Glucose gradient differences in subcutaneous tissue of healthy volunteers assessed with ultraslow microdialysis and a nanolitre glucose sensor

Kaptein, 1998, Continuous ultraslow microdialysis and ultrafiltration for subcutaneous sampling as demonstrated by glucose and lactate measurements in rats, Anal. Chem., 70, 4696, 10.1021/ac980137w Tiessen, 1999, Slow ultrafiltration for continuous in vivo sampling: application for glucose and lactate in man, Analytica Chimica Acta, 379, 327, 10.1016/S0003-2670(98)00601-1 Rhemrev-Boom, 2002, A lightweight measuring device for the continuous in vivo monitoring of glucose by means of ultraslow microdialysis in combination with a miniaturised flow-through biosensor, Clinica Chimica Acta, 316, 1, 10.1016/S0009-8981(01)00574-5 Rhemrev-Boom, 1999, Biosensor device and ultrafiltration sampling for continuous in vivo monitoring of glucose, Biocybernetics & Biomedical Engineering, 19, 97 Rhemrev-Boom, 2001, A versatile biosensor device for continuous biomedical monitoring, Biosens. Bioelectron., 10.1016/S0956-5663(01)00206-8 Lonnroth, 1987, A microdialysis method allowing characterization of intercellular water space in humans, Am. J. Physiol., 253, E228 Johnson, 1992, In vivo evaluation of an electroenzymatic glucose sensor implanted in subcutaneous tissue, Biosens. Bioelectron., 7, 709, 10.1016/0956-5663(92)85053-D Bolinder, 1992, Microdialysis measurement of the absolute glucose concentration in subcutaneous adipose tissue allowing glucose monitoring in diabetic patients, Diabetologia, 35, 1177, 10.1007/BF00401374 Bolinder, 1993, Long-term continuous glucose monitoring with microdialysis in ambulatory insulin-dependent diabetic patients [see comments], Lancet, 342, 1080, 10.1016/0140-6736(93)92063-Y Rebrin, 1999, Subcutaneous glucose predicts plasma glucose independent of insulin: implications for continuous monitoring, Am. J. Physiol., 277, E561 Aussedat, 2000, Interstitial glucose concentration and glycemia: implications for continuous subcutaneous glucose monitoring, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 278, E716, 10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.4.E716 Hagstrom, 1991, Effects of insulin deprivation and replacement on in vivo subcutaneous adipose tissue substrate metabolism in humans, Diabetes, 40, 666, 10.2337/diabetes.40.6.666 Hagstrom, 1992, Effect of insulin on human adipose tissue metabolism in situ. Interactions with beta-adrenoceptors, Diabetologia, 35, 664, 10.1007/BF00400260 Schmidt, 1993, Glucose concentration in subcutaneous extracellular space [see comments], Diabetes Care, 16, 695, 10.2337/diacare.16.5.695 Wientjes, 1998, Microdialysis of glucose in subcutaneous adipose tissue up to 3 weeks in healthy volunteers, Diabetes Care, 21, 1481, 10.2337/diacare.21.9.1481 Moscone, 1996, Ultrafiltrate sampling device for continuous monitoring, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput., 34, 290, 10.1007/BF02511240 R.G. Tiessen, Continuous metabolic monitoring techniques (thesis). 2001. Faculty of Medical Sciences, University and Academic Hospital of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands. http://www.ub.rug.nl/eldoc/dis/medicine/r.g.tiessen/. Bland, 1986, Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement, Lancet, 1, 307, 10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90837-8 Clarke, 1987, Evaluating clinical accuracy of systems for self-monitoring of blood glucose, Diabetes Care, 10, 622, 10.2337/diacare.10.5.622 B. Stallknecht, Interstitial concentrations of glucose, lactate and glycerol. Estimation of interstitial concentration of metabolites and hormones in adipose tissue by means of microdialysis- method evaluation (thesis) 1996; 40–42. Thomas, 1998, Glucose concentration in human subcutaneous adipose tissue: comparison between forearm and abdomen, Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 106, 465, 10.1055/s-0029-1212017 Hagstrom, 1990, In vivo subcutaneous adipose tissue glucose kinetics after glucose ingestion in obesity and fasting, Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest., 50, 129, 10.3109/00365519009089144 Schmidtke, 1998, Measurement and modeling of the transient difference between blood and subcutaneous glucose concentrations in the rat after injection of insulin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 95, 294, 10.1073/pnas.95.1.294 Frayn, 1989, Metabolic characteristics of human adipose tissue in vivo, Clin. Sci., 76, 509, 10.1042/cs0760509 Mastrototaro, 1999, The MiniMed Continuous Glucose Monitoring System (CGMS), J. Pediatr. Endocrinol. Metab., 12, 751 Tamada, 1999, Noninvasive glucose monitoring: comprehensive clinical results. Cygnus Research Team, JAMA, 282, 1839, 10.1001/jama.282.19.1839