Glucose Tolerance, Body Stature, and Intramuscular Fat in African American Females

Abate, N., Garg, A., Peshock, R. M., Stray-Gundersen, J., & Grundy, S. M. (1995). Relationship of generalized and regional adiposity to insulin sensitivity in men. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 96, 88–89.

Adams, G. A., Duvoisin, M. R., & Dudley, G. A. (1992). Magnetic resonance imaging and electromyography as indexes of muscle function. Journal of Applied Physiology, 73, 1578–1583.

Adams, G. A., Harris, R. T., Woodard, D., & Dudley, G. A. (1993). Mapping of electrical muscle stimulation using magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of Applied Physiology, 74, 532–537.

American Diabetes Association (1997). American diabetes association: Diabetes fact and fiction. Alexandria, VA.

Banjeri, M., Chaiken, R., Gordon, D., & Lebowitz, H. (1995). Does intra-abdominal adipose tissue in black men determine whether NIDDM is insulin resistant or insulin-sensitive? Diabetes, 44, 141–146.

Berg, H., Dudley, G. A., Håggmark, T., OhlsÈn, H., & Tesch, P. A. (1991). Effects of lower limb unloading on skeletal muscle mass and function in man. Journal of Applied Physiology, 70, 1882–1885.

Bickel, C. S., Slade, J. M., & Dudley, G. A. (2004). Long-term spinal cord injury increases susceptibility to isometric contraction induced muscle injury. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 91, 308–313.

Bjorntorp, P. (1989). Abdominal obesity and the development of non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metabolism Reviews, 4, 615–622.

Black women’s health care (2002). Diabetes in African American women. Retrieved September 8, 2002, from http://www/blackwomenhealth.com/diabetes.htm .

Bonora, E., Del Prato, S., Bonadonna, R. C., Gulli, G., Solini, A., Shank, M. L., et al. (1992). Total body fat content and fat topography are associated differently with in vivo glucose metabolism in nonobese and obese nondiabetic women. Diabetes, 41, 1151–1159.

Carey, D. G., Jenkins, A. B., Campbell, L. V., Freund, J., & Chisholm, D. J. (1996). Abdominal fat and insulin resistance in normal and overweight women. Diabetes, 45, 633–638.

Castro, M. J., Apple, D. F., Hillegass, E. A., & Dudley, G. A. (1999). Influence of complete spinal cord injury on skeletal muscle cross-sectional area within the first 6 months of injury. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 80, 373–378.

Despres, J., Nadeau, A., Tremblay, A., Ferland, M., Moorjani, S., Lupien, P. J., et al. (1989). Role of deep abdominal fat in the association between regional adipose tissue distribution and glucose tolerance in obese women. Diabetes, 38, 305–309.

Elder, C., Apple, D., Bickel, C. S., Meyer, R. A., & Dudley, G. A. (2004). Intramuscular lipid can influence apparent skeletal muscle size and glucose tolerance after spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 42, 711–716.

Flegal, K. M. (1998). Overweight and obesity in the United States: Prevalence and trends, 1960–1994. International Journal of Obesity, 22, 39–47.

Folsom, A. R., Cook, T. C., Sprafka, J. M., Burke, G. L., Norsted, S. W., & Jacobs, D. R., Jr. (1991). Differences in leisure-time physical activity levels between blacks and whites in population-based samples: The Minnesota heart study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 14, 1–9.

Goodpaster, B. H., Thaete, F. L., Kelley, D. E. (2000a). Thigh adipose tissue distribution is associated with insulin resistance in obesity and in type 2 diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 71, 885–892.

Goodpaster, B. H., Thaete, F. L., Simoneau, J. A., & Kelley, D. E. (1997). Subcutaneous abdominal fat and thigh muscle composition predict insulin sensitivity independently of visceral fat. Diabetes, 46, 1579–1585.

Goodpaster, B. H., Theriault, R., Watkins, S. C., & Kelley, D. E. (2000b). Intramuscular lipid content is increased in obesity and decreased by weight loss. Metabolism, 49, 467–472.

