ch. 23, s. 18(2) (Eng.) R. Maddocks, “RIP No Longer Means Requiescat In Pace” Le Québécois Libre (1 April 12000), online: Le Québécois Librehttp://www.quebecoislibre.org/0004016.htm (date accessed: 9 February 2002). For discussion of the Act, see “STAND's Guide to the RIP v1.0”(2 March 2002), online: http://www.stand.org.uk/ripnotes (date accessed: 24 December 2002). Economic Impact, supra note 34. Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000, Ch. 23, s. 49 (Eng.). I. Brown & B. Gladman, “The Regulation of Investigatory Powers Bill – Technically inept: ineffective against criminals while undermining the privacy, safety and security of honest citizens and businesses”, online: http://www.fipr.org/rip/RIPcountermeasures.htm (date accessed: 24 May 2002). Lillington, supra note 31. Economic Impact, supra note 34. Ibid. Ibid. A. Docherty, “U.K. Crypto Law a Key Issue” Wired News (7 March 2000), online: Wired News http://www.wired.com/news/print/0,1294,34776,00.html (date accessed: 24 May 2002). J. Naughton, “Three Minute Guide to RIP” Stand (12 March 2000), online: Stand http://www.stand.org.uk/commentary.php3 (date accessed: 24 May 2002). Economic Impact, supra note 34. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Docherty, supra note 46. Information Society Commission, “Key Issues : Electronic Commerce”, online: http://www.isc.ie/cgi-local/publications.cgi?f=ecomm (date accessed: 26 May 2002). D. Kelleher, “Legislation Strong on Privacy for Internet” Irish Times 11 July 2000 p 16 Ibid. Ibid. Economic Impact, supra note 34. Ibid. Graham, supra note 9. Economic Impact, supra note 34. Ibid. Ibid. See “‘sORM’ to Shutdown?” Cryptome.org Moscow, Russia (25 September 2000), online: Cryptome.org http://cryptome.org/ru-sormshut.htm (date accessed: 13 June 2002). A. Ivanov, “Sorm Problem: Latest News” St. Petersburg Civil Law Center, online: Balfort.com http://www.balfort.com/sorm.html (date accessed: 13 June 2002). Ibid. Larisa Naumenko “Bugging Key in Hostage Battle” The Moscow Times, October 29, 2002 Graham, supra note 6. Privacy and Human Rights 2000 : Country Reports : Japan, online: Privacy International, 2000 http://www.privacyinternational.org/survey/phr2000/countrieshp.html (date accessed: 24 June 2002) [hereinafter “Privacy and Human Rights 2000”]. Ibid. “Wiretap, but Carefully”The Japan Times Online(28 August 2000), online: http://www.snapshield.com/www_problems/Japan/Wiretap_but_carefully.htm (date accessed: 24 June 2002) [hereinafter “Wiretap”]. Graham, supra note 9. Wiretap, supra note 70. Ibid. D.A. Laverty, “JAPAN: Internet Privacy and Related Developments” International Counsel (March 2000), online: International Counsel http://www.internationalcounsel.com/pubs/updates/update008.htm (date accessed: 24 June 2002). Privacy and Human Rights 2000, supra note 68. Graham, supra note 9. T. Hamilton, “FBI Software Can Take Bite Out of Canadians' Privacy” Toronto Star (25 March 2001), online: http://www.efc.ca/pages/media/2001/2001-03-25-a-torontostar.html (date accessed: 13 June 2002). Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. Gessel, supra note 19. Smith, supra note 6. Goodman, supra note 3. Ibid. Smith, supra note 6. Ibid. Ibid. Goodman, supra note 3. Ibid. Ibid. Grier, supra note 15. Ibid. Ibid. Goodman, supra note 3. Grier, supra note 15. U.S.A., Centre for Democracy and Technology, The Carnivore Controversy: Electronic Surveillance and Privacy in the Digital Age,(Testimony of James X. Dempsey before the United States Senate - Senate Judiciary Committee) (6 September 2000), online: Centre for Democracy and Technology http://www.cdt.org/testimony/000906dempsey.shtml (date accessed: 25 December 2002) [hereinafter “Carnivore Controversy”]. Ibid. United States Telecom Ass'n v. FCC 227 F.3d 450, 453 (D.C. Cir. 2000). Susannah Fox and Oliver Lewis “Fear of Online Crime: Americans Support FBI Interception of Criminal Suspects' Email and New Laws to Protect Online Privacy” Pew Internet & American Life Project, (2 April 2001)online: http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/pdfs/PIP_Fear_of_crime.pdf (date accessed: 27 December 2002). Lee Rainie, Susannah Fox, & Mary Madden, “One Year Later: September 11 and the internet” http://www.pewinternet.org/reports/toc.asp?Report=69 Longley, supra note 