Glutamate synthase and the synthesis of glutamate in plants

Anderson, 1977, A polarographic study of glutamate synthase activity in isolated chloroplasts, Plant. Physiol., 60, 354, 10.1104/pp.60.3.354

Anderson, 1983, Ammonia assimilation and oxygen evolution by a reconstituted chloroplast system in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate and glutamate, Planta, 159, 247, 10.1007/BF00397532

Aubert, 2001, Contribution of glutamate dehydrogenase to mitochondrial glutamate metabolism studied by C-13 and P-31 nuclear magnetic resonance, J. Exp. Bot, 52, 37, 10.1093/jexbot/52.354.37

Avila, 1993, Cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA for barley ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase and molecular analysis of photorespiratorymutants deficient in the enzyme, Planta, 189, 475, 10.1007/BF00198209

Bassham, 1964, Photosynthesis of amino acids, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 90, 553, 10.1016/0304-4165(64)90234-X

Becker, 2000, Glutamine synthetase and glutamate dehydrogenase isoforms in maize leaves: localization, relative proportion and their role in ammonium assimilation or nitrogen transport, Planta, 211, 800, 10.1007/s004250000355

Binda, 2000, Cross-talk and ammonia channelling between active centres in the unexpected domain arrangements of glutamate synthase, Structure, 8, 1299, 10.1016/S0969-2126(00)00540-2

Blackwell, 1988, The value of mutants unable to carry our photorespiration, Photosynth. Res., 16, 155, 10.1007/BF00039491

Botella, 1988, Immunocytolocalization of ferredoxin-GOGAT in the cells of green leaves and cotyledons of Lycopersicon esculentum, Plant Physiol., 87, 255, 10.1104/pp.87.1.255

Bowsher, 1992, Reductant for glutamate synthase is generated by the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in non-photosynthetic root plastids, Plant J, 2, 893, 10.1111/j.1365-313X.1992.00893.x

Brown, 1974, Physiological aspects of microbial inorganic nitrogen metabolism, Adv. Microb. Physiol., 11, 1, 10.1016/S0065-2911(08)60268-4

Cánovas, 1998, Molecular physiology of glutamine and glutamate biosynthesis in developing seedlings of conifers, Physiol. Plant, 103, 287, 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1998.1030217.x

Chichkova, 2001, Transgenic tobacco plants that overexpress alfalfa NADH-glutamate synthase have higher carbon and nitrogen content, J. Exp. Bot., 52, 2079, 10.1093/jexbot/52.364.2079

Commere, 1986, Detection of the messenger RNA encoding for the ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase in maize leaf, Plant Physiol., 80, 859, 10.1104/pp.80.4.859

Coschigano, 1998, Arabidopsis gls mutants and distinct Fd-GOGAT genes: implications for photorespiration and primary nitrogen assimilation, Plant Cell, 10, 741, 10.1105/tpc.10.5.741

Cullimore, 1981, Occurrence of two forms of glutamate synthase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Phytochemistry, 20, 597, 10.1016/0031-9422(81)85140-0

Dougall, 1974, Evidence for the presence of glutamate synthase in extracts of carrot cell cultures, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 58, 639, 10.1016/S0006-291X(74)80466-3

Emes, 1979, The intracellular location of enzymes of nitrogen assimilation in the apices of pea roots, Planta, 144, 249, 10.1007/BF00388766

Emes, 1993, Control of metabolism and development in higher plant plastids, Int. Rev. Cytolol., 145, 149, 10.1016/S0074-7696(08)60427-1

Ferrario-Méry, 2000, Modulation of amino acid metabolism in transformed tobacco plants deficient in Fd-GOGAT, Plant Soil, 221, 67, 10.1023/A:1004715208478

Goss, 2001, Roles of glutamate synthase gltBD and gltF in nitrogen metabolism of Escherichia coli and Klesiella aerogenes, J. Bacteriol., 183, 6607, 10.1128/JB.183.22.6607-6619.2001

Goto, 1998, Organization and structure of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase gene from rice plants, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1387, 298, 10.1016/S0167-4838(98)00142-3

Gregerson, 1993, Molecular characterisation of NADH-glutamate synthase from alfalfa nodules, Plant Cell, 5, 215, 10.1105/tpc.5.2.215

