Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide and elicits anxiety-like behaviors following administration into discrete regions of the hypothalamus

Briggs, 2011, Metabolic status regulates ghrelin function on energy homeostasis, Neuroendocrinology, 93, 48, 10.1159/000322589

Seeley, 1997, The regulation of energy balance: peripheral hormonal signals and hypothalamic neuropeptides, Curr Dir Psychol Sci, 6, 39, 10.1111/1467-8721.ep11512618

Schwartz, 1997, Seminars in medicine of the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. Neuroendocrine responses to starvation and weight loss, N Engl J Med, 336, 1802, 10.1056/NEJM199706193362507

Schwartz, 2000, Central nervous system controls food intake, Nature, 404, 661, 10.1038/35007534

Stanley, 1993, Neuropeptide Y in multiple hypothalamic sites controls eating behavior endocrine and autonomic systems for body energy balance, 457

Currie, 2003, Integration of hypothalamic feeding and metabolic signals: focus on neuropeptide Y, Appetite, 41, 335, 10.1016/j.appet.2003.08.011

Currie, 2010, Hypothalamic paraventricular 5-hydroxytryptamine inhibits the effects of ghrelin on eating and energy substrate utilization, Pharmacol Biochem Behav, 97, 152, 10.1016/j.pbb.2010.05.027

Currie, 2005, Ghrelin is an orexigenic and metabolic signaling peptide in the arcuate and paraventricular nuclei, Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol, 289, R353, 10.1152/ajpregu.00756.2004

Currie, 2011, Urocortin I inhibits the effects of ghrelin and neuropeptide Y on feeding and energy substrate utilization, Brain Res, 1385, 127, 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.01.114

Bittencourt, 1992, The melanin-concentrating hormone system of the rat brain: an immuno- and hybridization histochemical characterization, J Comp Neurol, 319, 218, 10.1002/cne.903190204

de Lecea, 1998, The hypocretins: two hypothalamic peptides with neuroexcitatory activity, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95, 322, 10.1073/pnas.95.1.322

Lim, 2010, Ghrelin's role as a major regulator of appetite and its other functions in neuroendocrinology, Prog Brain Res, 182, 189, 10.1016/S0079-6123(10)82008-4

Qu, 1996, A role for melanin-concentrating hormone in the central regulation of feeding behavior, Nature, 380, 243, 10.1038/380243a0

Sakurai, 1998, Orexins and orexin receptors: a family of hypothalamic neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors that regulate feeding behavior, Cell, 92, 573, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)80949-6

Semjonous, 2009, Coordinated changes in energy intake and expenditure following hypothalamic administration of neuropeptides involved in energy balance, Int J Obes (Lond), 33, 775, 10.1038/ijo.2009.96

Fan, 1997, Role of melanocortinergic neurons in feeding and the agouti obesity syndrome, Nature, 385, 165, 10.1038/385165a0

Lu, 1994, Agouti protein is an antagonist of the melanocyte-stimulating-hormone receptor, Nature, 371, 799, 10.1038/371799a0

Ollmann, 1997, Antagonism of central melanocortin receptors in vitro and in vivo by agouti-related protein, Science, 278, 135, 10.1126/science.278.5335.135

Ahima, 2001, Molecular regulation of eating behavior: new insights and prospects for therapeutic strategies, Trends Mol Med, 7, 205, 10.1016/S1471-4914(01)01989-X

Hahn, 1998, Coexpression of Agrp and NPY in fasting-activated hypothalamic neurons, Nat Neurosci, 1, 271, 10.1038/1082

Mezey, 1985, Distribution of pro-opiomelanocortin derived peptides, adrenocorticotrope hormone, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone an β-endorphin (ACTH, α-MSH, β-END) in the rat hypothalamus, Brain Res, 328, 341, 10.1016/0006-8993(85)91046-7

Spiegelman, 2001, Obesity and the regulation of the energy balance, Cell, 104, 656, 10.1016/S0092-8674(01)00240-9

Muccioli, 2002, Neuroendrocine and peripheral activities of ghrelin: implications in metabolism and obesity, Eur J Endocrinol, 440, 235

Nakazato, 2001, A role for ghrelin in the central regulation of feeding, Nature, 409, 194, 10.1038/35051587

Shintani, 2001, Ghrelin, an endogenous growth hormone secretagogue, is a novel orexigenic peptide that antagonizes leptin action through the activation of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y/Y1 receptor pathway, Diabetes, 50, 227, 10.2337/diabetes.50.2.227

Tschop, 2000, Ghrelin induces adiposity in rodents, Nature, 407, 908, 10.1038/35038090

Kamegai, 2001, Chronic central infusion of ghrelin increases hypothalamic neuropeptide Y and Agouti-related protein mRNA levels and body weight in rats, Diabetes, 50, 2438, 10.2337/diabetes.50.11.2438

Asakawa, 2003, Antagonism of ghrelin receptor reduces food intake and body weight gain in mice, Gut, 52, 947, 10.1136/gut.52.7.947

Melis, 2002, Ghrelin injected into the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus of male rats induces feeding but not penile erection, Neurosci Lett, 329, 339, 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00673-0

Wren, 2001, Ghrelin causes hyperphagia and obesity in rats, Diabetes, 50, 2547

Faulconbridge, 2003, Hyperphagic effects of brainstem ghrerlin administration, Diabetes, 52, 2260, 10.2337/diabetes.52.9.2260

Naleid, 2005, Ghrelin induces feeding in the mesolimbic reward pathway between the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumbens, Peptides, 26, 2274, 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.04.025

Skibicka KP, Hansson C, Egecioglu E, Dickson SL. Role of ghrelin in food reward: impact of ghrelin on sucrose self-administration and mesolimbic dopamine and acetylcholine receptor expression. Addict Biol [doi:10.1111/j.1369-1600.2010.00294.x].