Gorgey, A. S., & Dudley, G. A. (2007). Skeletal muscle atrophy and increased intramuscular fat after incomplete spinal cord injury. Spinal Cord, 45, 304–309.

Hather, B. M., Adams, G. R., Tesch, P. A., & Dudley, G. A. (1992). Skeletal muscle responses to lower limb suspension in humans. Journal of Applied Physiology, 72, 1493–1498.

Kelley, D. E., Thaete, F. L., Troost, F., Huwe, T., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2000). Subdivisions of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and insulin resistance. American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism, 278, E941–E948.

Kissebah, A. H., & Peiris, A. N. (1989). Biology of regional fat distribution: Relationship to non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Metabolism Reviews, 5, 83–109.

Kuczmarski, R. J., Flegal, K. M., Campbell, S. M., & Johnson, C. L. (1994). Increasing prevalence of overweight among U.S. adults: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, 1960–1991. Journal of the American Medical Association, 272, 205–211.

Kumanyika, S. (1987). Obesity and black women. Epidemiologic Reviews, 9, 31–50.

Kumanyika, S. K. (1994). Obesity in minority populations: An epidemiological assessment. Obesity, 2, 66–182.

Kumanykia, S., & Charleston, J. B. (1992). Loose weight and win: A church-based weight loss program for blood pressure control among black women. Patient Education and Counseling, 19, 19–32.

Lasco, R. A., Curry, R., Dickso, V. J., Powers, J., Menes, S., & Merritt, R. K. (1989). Participation rates, weight loss, and blood pressure changes among obese women in a nutrition-exercise program. Public Health Reports, 104, 640–646.

Melnyk, M. G., & Weinstein, E. (1994). Preventing obesity in black women by targeting adolescents: a literature review. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 94, 536–540.

Mokdad, A. H., Ford, E. S., Bowman, B. A., Ford, E. S., Nelson, D. E., Engelgau, M. M., et al. (2000). Diabetes trends in the U.S. 1990–1998. Diabetes Care, 23, 1278–1283.

National Diabetes Information Clearinghouse-NIDDK. Diabetes in African Americans. Retrieved September 29, 2003, from _ HYPERLINK http://www.niddk.nih.gov/health/diabetes/pubs/afam/afam.htm .

Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (1993). Medical hazards of obesity. Annals of Internal Medicine, 119, 655–660.

Pleas, J. (1988). Long-term effects of a lifestyle-change obesity treatment program with minorities. Journal of the National Medical Association, 80, 744–752.

Racette, S. B., Weiss, E. P., Obert, K. A., Kohrt, W. M., & Holloszy, J. O. (2001). Modest lifestyle intervention and glucose tolerance in obese African Americans. Obesity Research, 9, 348–355.

Shuman, W. P., Morris, L. L., Leonetti, D. L., Wahl, P. W., Moceri, V. M., Moss, A. A., et al. (1986). Abnormal body fat distribution detected by computed tomography in diabetic men. Investigative Radiology, 21, 483–487.

Sparrow, D., Borkan, G. A., Gerzof, S. G., Wisniewski, C., & Silbert, C. K. (1986). Relationship of fat distribution to glucose tolerance: Results of computed tomography in male participants of the normative aging study. Diabetes, 35, 411–415.

Troiano, R. P., & Flegal, K. M. (1998). Overweight children and adolescence: Description, epidemiology, and demographics. Pediatrics, 101, 497–504.

Troiano, R. P., Flegal, K. M., Kuczmarski, R. J., Campbell, & S. M., Johnson, C. L. (1995). Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 149, 1085–1091.

Warram, J. H., Martin, B. C., Krolewski, A. S., Soeldner, J. S., & Kahn, C. R. (1990). Slow glucose removal rate and hyperinsulinemia precede the development of type II diabetes in the offspring of diabetic parents. Annals of Internal Medicine, 113, 909–915.