Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) Biosynthesis and GAG-Binding Proteins

Lijuan Zhang1
1Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University Medical School, St. Louis, Missouri, USA

Tài liệu tham khảo

Esko, 2002, Order out of chaos: assembly of ligand binding sites in heparan sulfate, Annu Rev Biochem, 71, 435, 10.1146/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135458 Silbert, 2002, Biosynthesis of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate, IUBMB Life, 54, 177, 10.1080/15216540214923 Lander, 2000, The elusive functions of proteoglycans: in vivo veritas, J Cell Biol, 148, 227, 10.1083/jcb.148.2.227 Marynen, 1989, J Biol Chem, 264, 7017, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)83534-7 David, 1989, Cell-surface heparan sulfate and heparan-sulfate/chondroitin-sulfate hybrid proteoglycans of mouse mammary epithelial cells, Eur J Biochem, 178, 609, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1989.tb14489.x David, 1990, Molecular cloning of a phosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan from human lung fibroblasts, J Cell Biol, 111, 3165, 10.1083/jcb.111.6.3165 David, 1992, Molecular cloning of amphiglycan, a novel integral membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan expressed by epithelial and fibroblastic cells, J Cell Biol, 118, 961, 10.1083/jcb.118.4.961 Lories, 1992, Differential expression of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans in human mammary epithelial cells and lung fibroblasts, J Biol Chem, 267, 1116, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)48404-9 Heremans, 1988, Heparan sulfate proteoglycan from the extracellular matrix of human lung fibroblasts. Isolation, purification, and core protein characterization, J Biol Chem, 263, 4731, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)68844-1 Vogel, 1981, Extracellular, surface, and intracellular proteoglycans produced by human embryo lung fibroblasts in culture (IMR-90), J Biol Chem, 256, 13235, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)43034-7 Hartmann, 2001, Proteoglycans in the nervous system–the quest for functional roles in vivo, Matrix Biol, 20, 23, 10.1016/S0945-053X(00)00137-2 Vlodavsky, 2001, Molecular properties and involvement of heparanase in cancer metastasis and angiogenesis, J Clin Invest, 108, 341, 10.1172/JCI13662 Morimoto-Tomita, 2002, Cloning and Characterization of Two Extracellular Heparin-degrading Endosulfatases in Mice and Humans, J Biol Chem, 277, 49175, 10.1074/jbc.M205131200 Dhoot, 2001, Regulation of Wnt signaling and embryo patterning by an extracellular sulfatase, Science, 293, 1663, 10.1126/science.293.5535.1663 Kosir, 2000, Matrix glycosaminoglycans in the growth phase of fibroblasts: more of the story in wound healing, J Surg Res, 92, 45, 10.1006/jsre.2000.5840 Mack, 2002, Chondroitin sulfate A released from platelets blocks RANTES presentation on cell surfaces and RANTES-dependent firm adhesion of leukocytes, Eur J Immunol, 32, 1012, 10.1002/1521-4141(200204)32:4<1012::AID-IMMU1012>3.0.CO;2-T Piepkorn, 1988, Evidence for independent metabolism and cell surface localization of cell surface localization of cellular proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycan free chains, J Cell Physiol, 135, 189, 10.1002/jcp.1041350206 Piepkorn, 1989, Glycosaminoglycan free chains. External plasma membrane components distinct from the membrane proteoglycans, J Biol Chem, 264, 8662, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)81843-9 Zhang, 1994, Amino acid determinants that drive heparan sulfate assembly in a proteoglycan, J Biol Chem, 269, 19295, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)32166-X Zhang, 1995, Repetitive Ser-Gly sequences enhance heparan sulfate assembly in proteoglycans, J Biol Chem, 270, 27127, 10.1074/jbc.270.45.27127 Zhang, 1995, Accumulation of a pentasaccharide terminating in alpha-N- acetylglucosamine in an animal cell mutant defective in heparan sulfate biosynthesis, J Biol Chem, 270, 12557, 10.1074/jbc.270.21.12557 Esko, 1996, Influence of core protein sequence on glycosaminoglycan assembly, Curr Opin Struct Biol, 6, 663, 10.1016/S0959-440X(96)80034-0 Chen, 2001, Mechanisms underlying preferential assembly of heparan sulfate on glypican-1, J Biol Chem, 276, 7507, 10.1074/jbc.M008283200 Govindraj, 2002, Isolation