God Images in the Cities of Bilbao, Cordoba, Lima, and Montevideo: a Qualitative Study
Tóm tắt
The aim of this article is to analyze God images reflected in 57 interviews conducted among Catholics, Evangelicals, and other people without religious self-identification (“unaffiliated”). The interviews, which follow the Lived Religion approach, were carried out in three Latin American cities (Córdoba, Lima, and Montevideo), and in the city of Bilbao (Spain). In the latter city, both the Latin American immigrant population and the local population were considered. The systematic analysis of the interviews lets us identify a multi-faceted imaginary of the divine with diverse nuances in the images of the benevolent God, the authoritarian God and other hybrid God images. Likewise, it is striking to note what is, and what is not God, as it is reflected in various interviews. The analysis of the identified quotations suggests some differences in God images, based on geographical location and religious belonging, as well as the specific case of the unaffiliated to any religious faith.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Ameigueiras AR (Comp.) (2014) Símbolos, rituales religiosos e identidades nacionales. Los símbolos religiosos y los procesos de construcción política de identidadesen Latinoamérica. CLACSO, Colección Grupos de Trabajo, Buenos Aires
Ammerman NT (2014) Sacred stories, spiritual tribes. Finding religion in everyday life. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York
Angus Reid Institute (2018) A spectrum of spirituality: Canadians keep the faith to varying degrees, but few reject it entirely. Available via DIALOG. https://angusreid.org/religion-in-canada-150/. Accessed 15 Jan 2021
Armstrong K (2002) Una historia de Dios. 4000 años de búsqueda en el judaísmo, el cristianismo y el islam. Paidós, Barcelona, Buenos Aires y México
Barriocanal Gómez JL (2010) La imagen de un Dios violento. Editorial Monte Carmelo, Burgos
Chambers-Richards T, Chireh B, D’Arcy C (2022) Relationship between spirituality, religiosity, and general life satisfaction among Canadians living with neurological conditions in New Brunswick and Manitoba. J Relig Health January. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01510-y
Clark M (2012) The creation of our internal image of God: influences personal, developmental, and cultural. In: Clark M (ed) Understanding religion and spirituality in clinical practice. Karnac Books Ltd., London, pp 21–31
Counted V (2015) Understanding God images and God concepts: towards a pastoral hermeneutics of the God attachment experiencia. Verbum Et Ecclesia 36:1–14. https://doi.org/10.4102/ve.v36i1.1389
Da Costa N (2017) Creencia e increencia desde las vivencias cotidianas. Una mirada desde Uruguay. Estudos de Religiao 31 (3): 33–53. https://www.metodista.br/revistas/revistas-metodista/index.php/ER/article/view/8479. Accessed 07 Feb 2022
Da Costa N (2019) Creyentes sin religión y ateos en el laico Uruguay, In Rabbia HH, Morello G, Da Costa N, and Romero C (Comp.) La religión como experiencia cotidiana: creencias, prácticas y narrativas espirituales en Sudamérica, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Fondo Editorial, Lima, pp. 67–81
Da Costa N (2020) Non-affiliated believers and atheists in the very secular Uruguay. Religions 11(1):50. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11010050
Davis NT, Federico CM (2019) Constructing images of the divine: latent heterogeneity in Americans’ impressions of God. J Sci Study Relig 58(1):47–66. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12571
Davis EB, Moriarty G, Mauch J (2013) God images and God concepts: definitions, development, and dynamics. Psychol Relig Spiritual 5:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029289
De León Azcárate JL (2021) Violencia, imperios y monoteísmos. La violencia en los textos fundacionales del judaísmo, cristianismo e islam. PPC Editorial, Madrid
Dezutter J, Luyckx K, Schaap-Jonker H, Büssing A, Corveleyn J, Hutsebaut D (2010) God image and happiness in chronic pain patients: the mediating role of disease interpretation. Pain Med 11:765–773. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2010.00827.x
Dezutter J, Wachholtz A, Corveleyn J (2011) Prayer and pain: the mediating role of positive re-appraisal. J Behav Med 34:542–549. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-011-9348-2
Edwards M (2013) Image, word and God in the early Christian centuries. Ashgate, New York
Ellison CG, Bradshaw M, Flannelly KJ, Galek KC (2014) Prayer, attachment to God, and symptoms of anxiety-related disorders among U.S. adults. Sociol Relig 75:208–233. https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/srt079
Estrada JA (1994) Dios en las Tradiciones Filosóficas. Aporías y problemas de la teología natural. Editorial Trotta, Madrid
Estrada JA (1996) Dios en las Tradiciones Filosóficas. De la muerte de Dios a la crisis del sujeto (Paradigmas). Editorial Trotta, Madrid
Estrada JA (2003) Imágenes de Dios. La Filosofía ante el Lenguaje Religioso. Editorial Trotta, Madrid
Estrada JA (2015) ¿Qué decimos cuando hablamos de Dios? La fe en una cultura escéptica. Editorial Trotta, Madrid