Harel, 1977, The localisation of enzymes of nitrogen assimilation in maize leaves and their activities during greening, Planta, 134, 195, 10.1007/BF00384971

Hausler, 1994, Control of photosynthesis in barley leaves with reduced activities of glutamine synthetase or glutamate synthase II. Control of electron transport and CO2 assimilation, Planta, 194, 418, 10.1007/BF00197543

Hayakawa, 1999, Quantitative intercellular localisation of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase protein in different types of root cells in rice plants, Plant Physiol., 119, 409, 10.1104/pp.119.2.409

Helling, 1994, Why does Escherichia coli have two primary pathways for the synthesis of glutamate?, J. Bacteriol., 176, 4664, 10.1128/jb.176.15.4664-4668.1994

Hirasawa, 1998, The role of aromatic and acidic amino acids in the electron transfer reaction catalysed by spinach ferredoxin dependent glutamate synthase, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1363, 134, 10.1016/S0005-2728(97)00098-4

Hirel, 2001, Towards a better understanding of the genetic and physiological basis for nitrogen use efficiency in maize, Plant Physiol., 125, 1258, 10.1104/pp.125.3.1258

Hirose, 1999, Okadaic acid mimics nitrogen-stimulated transcription of the NADH-glutamate synthase in rice cell cultures, Plant Physiol., 121, 805, 10.1104/pp.121.3.805

Hirose, 1997, Inducible accumulation of mRNA for NADH-dependent glutamate synthase in rice roots in response to ammonium ions, Plant Cell Physiol., 38, 1295, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a029120

Hodges, 2002, Enzyme redundancy and the importance of 2-oxoglutarate in plant ammonia assimilation, J. Exp. Bot., 53, 905, 10.1093/jexbot/53.370.905

Inokuchi, 2002, Nitrogen assimilating enzymes in land plants and algae: phylogenic and physiological perspectives, Physiol. Plant., 116, 1, 10.1034/j.1399-3054.2002.1160101.x

Ishiyama, 1998, Expression of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase protein in epidermis and exodermis of rice roots in response to the supply of nitrogen, Planta, 204, 288, 10.1007/s004250050258

Ireland, 1999, The enzymes of glutamine, glutamate, asparagine and aspartate metabolism, 49

Joy, 1992, Assimilation of nitrogen in mutants lacking enzymes of the glutamate synthase cycle, J. Exp. Bot., 43, 139, 10.1093/jxb/43.2.139

Kendall, 1986, Carbon and nitrogen metabolism in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutants lacking ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase, Planta, 168, 316, 10.1007/BF00392355

Keys, 1978, Photorespiratory nitrogen cycle, Nature, 275, 741, 10.1038/275741a0

Lam, 1995, Use of Arabidopsis mutants and genes to study amide amino acid biosynthesis, Plant Cell, 7, 887, 10.1105/tpc.7.7.887

Lancien, 2000, Enzyme redundancy and the importance of 2-oxoglutarate in higher plant ammonia assimilation, Plant Physiol, 123, 817, 10.1104/pp.123.3.817

Lancien, 2002, Arabidopsis glt1-T mutant defines a role for NADH-GOGAT in the non-photorespiratory ammonium assimilatory pathway, Plant J, 29, 347, 10.1046/j.1365-313X.2002.01218.x

Lea, 1999, Nitrogen metabolism in higher plants, 1

Lea, 1974, An alternative route for nitrogen assimilation in higher plants, Nature, 251, 680, 10.1038/251614a0

Loulakakis, 2002, Immunocharacterization of Vitis vinifera L. ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase and its spatial and temporal changes during leaf development, Planta, 215, 630, 10.1007/s00425-002-0785-6

Magalhaes, 1974, Nitrite assimilation and amino nitrogen synthesis in isolated spinach chloroplasts, Plant Physiol., 53, 411, 10.1104/pp.53.3.411

Magalhaes, 1990, Kinetics of Nitrogen-15-labeled ammonium ion assimilation in Zea mays. Preliminary studies with a glutamate dehydrogenase GDH1 null mutant, Plant Physiol., 94, 647, 10.1104/pp.94.2.647

Márquez, 1988, Ferredoxin-glutamate synthase from barley leaves: rapid purification and partial characterization, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 26, 645