and identification of the major heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the developing bovine rib growth plate, J Biol Chem, 277, 19461, 10.1074/jbc.M200786200 Kresse, 2001, Different usage of the glycosaminoglycan attachment sites of biglycan, J Biol Chem, 276, 13411, 10.1074/jbc.M009321200 McCormick, 1998, The putative tumour suppressor EXT1 alters the expression of cell-surface heparan sulfate, Nat Genet, 19, 158, 10.1038/514 Lind, 1998, The putative tumor suppressors EXT1 and EXT2 are glycosyltransferases required for the biosynthesis of heparan sulfate, J Biol Chem, 273, 26265, 10.1074/jbc.273.41.26265 Zhang, 2001, The effect of precursor structures on the action of 3-OST-1 and the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparan sulfate, J Biol Chem, 24, 24 Shukla, 1999, A novel role for 3-O-sulfated heparan sulfate in herpes simplex virus 1 entry, Cell, 99, 13, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80058-6 Liu, 2002, Characterization of a heparan sulfate octasaccharide that binds to herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D, J Biol Chem, 277, 33456, 10.1074/jbc.M202034200 Xia, 2002, Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 5 generates both an antithrombin-binding site and an entry receptor for herpes simplex virus, type 1, J Biol Chem, 277, 37912, 10.1074/jbc.M204209200 Sugahara, 1996, Novel sulfated oligosaccharides containing 3-O-sulfated glucuronic acid from king crab cartilage chondroitin sulfate K. Unexpected degradation by chondroitinase ABC, J Biol Chem, 271, 26745, 10.1074/jbc.271.43.26745 Kinoshita, 1997, Novel tetrasaccharides isolated from squid cartilage chondroitin sulfate E contain unusual sulfated disaccharide units GlcA(3-O-sulfate)beta1-3GalNAc(6-O-sulfate) or GlcA(3-O-sulfate)beta1-3GalNAc, J Biol Chem, 272, 19656, 10.1074/jbc.272.32.19656 Maccarana, 2009, Dermatan sulfate epimerase 1-deficient mice have reduced content and changed distribution of iduronic acids in dermatan sulfate and an altered collagen structure in skin, Mol Cell Biol, 29, 5517, 10.1128/MCB.00430-09 Rosenberg, 1997, Heparan sulfate proteoglycans of the cardiovascular system. Specific structures emerge but how is synthesis regulated?, J Clin Invest, 100, S67 Esko, 2001, Molecular diversity of heparan sulfate, J Clin Invest, 108, 169, 10.1172/JCI200113530 Perrimon, 2000, Specificities of heparan sulphate proteoglycans in developmental processes, Nature, 404, 725, 10.1038/35008000 Selleck, 2000, Proteoglycans and pattern formation: sugar biochemistry meets developmental genetics, Trends Genet, 16, 206, 10.1016/S0168-9525(00)01997-1 Lindahl, 1999, What else can 'Heparin' do?, Haemostasis, 29, 38 Reizes, 2001, Transgenic expression of syndecan-1 uncovers a physiological control of feeding behavior by syndecan-3, Cell, 106, 105, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00415-9 Iozzo, 2001, Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: intricate molecules with intriguing functions, J Clin Invest, 108, 165, 10.1172/JCI200113560 Iozzo, 2001, Heparan sulfate proteoglycans: heavy hitters in the angiogenesis arena, J Clin Invest, 108, 349, 10.1172/JCI200113738 Saito, 2007, Analysis of plasma proteins that bind to glycosaminoglycans, Biochim Biophys Acta, 1770, 241, 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.10.015 Zhang, 1995, Amino acid sequences that regulate heparan sulfate biosynthesis, 201 Margolis, 1997, Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans as mediators of axon growth and pathfinding, Cell Tissue Res, 290, 343, 10.1007/s004410050939 Inatani, 2001, Inhibitory effects of neurocan and phosphacan on neurite outgrowth from retinal ganglion cells in culture, Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 42, 1930 Penc, 1998, Dermatan sulfate released after injury is a potent promoter of fibroblast growth factor-2 function, J Biol Chem, 273, 28116, 10.1074/jbc.273.43.28116 Penc, 1999, Dermatan sulfate activates nuclear factor-kappab and induces endothelial and circulating intercellular adhesion molecule-1, J Clin Invest, 103, 1329, 10.1172/JCI4742 Renne, 2001, Cell surface-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans bind contact phase factor H-kininogen, FEBS Lett, 500, 36, 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02570-4 Maimone, 1990, Structure of a dermatan