Global geographic trends in antimicrobial resistance: the role of international travel

Miller, 2009, Antibiotic resistance among bacteria isolated from seawater and penguin fecal samples collected near Palmer Station, Antarctica, Can J Microbiol, 55, 37, 10.1139/W08-119

Mccann, 2019, Understanding drivers of antibiotic resistance genes in High Arctic soil ecosystems, Environ Int, 125, 497, 10.1016/j.envint.2019.01.034

Urbaniak, 2018, Detection of antimicrobial resistance genes associated with the International Space Station environmental surfaces, Sci Rep, 8, 814, 10.1038/s41598-017-18506-4

Van Boeckel, 2014, Global antibiotic consumption 2000 to 2010: an analysis of national pharmaceutical sales data, Lancet Infect Dis, 14, 742, 10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70780-7

Goossens, 2006, National campaigns to improve antibiotic use, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 62, 373, 10.1007/s00228-005-0094-7

Duguid, 2011, Antimicrobial Stewardship in Australian Hospitals 2011

Klein, 2018, Global increase and geographic convergence in antibiotic consumption between 2000 and 2015, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 10, 1

Laxminarayan, 2013, Antibiotic resistance—the need for global solutions, Lancet Infect Dis, 13, 1057, 10.1016/S1473-3099(13)70318-9

Okeke, 2005, Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries. Part I: recent trends and current status, Lancet Infect Dis, 5, 481, 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70189-4

Wang, 2018, The global distribution and spread of the mobilized colistin resistance gene mcr-1, Nat Commun, 9, 1179, 10.1038/s41467-018-03205-z

Dortet, 2016, NDM-type carbapenemases in gram-negative rods, Human and Re-emerging Infections: Bacterial & Mycotic Infections, 1st edn

Collignon, 2018, Anthropological and socioeconomic factors contributing to global antimicrobial resistance: a univariate and multivariable analysis, Lancet Planet Heal, 2, e398, 10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30186-4

World Bank, 2017, Drug-Resistant Infections: A Threat to Our Economic Future, 10.1596/26707

Ruppé, 2018, Digestive tract colonization by multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in travellers: an update, Travel Med Infect Dis, 21, 28, 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.11.007

Wang, 2017, The role of wildlife (wild birds) in the global transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes, Zool Res, 38, 55, 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2017.024

Villa, 2015, Salmonella enterica serovar Corvallis strain isolated from a migratory wild bird in Germany, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 59, 6597, 10.1128/AAC.00944-15

Arnold, 2016, ‘Disperse abroad in the land’: the role of wildlife in the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance, Biol Lett, 12, 20160137, 10.1098/rsbl.2016.0137

Grami, 2016, Impact of food animal trade on the spread of mcr-1-mediated colistin resistance, Tunisia, July 2015, Euro Surveill, 21, 30144, 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.8.30144

Börjesson, 2016, Introduction of quinolone resistant Escherichia coli to Swedish broiler population by imported breeding animals, Vet Microbiol, 194, 74, 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.11.004

Gianna, 2005, Ready-to-eat shrimp as an international vehicle of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, J Food Prot, 68, 2395, 10.4315/0362-028X-68.11.2395

Almeida, 2017, Drug resistance, AmpC-β-lactamase and extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from fish and shrimp, Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo, 59, 10.1590/s1678-9946201759070

Ronholm, 2015, Antimicrobial resistance in Vibrio spp. isolated from Canadian imported shrimp, 2009–2014, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 46, 475, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.05.009

Jansen, 2019, Foodborne diseases do not respect borders: zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistant bacteria in food products of animal origin illegally imported into the European Union, Vet J, 244, 75, 10.1016/j.tvjl.2018.12.009

Campos, 2018, Imported poultry meat as a source of extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant CMY-2-producing Salmonella Heidelberg and Salmonella Minnesota in the European Union, 2014–2015, Int J Antimicrob Agents, 51, 151, 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2017.09.006

Lozupone, 2012, Diversity, stability and resilience of the human gut microbiota, Nature, 489, 220, 10.1038/nature11550

Liu, 2016, Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study, Lancet Infect Dis, 16, 161, 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7

Vold, 2012, Surveillance of travel-associated gastrointestinal infections in Norway, 2009–2010: are they all actually imported?, Euro Surveill, 17, 2009