Fiorenza FS, Kaufman GD (1998) God. In: Taylor M (ed) Critical terms for religious studies. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago and London, pp 136–159
Fiske ST, Taylor SE (2017) Social Cognition. From Brains to Culture, 3rd ed. Sage, London
Froese P, Bader C (2008) Unraveling religious world views: the relationship between images of God and political ideology in a cross-cultural analysis. Sociol Q 49:689–718. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1533-8525.2008.00132.x
Gibson N (2007) Measurement issues in God image research and practice. In Moriarty G and Hoffman L (eds) God image handbook for spiritual counseling and psychoterapy. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, New York and London, pp 227–246
Grimes C (2007) God image research: a literature review. In Moriarty G and Hoffman L (eds) God image handbook for spiritual counseling and psychoterapy.Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, New York and London, pp 11–32
Hall TW, Fujikawa A, Halcrow S, Hill P, Delaney H (2009) Attachment to God and implicit spirituality: clarifying correspondence and compensation models. J Psychol Theol 37:227–242. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164710903700401
Hall TW, Fujikawa A (2013) God image and the sacred. In Kargament, K Exline J and Jones J (eds) Handbook of psychology, religion, and spirituality: Vol 1. Context,theory, and research. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC, pp 277–292
Hill PC, Hall TW (2002) Relational schemas in processing one’s image of God and self. J Psychol Christ 21(4):365–373
Hoffman L (2004) Cultural constructs of the God image and God concept: implications for culture, psychology, and religion. Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Society for the Scientific Study of Religion, Kansas City, MO, USA, October 7–10; pp. 1–28. Available via DIALOG. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/242739798_Cultural_Constructs_of_the_God_Image_and_God_Concept_Implications_for_Culture_Psychology_and_Religion. Accessed 20 Jan 2021
Huguelet P, Koenig HG (2009) Religion and spirituality in psychiatry. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Johnson D (2016) God is watching you. Oxford University Press, Oxford, How the fear of God makes us human
Kao LE, Peteet JR, Cook CCH (2020) Spirituality and mental health. J Study Spiritual 10:42–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/20440243.2020.1726048
Kehl M (2003) [1999] Y después del fin, ¿qué? Del fin del mundo, la consumación, la reencarnación y la resurrección. Traducción de Rafael Fernández de Maruri. Desclée de Brouwer, Bilbao
Koenig HG (ed) (1998) Handbook of religion and mental health. Academic Press, San Diego-London
Koenig HG (2012) Religion, spirituality, and health: the research and clinical implications. International Scholarly Research Network ISRN Psychiatry, Article ID 278730, 33 pages. https://www.hindawi.com/journals/isrn/2012/278730/. Accessed 07 Feb 2022
Kunkel M, Cook S, Meshel D, Daughtry D, Hauenstein A (1999) God images: a concept map. J Sci Study Relig 38:193–202. https://doi.org/10.2307/1387789
Lawrence RT (1997) Measuring the image of God: the God image inventory and the God image scales. J Psychol Theol 25:214–226. https://doi.org/10.1177/009164719702500206
Lecaros V (2015) Les sans religion en Amérique latine. Rev Sci Relig 89(1):83–104. https://doi.org/10.4000/rsr.2485
Lecaros V (2017) ¿Dios castigador, Dios juez o Dios amado? Imágenes de Dios en medios católicos y pentecostales peruanos. Horizonte 15:571–594. https://doi.org/10.5752/P.2175-5841.2017v15n46p571
Lecaros V (2020) L’existence de Dieu, une évidence en Amérique Latine. Theologica Xaveriana 70: 1–27. https://revistas.javeriana.edu.co/index.php/teoxaveriana/article/view/28763. Accessed 07 Feb 2022
Loewenthal K (2006) Religion, culture and mental health. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
López Fidanza JM, Suárez AL (2016) Diversidad de creencias, devociones y prácticas religiosas en los asentamientos precarios de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Religião e Sociedade, Rio De Janeiro 36(1):103–127. https://doi.org/10.1590/0100-85872016v36n1cap05
MacKenna C (2002) Self images and God images. Br J Psychother 18:325–338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-0118.2002.tb00034.x
Marzal MM (2002) Tierra encantada. Tratado de antropología religiosa en América Latina. Editorial Trotta, Madrid
McGuire MB (2008) Lived religion. faith and practice in everyday life. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York
McIntosh D (1995) Religion-as-Schema, With Implications for the Relation between Religion and Coping. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion 5: 1–16.Available via DIALOG. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780429495915-13/religion-schema-implications-relation-religion-coping-daniel-mcintosh.Accessed 19 May 2021
Mirman C (2005) The subjective experience of God. In: Dayringer R, Oler D (eds) The image of God and the psychology of religion. Routledge, New York and London, pp 41–54
Morello G (2014) Dónde estaba Dios. Católicos y Terrorismo de estado en la Argentina de los Setentas. Ediciones B, Buenos Aires
