Global Trends in Infective Endocarditis Epidemiology

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•• Murdoch DR, Corey GR, Hoen B, et al. Clinical presentation, etiology, and outcome of infective endocarditis in the 21st century: the international collaboration on endocarditis–prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169:463–73. This prospective cohort study of 2781 cases from 58 hospitals in 25 countries provides a contemporary picture of the clinical presentation, microbial etiology and outcome of IE. It provides one of few cross-country comparisons of the characteristics of IE.

Durante-Mangoni E, Bradley S, Selton-Suty C, et al. Current features of infective endocarditis in elderly patients: results of the international collaboration on endocarditis prospective cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:2095–103.

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• Correa de Sa DD, Tleyjeh IM, Anavekar NS, et al. Epidemiological trends of infective endocarditis: a population-based study in Olmsted County, Minnesota. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010;85:422–6. Although involving only 150 cases of IE, this is one of few population-based studies to examine epidemiological trends in IE over time.

• Fedeli U, Schievano E, Buonfrate D, Pellizzer G, Spolaore P. Increasing incidence and mortality of infective endocarditis: a population-based study through a record-linkage system. BMC Infect Dis. 2011;11:48. This population-based study examines the incidence and mortality of IE in 1863 cases over an 8-year period.

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Nunes MC, Gelape CL, Ferrari TC. Profile of infective endocarditis at a tertiary care center in Brazil during a seven-year period: prognostic factors and in-hospital outcome. Int J Infect Dis. 2010;14:e394–8.

• Carapetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, et al. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5:685–94. An important review of the global burden of group A streptococcal diseases.

Nkomo VT. Epidemiology and prevention of valvular heart diseases and infective endocarditis in Africa. Heart. 2007;93:1510–9.

• Fowler Jr VG, Miro JM, Hoen B, et al. Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis: a consequence of medical progress. JAMA. 2005;293:3012–21. This study reports on data from the International Collaboration on Endocarditis, highlighting the emerging importance of S. aureus as a causative pathogen.

Cherubin CE, Neu HC. Infective endocarditis at the New York City Presbyterian Hospital from 1938–1967. Am J Med. 1971;51:83–96.

Reguera JM, Alarcón A, Miralles F, et al. Brucella endocarditis: clinical, diagnostic, and therapeutic approach. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 2003;22:647–50.

Keshtkar-Jahromi M, Boroumand M, Razavi SM, et al. Brucella endocarditis, a report of 14 cases (1991–2009). J Infect. 2010;61:89–92.

Jeroudi MO, Halim MA, Harder EJ, et al. Brucella endocarditis. Br Heart J. 1987;58:279–83.

Sasmazel A, Baysal A, Fedakar A, et al. Treatment of Brucella endocarditis: 15 years of clinical and surgical experience. Ann Thorac Surg. 2010;89:1432–6.

Woo PC, Tam DM, Leung KW, et al. Streptococcus sinensis sp. nov., a novel species isolated from a patient with infective endocarditis. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:805–10.

Uçkay I, Rohner P, Bolivar I, et al. Streptococcus sinensis endocarditis outside Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1250–2.

Faibis F, Mihaila L, Perna S, et al. Streptococcus sinensis: an emerging agent of infective endocarditis. J Med Microbiol. 2008;57:528–31.

Lun ZR, Wang QP, Chen XG, et al. Streptococcus suis: an emerging zoonotic pathogen. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007;7:201–9.

Ma E, Chung PH, So T, et al. Streptococcus suis infection in Hong Kong: an emerging infectious disease? Epidemiol Infect. 2008;136:1691–7.

Raoult D, Fournier PE, Drancourt M, et al. Diagnosis of 22 new cases of Bartonella endocarditis. Ann Intern Med. 1996;125:646–52.

Casalta JP, Gouriet F, Richet H, et al. Prevalence of Coxiella burnetii and Bartonella species as cases of infective endocarditis in Marseilles (1994–2007). Clin Microbiol Infect. 2009;15 Suppl 2:152–3.

Siciliano RF, Strabelli TM, Zeigler R, et al. Infective endocarditis due to Bartonella spp. and Coxiella burnetii: experience at a cardiology hospital in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2006;1078:215–22.

Balakrishnan N, Menon T, Fournier PE, et al. Bartonella quintana and Coxiella burnetii as causes of endocarditis, India. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1168–9.

Brouqui P, Raoult D. Endocarditis due to rare and fastidious bacteria. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14:177–207.

Morpeth S, Murdoch D, Cabell CH, et al. Non-HACEK gram-negative bacillus endocarditis. Ann Intern Med. 2007;147:829–35.

Fernández Guerrero ML, Aguado JM, Arribas A, et al. The spectrum of cardiovascular infections due to Salmonella enterica: a review of clinical features and factors determining outcome. Medicine. 2004;83:123–38.

Khan GQ, Kadri SM, Hassan G, et al. Salmonella typhi endocarditis: a case report. J Clin Pathol. 2003;56:801–2.