Bartsch, 2017, Potential economic burden of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) in the United States, Clin Microbiol Infect, 23, 48.e9, 10.1016/j.cmi.2016.09.003

WHO, 2017, Guidelines for the Prevention and Control of Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae, Acinetobacter Baumannii and Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in Health Care Facilities

Lozano, 2012, Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010, Lancet, 380, 2095, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0

Kaakoush, 2015, Global epidemiology of campylobacter infection, Clin Microbiol Rev, 28, 687, 10.1128/CMR.00006-15

Sproston, 2018, Trends in fluoroquinolone resistance in campylobacter, Microb Genomics, 4, 10.1099/mgen.0.000198

Geissler, 2017, Increasing Campylobacter infections, outbreaks, and antimicrobial resistance in the United States, 2004–2012, Clin Infect Dis, 65, 1624, 10.1093/cid/cix624

Cody, 2010, Ciprofloxacin-resistant campylobacteriosis in the UK, Lancet, 11, 1987, 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)62261-1

Zhou, 2016, A seventeen-year observation of the antimicrobial susceptibility of clinical Campylobacter jejuni and the molecular mechanisms of erythromycin-resistant isolates in Beijing, China, Int J Infect Dis, 42, 28, 10.1016/j.ijid.2015.11.005

Ekdahl, 2004, Regional risks and seasonality in travel-associated campylobacteriosis, BMC Infect Dis, 4, 54, 10.1186/1471-2334-4-54

Post, 2017, Antibiotic susceptibility profiles among Campylobacter isolates obtained from international travelers between 2007 and 2014, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 36, 2101, 10.1007/s10096-017-3032-6

Schwartz, 2018, Travel and the spread of drug-resistant bacteria, Curr Infect Dis Rep, 20, 29, 10.1007/s11908-018-0634-9

Mason, 2017, Antibiotic resistance in Campylobacter and other diarrheal pathogens isolated from US military personnel deployed to Thailand in 2002–2004: a case–control study, Trop Dis Travel Med Vaccines, 3, 13, 10.1186/s40794-017-0056-y

Cody, 2012, A longitudinal 6-year study of the molecular epidemiology of clinical campylobacter isolates in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom, J Clin Microbiol, 50, 3193, 10.1128/JCM.01086-12

Niederer, 2012, Genotypes and antibiotic resistances of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates from domestic and travel-associated, Appl Environ Microbiol Environ Microbiol, 78, 288, 10.1128/AEM.06194-11

Gaudreau, 2014, Antimicrobial susceptibility of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli isolates obtained in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, from 2002 to 2013, J Clin Invest, 52, 2644

James, 2018, Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017, Lancet, 392, 1789, 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32279-7

Koch, 2011, International travel and the risk of hospitalization with non-typhoidal Salmonella bacteremia. A Danish population-based cohort study, 1999–2008, BMC Infect Dis, 11, 277, 10.1186/1471-2334-11-277

Williamson, 2018, Increasing antimicrobial resistance in nontyphoidal Salmonella isolates in Australia from 1979 to 2015, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 62, e02012, 10.1128/AAC.02012-17

Tadesse, 2016, Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella in the United States from 1948 to 1995, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 60, 2567, 10.1128/AAC.02536-15

Yoke-Kqueen, 2008, Characterization of multiple-antimicrobial-resistant Salmonella enterica Subsp. enterica isolated from indigenous vegetables and poultry in Malaysia, Lett Appl Microbiol, 46, 318, 10.1111/j.1472-765X.2007.02311.x

Center for Veterinary Medicine, National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System—NARMS Now: Integrated Data

Kariuki, 2015, Antimicrobial resistance and management of invasive Salmonella disease, Vaccine, 33, C21, 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.102

Lin, 2015, Increasing prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant food-borne Salmonella strains harboring multiple PMQR elements but not target gene mutations, Sci Rep, 5, 14754, 10.1038/srep14754

Hyeon, 2011, Prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and molecular characterization of Salmonella serovars in retail meat products, J Food Prot, 74, 161, 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-10-327

Nordahl Petersen, 2015, Meta-genomic analysis of toilet waste from long distance flights; a step towards global surveillance of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance, Sci Rep, 5, 11444, 10.1038/srep11444