Morello G (2021) Lived religion in Latin America. Oxford University Press, Oxford, An enchanted modernity
Morello G, Romero C, Rabbia H, Da Costa N (2017) An enchanted modernity Making sense of Latin America’s religious landscape. Crit Res Relig 5(39):308–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/2050303217732131
Morello G (2017) Introduction. Lived religion in Latin America and Europe. Roman Catholics and their practices. In Morello G and Roldán V (eds) Lived religion in Latin America and Europe. Roman Catholics and their practices. Quaderni del Csal 4, v. 9, n. 17: Edizioni Università di Trieste, 13–23
Morello G (2019) Imágenes de Dios en la ciudad. In Rabbia HH, Morello G, Da Costa N, and Romero C (Comp.) La religión como experiencia cotidiana: creencias, prácticas y narrativas espirituales en Sudamérica, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Fondo Editorial, Lima, pp. 99–108
Morello G (2020) Una Modernidad Encantada. Religión Vivida en Latinoamérica. EDUCC, Córdoba
Moriarty GL, Davis EE (2012) Client God images theory, research, and clinical practice In Aten JD, O’Grady KA, Worthington EL, Jr. (eds) The psychology of religion and spirituality for clinicians: using research in your practice. Routledge Taylor & Francis Group, New York, London, pp. 131–160
Moriarty G, Hoffman L (2007) Introduction and overview. In Moriarty G and Hoffman L (eds) God image handbook for spiritual counseling and psychotherapy. Routledge Taylor and Francis Group, New York and London, pp. 1–9
Norenzayan A (2013) Big gods: how religion transformed cooperation and conflict. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ
Otto R (1996) Lo santo. Lo racional y lo irracional en la idea de Dios. Alianza Editorial, Madrid
Pew Research Center (2014) Religion in Latin America. Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Religion 2014. Available via DIALOG. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/. Accessed 22 May 2021
Pew Research Center (2019) Religion’s relationship to happiness, civic engagement and health around the world. Available via DIALOG. https://www.pewresearch.org/religion/2019/01/31/religions-relationship-to-happiness-civic-engagement-and-health-around-the-world/. Accessed 22 May 2021
Prospezkio Soziologikoen Kabinetea-Gabinete de Prospección Sociológica (2017) Euskal iritzi publikoaren urtekaria-Anuario de la opinión pública vasca 2016. Vitoria-Gasteiz:Eusko-Jaurlaritza-Gobierno Vasco. Available via DIALOG. https://www.euskadi.eus/contenidos/documentacion/o_urtekaria_2016/es_def/adjuntos/urtekaria_2016.pdf. Accessed 15 Feb 2021
Rizzuto AM (1979) The birth of the living God: a psychoanalytic study. University of Chicago Press, London
Rodríguez L, de León JL, Uriarte L, Basterretxea I (2021) Institutional religion and religious experience. Religions 12:791. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12100791
Rojas Marcos L (2002) Nuestra felicidad. Espasa, Madrid
Romero C, Lecaros VY (2017) Quiénes son los ‘sin religión’ en Lima. Estudos De Religião 31(3):111–130
Rubin JW, Smilde D, Junge B (2014) Lived religion and lived citizenship in Latin America’s zones of crisis. Lat Am Res Rev 24: 7–26. Available viaDIALOG. https://www.jstor.org/stable/43670213. Accessed 10 Nov 2021
Rush C, Vagnini K, Wachholtz A (2020) Spirituality/religion and pain. In: Rosmarin DH, Koenig HG (eds) Handbook of spirituality, religion, and mental health, 2nd edn. Elsevier- Academic Press, London-San Diego, pp 179–199
Seibert EA (2009) Disturbing divine behavior. Fortress Press, Minneapolis, Troubling Old Testament Images of God
Sharp S (2013) When prayers go unanswered. J Sci Study Relig 52(1):1–16. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12013
Smith JM, Cragun RT (2019) Mapping religion’s other: a review of the study of nonreligion and secularity. J Sci Study Relig 58(3):707–724. https://www.ryantcragun.com/mapping-religions-other-a-review-of-the-study-of-nonreligion-and-secularity/. Accessed 10 Nov 2021
Strawn KD (2019) What’s behind the “Nones-sense”? Change over time in factors predicting likelihood of religious nonaffiliation in the United States. J Sci Study Relig 58(2):319–335. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12609
Suárez AL (2016) Devociones, promesas, y milagros. Aproximación a dimensiones de la espiritualidad en sectores populares. Ciencias Sociales y Religión/ Ciências Sociais e Religião 24:54–70
Taylor C (2015) La era secular. Tomo II. Gedisa, Barcelona
Thiessen J, Wilkins-Laflamme S (2017) Becoming a religious none: irreligious socialization and disaffiliation. J Sci Study Relig 56(1):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12319
Torres Queiruga A (2000) Del Terror de Isaac al Abbá de Jesús. Hacia una Nueva Imagen de Dios. Editorial Verbo Divino, Estella
Valiente Barroso C y García-García E (2020) La religiosidad como factor promotor de salud y bienestar para un modelo disciplinar de atención psicogeriátrica.Psicogeriatría 2: 153–165. Available via DIALOG. https://www.ucm.es/data/cont/docs/140-2013-10-04-documento25550.pdf. Accessed 11 Feb 2021
Winnicott DW (1953) Transitional objects and transitional phenomena. Int J Psychoanal 34:89–97
Wuthnow R (2000) After heaven. Spirituality in America since the 1950’s. University of California Press, Berkeley