Masclaux, 2001, The challenge of remobilisation in plant nitrogen economy. A survey of physio-agronomic and molecular approaches, Ann. Appl. Biol., 138, 69, 10.1111/j.1744-7348.2001.tb00086.x

Masclaux, 2000, Characterization of the sink/source transition in tobacco (Nicotiana tabaccum) shoots in relation to nitrogen management and leaf senescence, Planta, 211, 510, 10.1007/s004250000310

Melo-Olivera, 1996, Arabidopsis mutant analysis and gene regulation define a nonredundant role for glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen assimilation, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 93, 4718, 10.1073/pnas.93.10.4718

Miflin, 1974, Nitrite reduction in leaves: studies on isolated chloroplasts, Planta, 116, 187, 10.1007/BF00390226

Miflin, 1974, The location of nitrite reductase and other enzymes related to amino acid biosynthesis in the plastids of roots and leaves, Plant Physiol., 54, 550, 10.1104/pp.54.4.550

Miflin, 1983, Glutamine metabolism: the key to the flow of nitrogen in plants, 93

Miflin, 2002, The role of glutamine synthase and glutamate dehydrogenase in nitrogen assimilation and possibilities for improvement of nitrogen utilization of crops, J. Exp. Bot, 53, 979, 10.1093/jexbot/53.370.979

Miflin, 1976, The pathway of nitrogen assimilation in plants, Phytochemistry, 15, 873, 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84362-9

Miflin, 1975, Glutamine and asparagine as nitrogen donors for reductant-dependent glutamate synthesis in pea roots, Biochem. J, 149, 403, 10.1042/bj1490403

Miflin, 1980, Ammonia assimilation, 169

Migge, 1998, Influence of UV-A or UV-B light and of nitrogen source on the induction of ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase in etiolated tomato cotyledons, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 36, 789, 10.1016/S0981-9428(99)80015-1

Migge, 1997, The expression of tobacco genes encoding plastidic glutamine synthetase or feredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase does not depend on the rate of nitrate reduction and is unaffected by suppression of photorespiration, J. Exp. Bot., 48, 1175, 10.1093/jxb/48.6.1175

Obara, 2001, Mapping of QTLs associated with cytosolic glutamine synthetase and NADH-glutamate synthase in rice (Oryza sativa L.), J. Exp. Bot., 52, 1209, 10.1093/jexbot/52.359.1209

Pryor, 1990, A maize glutamic dehydrogenase null mutant is cold temperature sensitive, Maydica, 35, 367

Pajuelo, 1997, Regulation of the expression of ferredoxin glutamate synthase in barley, Planta, 203, 517, 10.1007/s004250050221

Ravasio, 2002, Properties of recombinant ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase of Synechocystis PCC6803. Comparison with the Azospirillum brasilense NADPH-dependent enzyme and its isolated α subunit, Biochemistry, 41, 8120, 10.1021/bi020083r

Sakakibara, 1991, Molecular cloning and characterization of complementary DNA encoding ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase in maize leaf, J. Biol. Chem, 266, 2028, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)52204-3

Schoenbeck, 2000, Decreased NADH glutamate synthase activity in nodules and flowers of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) transformed with an antisense glutamate synthase transgene, J. Exp. Bot., 51, 29, 10.1093/jexbot/51.342.29

Sims, 1964, A kinetic studyof the assimilation of (15N) ammonia and the synthesis of amino acids in an exponentially growing culture of Candida utilis, Proc. R. Soc. B, 159, 479, 10.1098/rspb.1964.0015

Somerville, 1980, Inhibition of photosynthesis in Arabidopsis mutants lacking leaf glutamate synthase activity, Nature, 286, 257, 10.1038/286257a0

Srivastava, 1987, Role of regulation of L-glutamate dehydrogenase activity in higher plants, Phytochemistry, 26, 597, 10.1016/S0031-9422(00)84749-4

Stewart, 1995, Evidence that glutamate-dehydrogenase plays a role in the oxidative deamination of glutamate in seedlings of Zea mays, Aust. J. Plant Physiol., 22, 805, 10.1071/PP9950805

Suárez, 2002, Molecular and enzymatic analysis of ammonium assimilation in woody plants, J. Exp. Bot., 53, 891, 10.1093/jexbot/53.370.891