Srijan, 2018, Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of non-typhoid Salmonella in military personnel, 1988–2013, Asian Pac J Trop Med, 11, 387, 10.4103/1995-7645.234767

Public Health England, 2017, UK Public Health Resistance Alert: Salmonella Typhi Resistant to Third-Generation Cephalosporins Isolated in England from a Traveller Returning from Pakistan

Dave, 2017, What were the risk factors and trends in antimicrobial resistance for enteric fever in London 2005–2012?, J Med Genet, 66, 698

Levine, 2018, The gathering storm: is untreatable typhoid fever on the way?, MBio, 9, 1, 10.1128/mBio.00482-18

Wong, 2015, Phylogeographical analysis of the dominant multidrug-resistant H58 clade of Salmonella Typhi identifies inter-and intracontinental transmission events, Nat Genet, 47, 632, 10.1038/ng.3281

Kleine, 2017, Successful therapy of a multidrug-resistant extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing and fluoroquinolone-resistant salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Typhi infection using combination therapy of meropenem and fosfomycin, Clin Infect Dis, 65, 1754, 10.1093/cid/cix652

Mawatari, 2013, serotype Paratyphi A carrying CTX-M-15 type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase isolated from a Japanese traveller returning from India, Japan, July 2013, Salmonella enterica, 20632

Rotimi, 2008, Emergence of CTX-M-15 type extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Salmonella spp. in Kuwait and the United Arab Emirates, J Med Microbiol, 57, 881, 10.1099/jmm.0.47509-0

Phoba, 2017, serovar Typhi producing CTX-M-15 extended spectrum β-lactamase in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Salmonella enterica, 1229

Woerther, 2017, Travel-acquired ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: impact of colonization at individual and community level, S29

Pitout, 2005, Emergence of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in the community, J Antimicrob Chemother, 56, 52, 10.1093/jac/dki166

van Duin, 2016, Multidrug-resistant bacteria in the community: trends and lessons learned, Infect Dis Clin North Am, 30, 377, 10.1016/j.idc.2016.02.004

Woerther, 2013, Trends in human fecal carriage of extended-spectrum β-lactamases in the community: toward the globalization of CTX-M, Clin Microbiol Rev, 26, 744, 10.1128/CMR.00023-13

Coque, 2008, Increasing prevalence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in Europe, Eurosurveillance, 13, 19044, 10.2807/ese.13.47.19044-en

Doi, 2017, The ecology of extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in the developed world, J Travel Med, 24, S44, 10.1093/jtm/taw102

Bevan, 2017, Global epidemiology of CTX-M β-lactamases: temporal and geographical shifts in genotype, J Antimicrob Chemother, 72, 2145, 10.1093/jac/dkx146

Cantón, 2012, CTX-M enzymes: origin and diffusion, Front Microbiol, 3, 110, 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00110

Ewers, 2012, Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli from livestock and companion animals, and their putative impact on public health: a global perspective, Clin Microbiol Infect, 18, 646, 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03850.x

Karanika, 2016, Fecal colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae and risk factors among healthy individuals: a systematic review and metaanalysis, Clin Infect Dis, 63, 310, 10.1093/cid/ciw283

Laupland, 2008, Community-onset extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) producing Escherichia coli: importance of international travel, J Infect, 57, 441, 10.1016/j.jinf.2008.09.034

van der Bij, 2012, The role of international travel in the worldwide spread of multiresistant Enterobacteriaceae, J Antimicrob Chemother, 67, 2090, 10.1093/jac/dks214

Angue, 2015, Risk factors for colonization with multidrug-resistant bacteria among patients admitted to the intensive care unit after returning from abroad, J Travel Med, 22, 300, 10.1111/jtm.12220

Hassing, 2015, International travel and acquisition of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: a systematic review, Eurosurveillance, 20, 30074, 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.47.30074

Arcilla, 2017, Import and spread of extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae by international travellers (COMBAT study): a prospective, multicentre cohort study, Lancet Infect Dis, 17, 78, 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30319-X

Ruppé, 2015, High rate of acquisition but short duration of carriage of multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae after travel to the tropics, Clin Infect Dis, 61, 593, 10.1093/cid/civ333

Kantele, 2015, Antimicrobials increase travelers’ risk of colonization by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae, Clin Infect Dis, 60, 837, 10.1093/cid/ciu957