sulfate hexasaccharide that binds to heparin cofactor II with high affinity, J Biol Chem, 265, 18263, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)44747-8 Kaplan, 2000, Macrophage plasma membrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan binds oxidized low-density lipoprotein, Atherosclerosis, 149, 5, 10.1016/S0021-9150(99)00287-7 Conrad, 1998 McDowell, 2006, Inhibition or activation of Apert syndrome FGFR2 (S252W) signaling by specific glycosaminoglycans, J Biol Chem, 281, 6924, 10.1074/jbc.M512932200 Schwall, 1996, Heparin induces dimerization and confers proliferative activity onto the hepatocyte growth factor antagonists NK1 and NK2, J Cell Biol, 133, 709, 10.1083/jcb.133.3.709 Zioncheck, 1995, Sulfated oligosaccharides promote hepatocyte growth factor association and govern its mitogenic activity, J Biol Chem, 270, 16871, 10.1074/jbc.270.28.16871 Lyon, 1998, Hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor binds with high affinity to dermatan sulfate, J Biol Chem, 273, 271, 10.1074/jbc.273.1.271 Lyon, 2004, The interactions of hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor and its NK1 and NK2 variants with glycosaminoglycans using a modified gel mobility shift assay: elucidation of the minimal size of binding and activatory oligosaccharides, J Biol Chem, 279, 43560, 10.1074/jbc.M408510200 Barnett, 2002, Signalling by glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) requires heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan, J Cell Sci, 115, 4495, 10.1242/jcs.00114 Davies, 2003, Structural determinants of heparan sulphate modulation of GDNF signalling, Growth Factors, 21, 109, 10.1080/08977190310001621005 Ashikari-Hada, 2005, Heparin regulates vascular endothelial growth factor165-dependent mitogenic activity, tube formation, and its receptor phosphorylation of human endothelial cells: comparison of the effects of heparin and modified heparins, J Biol Chem, 280, 31508, 10.1074/jbc.M414581200 Dougher, 1997, Identification of a heparin binding peptide on the extracellular domain of the KDR VEGF receptor, Growth Factors, 14, 257, 10.3109/08977199709021524 Rolny, 2002, Heparin amplifies platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced PDGF alpha -receptor but not PDGF beta -receptor tyrosine phosphorylation in heparan sulfate-deficient cells. Effects on signal transduction and biological responses, J Biol Chem, 277, 19315, 10.1074/jbc.M111805200 Bischof, 2005, Selective activation of TACI by syndecan-2, Blood Ruppert, 1996, Human bone morphogenetic protein 2 contains a heparin-binding site which modifies its biological activity, Eur J Biochem, 237, 295, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0295n.x Rubin, 2002, Cerebellar proteoglycans regulate sonic hedgehog responses during development, Development, 129, 2223, 10.1242/dev.129.9.2223 Duvall, 2006, Antithrombotic therapy, Curr Mol Med, 6, 603, 10.2174/156652406778018716 Mousa, 2006, Role of current and emerging antithrombotics in thrombosis and cancer, Timely Top Med Cardiovasc Dis, 10, E19 Bartnik, 2007, Hyperglycaemia and cardiovascular disease, J Intern Med, 262, 145, 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2007.01831.x Grand'Maison, 2005, Anticoagulant use in patients with chronic renal impairment, Am J Cardiovasc Drugs, 5, 291, 10.2165/00129784-200505050-00002 Swigris, 2008, Pulmonary and thrombotic manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus, Chest, 133, 271, 10.1378/chest.07-0079 Linkins, 2008, The approach to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, Semin Respir Crit Care Med, 1, 66, 10.1055/s-2008-1047564 Jenny, 2006, Thrombin, 193 Mullins, 2009, Genetic elimination of prothrombin in adult mice is not compatible with survival and results in spontaneous hemorrhagic events in both heart and brain, Blood, 113, 696, 10.1182/blood-2008-07-169003 Pan, 2010, Chemically oversulfated glycosaminoglycans are potent modulators of contact system activation and different cell signaling pathways, J Biol Chem, 10.1074/jbc.M109.063735 Pan, 2010, Oversulfated chondroitin sulfate is not the sole contaminant in heparin, Nat Biotech, 28, 203, 10.1038/nbt0310-203 Pan, 2010, Identification of chemically sulfated/desulfated glycosaminoglycans in contaminated heparins and development of a simple assay for the detection of most contaminants in