Suzuki, 1982, Glutamate synthase from rice leaves, Plant Physiol., 69, 848, 10.1104/pp.69.4.848

Suzuki, 1984, Glutamate synthase: physiochemical and functional properties of different forms in higher plants and other organisms, Physiol. Vég., 22, 471

Suzuki, 1981, Intracellular distribution of enzymes associated with nitrogen assimilation in roots, Planta, 151, 457, 10.1007/BF00386539

Suzuki, 1983, Glutamate synthase in rice roots, studies on the electron donor specificity, Phytochemistry, 22, 1543, 10.1016/0031-9422(83)80085-5

Suzuki, 1985, An electron transport system in maize roots for reactions of glutamate synthase and nitrite reductase, Plant Physiol., 78, 374, 10.1104/pp.78.2.374

Suzuki, 1997, Structure and regulation of ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase from Arabidopsis thaliana: cloning of cDNA, expression in different tissues of wild-type and gltS mutant strains, and light induction, Eur. J. Biochem., 243, 708, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00708.x

Suzuki, 1994, Immunological characterisation of ferredoxin and methyl viologen interacting domains of glutamate synthase using monoconal antibodies, Plant Physiol. Biochem., 32, 619

Suzuki, 1982, Glutamate synthase isoforms in rice, Plant Physiol., 70, 827, 10.1104/pp.70.3.827

Tempest, 1970, Synthesis of glutamate in Aerobacter aerogenes byan hitherto unknown route, Biochem. J, 117, 405, 10.1042/bj1170405

Temple, 1998, Glutamate synthase and nitrogen assimilation, TIPS, 3, 51

Tobin, 2001, Cellular compartmentation of ammonium assimilation in rice and barley, J. Exp. Bot., 52, 591, 10.1093/jexbot/52.356.591

Trepp, 1999, NADH-glutamate synthase in alfalfa root nodules. Immunocytochemical localization, Plant Physiol., 119, 829, 10.1104/pp.119.3.829

Trepp, 1999, Expression map for genes involved in nitrogen and carbon metabolism in alfalfa root nodules, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact., 12, 526, 10.1094/MPMI.1999.12.6.526

Trepp, 1999, NADH-glutamate synthase in alfalfa roots. Genetic regulation and cellular expression, Plant Physiol., 119, 817, 10.1104/pp.119.3.817

Turano, 1999, Differential accumulation of ferredoxin- and NADH-dependent glutamate synthase activities, peptides and transcripts in developing soybean seedlings in response to light, nitrogen and nodulation, Physiol. Plant, 107, 407, 10.1034/j.1399-3054.1999.100406.x

Turano, 1997, Characterization and expression of NAD(H)-dependent glutamate dehydrogenase genes in Arabidopsis, Plant Physiol., 113, 1329, 10.1104/pp.113.4.1329

van der Heuvel, 2002, Structural studies on the synchronization of catalytic centers in glutamate synthase, J. Biol. Chem., 277, 24579, 10.1074/jbc.M202541200

Wallsgrove, 1979, Distribution of enzymes of nitrogen metabolism within pea leaf cells, Plant Physiol., 63, 232, 10.1104/pp.63.2.232

Weber, 2002, Interaction of cytosolic and plastidic nitrogen metabolism in plants, J. Exp. Bot., 53, 865, 10.1093/jexbot/53.370.865

Wild, 1993, Inhibitory action of glufosinate on photosynthesis, Z. Naturforsch, 48, 367

Woo, 1982, Stimulation of ammonia and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygen evolution in isolated chloroplasts by dicarboxylates and the role of the chloroplast in photorespiratory nitrogen cycling, Plant Physiol., 69, 591, 10.1104/pp.69.3.591

Yamaya, 1992, Tissue distribution of glutamate synthase and glutamine synthetase in rice leaves. Occurrence of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase protein and activity in the unexpanded non-green leaf blades, Plant Physiol., 100, 1427, 10.1104/pp.100.3.1427

Yamaya, 2002, Genetic manipulation and quantitative trait mapping for nitrogen recycling in rice, J. Exp. Bot., 53, 917, 10.1093/jexbot/53.370.917

Yamaya, 1995, A supplyof nitrogen causes an increase in the level of NADH-dependent glutamate synthase protein and the activity of the enzyme, in the roots of rice, Plant Cell Physiol., 36, 197