Kantele, 2016, Increased risk for ESBL-producing bacteria from co-administration of loperamide and antimicrobial drugs for travelers’ diarrhea, Emerg Infect Dis J, 22, 117, 10.3201/eid2201.151272

Pires, 2016, Polyclonal intestinal colonization with extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae upon traveling to India, Front Microbiol, 7, 1069, 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01069

Kuenzli, 2014, High colonization rates of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coliin Swiss travellers to South Asia—a prospective observational multicentre cohort study looking at epidemiology, microbiology and risk factors, BMC Infect Dis, 14, 528, 10.1186/1471-2334-14-528

McNally, 2018, Acquisition and loss of CTX-M-producing and non-producing Escherichia coli in the fecal microbiome of travelers to South Asia, MBio, 9, e02408

Vading, 2016, Frequent acquisition of low-virulence strains of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli in travellers, J Antimicrob Chemother, 71, 3548, 10.1093/jac/dkw335

Paltansing, 2013, Extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae among travelers from the Netherlands, Emerg Infect Dis, 19, 1206, 10.3201/eid1908.130257

Weisenberg, 2012, Extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in international travelers and non-travelers in New York City, PLoS One, 7, e45141, 10.1371/journal.pone.0045141

Valverde, 2015, CTX-M-15-non-ST131 Escherichia coli isolates are mainly responsible of faecal carriage with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in travellers, immigrants and those visiting friends and relatives, Clin Microbiol Infect, 21, 252.e1, 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.09.021

Östholm-Balkhed, 2013, Travel-associated faecal colonization with ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: incidence and risk factors, J Antimicrob Chemother, 68, 2144, 10.1093/jac/dkt167

Lubbert, 2015, Colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in international travelers returning to Germany, Int J Med Microbiol, 305, 148, 10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.12.001

Epelboin, 2015, High rate of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacilli carriage and infection in hospitalized returning travelers: a cross-sectional cohort study, J Travel Med, 22, 292, 10.1111/jtm.12211

Barbier, 2016, Colonization and infection with extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in ICU patients: what impact on outcomes and carbapenem exposure?, J Antimicrob Chemother, 71, 1088, 10.1093/jac/dkv423

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2001, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin or soft tissue infections in a state prison—Mississippi, 2000, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 50, 919

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections among competitive sports participants—Colorado, Indiana, Pennsylvania, and Los Angeles County, 2000–2003, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 52, 793

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2003, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in correctional facilities—Georgia, California, and Texas, 2001–2003, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 52, 992

Diekema, 2014, Continued emergence of USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States: results from a nationwide surveillance study, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 35, 285, 10.1086/675283

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012, Active Bacterial Core Surveillance (ABCs) Report Emerging Infections Program Network Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Challagundla, 2018, Range expansion and the origin of USA300 North American epidemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, MBio, 9, e02016, 10.1128/mBio.02016-17

Carrel, 2015, USA300 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 2000–2013, Emerg Infect Dis J, 21, 1973, 10.3201/eid2111.150452

Nair, 2014, Mortality among patients with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 versus non-USA300 invasive infections: a meta-analysis, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 35, 31, 10.1086/674385

Kempker, 2010, Association of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) USA300 genotype with mortality in MRSA bacteremia, J Infect, 61, 372, 10.1016/j.jinf.2010.09.021

Tenover, 2009, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain USA300: origin and epidemiology, J Antimicrob Chemother, 64, 441, 10.1093/jac/dkp241

David, 2012, MRSA USA300 at Alaska Native Medical Center, Anchorage, Alaska, USA, 2000–2006, Emerg Infect Dis, 18, 105, 10.3201/eid1801.110746

Gottlieb, 2008, Recognition of USA300 isolates of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Australia, Med J Aust, 189, 179, 10.5694/j.1326-5377.2008.tb01962.x

Planet, 2016, Global spread of the community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 Latin American Variant, J Infect Dis, 214, 1609, 10.1093/infdis/jiw418

Shibuya, 2008, Emergence of the community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 clone in Japan, J Infect Chemother, 14, 439, 10.1007/s10156-008-0640-1

Witte, 2008, Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST8 (‘USA300’) in an HIV-positive patient in Cologne, Germany, February 2008, Euro Surveill, 13, 10.2807/ese.13.13.08080-en