23. M. Rothenberg, “FBI's Carnivore Gnawing at liberty?” ZDNN (11 July 11 2000), online: ZD Net http://www.zdnet.com/filters/printerfriendly/0,6061,2601960-2,00.html (date accessed: 19 September 2001). Stop Carnivore Now, supra note 96. Grier, supra note 15. Smith, supra note 6. Grier, supra note 15. US Senate, The Fourth Amendment and the FBI's Carnivore Program, (Testimony before the United States Senate – Senate Judiciary Committee by Jeffrey Rosen) (6 September 2000), online: US Senate: http://judiciary.senate.gov/oldsite/962000_jr.htm (date accessed: 26 December 2002) [hereinafter “Fourth Amendment and FBI”]. Grier, supra note 15. Fourth Amendment and FBI, supra note 107. Carnivore and the Fourth Amendment, supra note 5. Carnivore Controversy, supra note 96. Fourth Amendment and FBI, supra note 107. Smith, supra note 6. C. Chiu, & B. Steinhardt, “ACL Comments regarding Carnivore review team draft report” American Civil Liberties Union (12 January 2000) online: American Civil Liberties Union http://www.aclu.org/ (date accessed: 25 December 2002). Ibid. Ibid. S.M. Bellovin et al., “Comments on the Carnivore System Technical Review”, (3 December 2000), online: http://www.crypto.com/papers/carnivore_report_comments.html (date accessed: 27 December 2002). R. Stenger, “Universities Unwilling to Review FBI's ‘Carnivore' system – Agency's Restrictions Seen as Overbearing” CNN (6 September 2000), online: CNN.com http://europe.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/09/06/carnivore/(date accessed: 25 December, 2001). Ibid. European Parliament, Report on the Existence of a Global System for the Interception of Private and Commercial Communications (ECHELON Interception System), (A5-0264/2001), online: http://www.fas.org/irp/program/process/rapport_Echelon_en.pdf (date accessed: 20 December 2002) [hereinafter “European Parliament”]. For reports on Echelon from Zdnet UK, see http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/specials/2000/06/Echelon/ (date accessed: 20 March 2003). Ibid. See also, “Echelonwatch – Frequently Asked Questions about Echelon” American Civil Liberties Union (7 February 2002), online: American Civil Liberties Union http://www.aclu.org/Echelonwatch/faq.html (date accessed: 26 December 2002) [hereinafter “Echelonwatch”]. It is also clear that nations outside this group run their own systems, such as Frenchelon, see http://www.zdnet.co.uk/news/specials/2000/06/Echelon/ (date accessed: 20 March 2003). N. Hagar, “Exposing the Global Surveillance System” Covert Action Quarterly, online: Mirio's Cyberspace Station http://public.srce.hr/~mprofaca/Echelon01.html (date accessed: 16 May 2002). J. Bronskill, “Canada a Key Snooper in Huge Spy Network” The Ottawa Citizen (24 May 1999), online: http://insight.mcmaster.ca/org/efc/pages/media/ottawa.citizen.24may99.html (date accessed: 29 May 2002). Echelonwatch, supra note 122. Ibid. Hagar, supra note 123. Ibid. European Parliament, supra note 120. Bronskill, supra note 124. European Parliament, supra note 120. Hagar, supra note 123. Echelonwatch, supra note 122. Hagar, supra note 123. D. Campbell, “Inside Echelon”Telepolis das Magazin der Netzkultur (25 July 2000), online: http://www.telepolis.de/english/inhalt/te/6929/1.html (date accessed: 29 May 2002). European Parliament, supra note 120. Hagar, supra note 123. Ibid. Ibid. Echelonwatch, supra note 122. Ibid. Ibid. Ibid. New Zealand describes the facility, with pictures, on the government website: see Domestic and External Security Secretariat, Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet Securing? our? Nation's? Safety? http://www.dpmc.govt.nz/dess/securingoursafety/index.html (date accessed: 27 December 2002). Echelonwatch, supra note 122. Ibid. Ibid. European Parliament, supra note 120. Ibid. As related by Mike Frost in CBS's 60 Minutes programme in 2000: “[Thatcher] had two ministers that she said, quote, ‘they weren't onside,’ unquote … so my boss went to London and did intercept traffic from those two ministers.” See http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/655996.stm (date accessed: 27 March 2003). J. Ashcroft, “Keep Big Brother's Hands off the Internet”(1997) 2(4) USIA Electronic Journal, online: http://usinfo.state.gov/journals/itgic/1097/ijge/gj-7.htm (date accessed: 27 December 2002).