heparin, Glycobiol. Insight, 2, 1, 10.4137/GBI.S4237 Kishimoto, 2008, Contaminated heparin associated with adverse clinical events and activation of the contact system, N Engl J Med, 358, 2457, 10.1056/NEJMoa0803200 Waaler, 1959, Contact activation in the intrinsic blood clotting system; studies on a plasma product formed on contact with glass and similar surfaces, Scand J Clin Lab Invest, 11, 1 Adiguzel, 2009, Increased prevalence of antiheparin platelet factor 4 antibodies in patients may be due to contaminated heparin, Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 15, 145, 10.1177/1076029609332802 Greinacher, 2008, Contaminated heparin, N Engl J Med, 359, 1291, 10.1056/NEJMc081387 Qian, 2010, Oversulfated heparin byproducts induce thrombin generation through contact system activation, Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 16, 244, 10.1177/1076029610362071 Qian, 2010, Heparin and oversulfated heparin byproduct induce thrombin generation through contact system activation in plasma of patients with HIT, Clin Appl Thromb Hemost, 16, 251, 10.1177/1076029610362072 Clark, 2008, Evidence for non-traditional activation of complement factor C3 during murine liver regeneration, Mol Immunol, 45, 3125, 10.1016/j.molimm.2008.03.008 Colman, 2006, Contact activation (kallikrein-kinin) pathway: multiple physiologic and pathophysiologic activities, 107 Huber-Lang, 2006, Generation of C5a in the absence of C3: a new complement activation pathway, Nat Med, 12, 682, 10.1038/nm1419 Maas, 2008, Misfolded proteins activate Factor XII in humans, leading to kallikrein formation without initiating coagulation, J Clin Invest, 118, 3208 Warner, 2002, Identification of the heparan sulfate binding sites in the cellular prion protein, J Biol Chem, 277, 18421, 10.1074/jbc.M110406200 Supattapone, 2004, Prion protein conversion in vitro, J Mol Med, 82, 348, 10.1007/s00109-004-0534-3 Yanagishita, 1992, Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, J Biol Chem, 267, 9451, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50108-9 Sanderson, 1994, Fine structure of heparan sulfate regulates syndecan-1 function and cell behavior, J Biol Chem, 269, 13100, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)36804-7 Shworak, 1993, Isolation and characterization of ryudocan and syndecan heparan sulfate proteoglycans, core proteins, and cDNAs from a rat endothelial cell line, Haemostasis, 23, 161 Kuehn, 1999, Molecular characterization and genomic mapping of human IPM 200, a second member of a novel family of proteoglycans, Mol Cell Biol Res Commun, 2, 103, 10.1006/mcbr.1999.0161 Acharya, 2000, SPACRCAN, a novel human interphotoreceptor matrix hyaluronan-binding proteoglycan synthesized by photoreceptors and pinealocytes, J Biol Chem, 275, 6945, 10.1074/jbc.275.10.6945 Wassenhove-McCarthy, 1999, Molecular characterization of a novel basement membrane-associated proteoglycan, leprecan, J Biol Chem, 274, 25004, 10.1074/jbc.274.35.25004 Sasaki, 2001, Modification of the laminin alpha 4 chain by chondroitin sulfate attachment to its N-terminal domain, FEBS Lett, 505, 173, 10.1016/S0014-5793(01)02812-5 Pluschke, 1996, Molecular cloning of a human melanoma-associated chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 93, 9710, 10.1073/pnas.93.18.9710 Ikegawa, 2000, Isolation, characterization and mapping of the mouse and human PRG4 (proteoglycan 4) genes, Cytogenet Cell Genet, 90, 291, 10.1159/000056791 Sassetti, 2000, Identification of endoglycan, a member of the CD34/podocalyxin family of sialomucins, J Biol Chem, 275, 9001, 10.1074/jbc.275.12.9001 Bechard, 2001, Endocan is a novel chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate proteoglycan that promotes hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor mitogenic activity, J Biol Chem, 276, 48341, 10.1074/jbc.M108395200 Wu, 1997, cDNA cloning of the basement membrane chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan core protein, bamacan: a five domain structure including coiled-coil motifs, J Cell Biol, 136, 433, 10.1083/jcb.136.2.433 Kim, 2003, J Biol Chem, 278, 9116, 10.1074/jbc.M209344200 Kang, 2001, Molecular cloning and expression of an N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O- sulfotransferase that transfers sulfate to terminal and non-terminal beta1, 4-linked N-acetylgalactosamine, J Biol Chem, 3, 3