Otter, 2009, Comparison of community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from teaching hospitals in London and the USA, 2004–2006: where is USA300 in the UK?, Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis, 28, 835, 10.1007/s10096-008-0698-9

Zhou, 2014, The role of international travel in the spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, J Travel Med, 21, 272, 10.1111/jtm.12133

Strauß, 2017, Origin, evolution, and global transmission of community-acquired Staphylococcus aureus ST8, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 114, e10596, 10.1073/pnas.1702472114

Yabe, 2010, Spread of the community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 clone among family members in Japan, J Infect Chemother, 16, 372, 10.1007/s10156-010-0087-z

Huang, 2011, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in combat support hospitals in three regions of Iraq, Epidemiol Infect, 139, 994, 10.1017/S0950268810001950

Glaser, 2016, Demography and intercontinental spread of the USA300 community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineage, MBio, 7, e02183, 10.1128/mBio.02183-15

Toleman, 2016, Systematic surveillance detects multiple silent introductions and household transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus USA300 in the east of England, J Infect Dis, 214, 447, 10.1093/infdis/jiw166

Planet, 2017, Life after USA300: the rise and fall of a superbug, J Infect Dis, 215, S71, 10.1093/infdis/jiw444

Diekema, 2019, Twenty-year trends in antimicrobial susceptibilities among Staphylococcus aureus from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program, Open Forum Infect Dis, 6, S47, 10.1093/ofid/ofy270

Molton, 2013, The global spread of healthcare-associated multidrug-resistant bacteria: a perspective from Asia, Clin Infect Dis, 56, 1310, 10.1093/cid/cit020

Chavers, 2003, Vancomycin-resistant enterococci: 15 years and counting, J Hosp Infect, 53, 159, 10.1053/jhin.2002.1375

Linden, 2002, Treatment options for vancomycin-resistant enterococcal infections, Drugs, 62, 425, 10.2165/00003495-200262030-00002

Yadav, 2017, Linezolid and vancomycin resistant Enterococci: a therapeutic problem, J Clin Diagn Res, 11, 7

Willems, 2005, Global spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium from distinct nosocomial genetic complex, Emerg Infect Dis, 11, 821, 10.3201/1106.041204

Koh, 2006, Emergence of epidemic clones of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium in Singapore, J Hosp Infect, 63, 234, 10.1016/j.jhin.2006.01.028

Christiansen, 2004, Eradication of a large outbreak of a single strain of vanB vancomycin-resistant enterococcus faecium at a major Australian teaching hospital, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 25, 384, 10.1086/502410

Wilson, 2012, NDM-1 and the role of travel in its dissemination, 213

Wang, 2018, The global distribution and spread of the mobilized colistin resistance gene mcr-1, Nat Commun, 9, 1

Vogwill, 2015, The genetic basis of the fitness costs of antimicrobial resistance: a meta-analysis approach, Evol Appl, 8, 284, 10.1111/eva.12202

Carattoli, 2013, Plasmids and the spread of resistance, Int J Med Microbiol, 303, 298, 10.1016/j.ijmm.2013.02.001

Nordmann, 2011, Does broad-spectrum beta-lactam resistance due to NDM-1 herald the end of the antibiotic era for treatment of infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria?, J Antimicrob Chemother, 66, 689, 10.1093/jac/dkq520

Yong, 2009, Characterization of a new metallo-beta-lactamase gene, bla NDM-1, and a novel erythromycin esterase gene carried on a unique genetic structure in Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 14 from India, 5046

Kumarasamy, 2010, Emergence of a new antibiotic resistance mechanism in India, Pakistan, and the UK: a molecular, biological, and epidemiological study, Lancet Infect Dis, 10, 597, 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70143-2

Jain, 2014, NDM carbapenemases in the United Kingdom: an analysis of the first 250 cases, 1777

Peirano, 2011, New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase from traveler returning to Canada, Emerg Infect Dis, 17, 2010, 10.3201/eid1702.101313

Struelens, 2010, New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase 1-producing Enterobacteriaceae: emergence and response in Europe, Euro Surveill., pii=19716

Johnson, 2013, Global spread of antibiotic resistance: the example of New Delhi metallo-b-lactamase (NDM)-mediated carbapenem resistance, J Med Microbiol, 62, 499, 10.1099/jmm.0.052555-0

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2010, Detection of Enterobacteriaceae isolates carrying metallo-beta-lactamase—United States, 2010, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 56, 750

Romero-alvarez, 2017, First case of New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase in Klebsiella pneumoniae from Ecuador: an update for South America, Int J Infect Dis, 65, 119, 10.1016/j.ijid.2017.10.012

Leverstein-Van Hall, 2010, Global spread of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase 1, Lancet Infect Dis, 10, 830, 10.1016/S1473-3099(10)70277-2

Al-tawfiq, 2017, How should we respond to the emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance in humans and animals?, Int J Infect Dis, 54, 77, 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.11.415

Fernandes, 2016, Silent dissemination of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in South America could contribute to the global spread of the mcr-1 gene, Euro Surveill, 21, pii=30214, 10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2016.21.17.30214

Wang, 2017, Prevalence, risk factors, outcomes, and molecular epidemiology of mcr-1-positive Enterobacteriaceae in patients and healthy adults from China: an epidemiological and clinical study, Lancet Infect Dis, 17, 390, 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)30527-8

Von, 2016, Detection of the plasmid-mediated colistin-resistance gene mcr-1 in faecal metagenomes of Dutch travellers, J Antimicrob Chemother, 71, 3416, 10.1093/jac/dkw328

Tatsuya Nakayama, 2018, Carriage of colistin-resistant, extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli harboring the mcr-1 resistance gene after short-term international travel to Vietnam, Infect Drug Resist, 11, 391, 10.2147/IDR.S153178

Payne, 2016, mcr-1-positive colistin-resistant Escherichia coli in traveler returning to Canada from China, 1673

Bernasconi, 2016, Travelers can import colistin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including those possessing the plasmid-mediated mcr-1 gene, Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 60, 5080, 10.1128/AAC.00731-16

World Tourism Organization, 2018, 2018 Edition UNWTO International Tourism Trends 2017

Glaesser, 2017, Global travel patterns: an overview, J Travel Med, 24, 1, 10.1093/jtm/tax007

Laxminarayan, 2016, Access to effective antimicrobials: a worldwide challenge, Lancet, 387, 168, 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00474-2

Tribble, 2017, Resistant pathogens as causes of traveller’s diarrhea globally and impact(s) on treatment failure and recommendations, 6

Hitch, 2018, Antibiotic resistance in travellers’ diarrhoeal disease, an external perspective, Int Soc Travel Med, 25, S27, 10.1093/jtm/tay014

Lejelind, 2017, Condom use among Swedes while traveling internationally: a qualitative descriptive study, Nurs Health Sci, 19, 257, 10.1111/nhs.12341

Lewis, 2013, The role of core groups in the emergence and dissemination of antimicrobial resistant N. gonorrhoeae, Sex Transm Infect, 89, iv47, 10.1136/sextrans-2013-051020

Chan, 2011, The perils of medical tourism: NDM-1-positive Escherichia coli causing febrile neutropenia in a medical tourist, Singapore Med J, 52, 299

The Economic Times, 2015, Indian Medical Tourism Industry to Touch $8 Billion by 2020: Grant Thornton

Lipsitch, 2016, How can vaccines contribute to solving the antimicrobial resistance problem?, MBio, 7, e00428, 10.1128/mBio.00428-16

Zöldi, 2018, Destination specific risks of acquisition of notifiable food and waterborne infections or sexually transmitted infections among Finnish international travellers, 1995–2015, Travel Med Infect Dis, 25, 35, 10.1016/j.tmaid.2017.10.006

World Health Organization, 2018, WHO Report on Surveillance of Antibiotic Consumption

Tornimbene, 2018, WHO Global Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System early implementation 2016–17, Lancet Infect Dis, 18, 241, 10.1016/S1473-3099(18)30060-4

The Center for Disease Dynamics Economics & Policy, 2018, ResistanceMap: Antibiotic Resistance

Goossens, 2005, Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross-national database study, Lancet, 365, 579, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)70799-6

CDDEP, ResistanceMap

Logan, 2017, The epidemiology of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: the impact and evolution of a global menace, J Infect Dis, 215, 1, 10.1093/infdis/jiw282