Weinberg, 2011, Currie PJ. 6-Hydroxydopamine lesions of the ventral tegmental area suppress ghrelin's ability to elicit food-reinforced behavior, Neurosci Lett, 499, 70, 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.034

Lawrence, 2002, Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers, Endocrinology, 143, 155, 10.1210/en.143.1.155

Olzsewski, 2003, Hypothalamic paraventricular injections of ghrelin: effect on feeding and c-Fos immunoreactivity, Peptides, 24, 919, 10.1016/S0196-9781(03)00159-1

Shrestha, 2009, The effect of reducing hypothalamic ghrelin receptor gene expression on energy balance, Peptides, 30, 1336, 10.1016/j.peptides.2009.03.013

Asakawa, 2001, A role of ghrelin in neuroendocrine and behavioral responses to stress in mice, Neuroendocrinology, 74, 143, 10.1159/000054680

Hansson, 2011, Central administration of ghrelin alters emotional responses in rats: behavioral, electrophysiological, and molecular evidence, Neuroscience, 180, 201, 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.02.002

Carlini, 2002, Ghrelin increases anxiety-like behavior and memory retention in rats, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 299, 739, 10.1016/S0006-291X(02)02740-7

Guan, 1997, Distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in brain and peripheral tissues, Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 48, 23, 10.1016/S0169-328X(97)00071-5

Tannenbaum, 1998, Expression of growth hormonesecretagogue-receptors by growth hormone-releasing hormone neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, Endocrinology, 139, 4420, 10.1210/en.139.10.4420

Willesen, 1999, Co-localization of growth hormone secretagogue receptor and NPY mRNA in the arcuate nucleus of the rat, Neuroendocrinology, 70, 306, 10.1159/000054491

Zigman, 2006, Expression of ghrelin receptor mRNA in the rat and the mouse brain, J Comp Neurol, 494, 528, 10.1002/cne.20823

Paxinos, 2007

Currie, 2008, Anxiogenic, orexigenic and metabolic effects of hypothalamic ghrelin, Appetite, 51, 360, 10.1016/j.appet.2008.04.062

Casanueva, 1999, Growth hormone secretagogues: physiological role and clinical utility, Trends Endocrinol Metab, 10, 30, 10.1016/S1043-2760(98)00116-7

Kojima, 1999, Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach, Nature, 402, 656, 10.1038/45230

Asakawa, 2001, Ghrelin is an appetite-stimulatory signal from stomach with structural resemblance to motilin, Gastroenterology, 120, 337, 10.1053/gast.2001.22158

Wren, 2000, The novel hypothalamic peptide ghrelin stimulates food intake and GH secretion, Endocrinology, 141, 4325, 10.1210/en.141.11.4325

Gahete, 2010, Metabolic regulation of ghrelin O-acyl transferase (GOAT) expression in the mouse hypothalamus, pituitary, and stomach, Mol Cell Endocrinol, 317, 154, 10.1016/j.mce.2009.12.023

Seoane, 2000, Ghrelin elicits a marked stimulatory effect on GH secretion in freely-moving rats, Eur J Endocrinol, 143, R7, 10.1530/eje.0.143R007

Wang, 2002, Peripheral ghrelin selectively increases Fos expression in neuropeptide Y-synthesizing neurons in mouse hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, Neurosci Lett, 325, 47, 10.1016/S0304-3940(02)00241-0

Heinrichs, 1998, Neuropeptide Y-induced feeding and its control, Vitam Horm, 54, 51, 10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60921-8

Saper, 2002, The need to feed: homeostatic and hedonic control of eating, Neuron, 36, 199, 10.1016/S0896-6273(02)00969-8

Wilding, 2002, Neuropeptides and appetite control, Diabetic Med, 19, 619, 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00790.x

Smith, 2001, Growth hormone secretagogue receptor family members and ligands, Endocrine, 14, 9, 10.1385/ENDO:14:1:009

Howard, 1996, A receptor in pituitary and hypothalamus that functions in growth hormone release, Science, 273, 974, 10.1126/science.273.5277.974

Shuto, 2001, Generation of polyclonal antiserum against the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). Evidence the GHS-R exists in the hypothalamus, pituitary and stomach of rats, Life Sci, 68, 991, 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)01001-8

Shuto, 2002, Hypothalamic growth hormone secretagogue receptor regulates growth hormone secretion, feeding and adiposity, J Clin Invest, 109, 1429, 10.1172/JCI0213300

Broglio, 2003, Endocrine and non-endocrine actions of ghrelin, Horm Res, 59, 109, 10.1159/000069065

Wren, 2002, The hypothalamic mechanisms of the hypophysiotropic action of ghrelin, Neuroendocrinology, 76, 316, 10.1159/000066629

Nandi, 2002, Central mechanisms involved with catabolism, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care, 5, 407, 10.1097/00075197-200207000-00010

Date, 2000, Ghrelin, a novel growth hormone-releasing acylated peptide, is synthesized in a distinct endocrine cell type in the gastrointestinal tracts of rats and humans, Endocrinology, 141, 4255, 10.1210/en.141.11.4255

Aguilera, 1993, Regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis during water deprivation, Endocrinology, 132, 241, 10.1210/en.132.1.241

Carlini, 2004, Differential role of the hippocampus, amygdala, and dorsal raphe nucleus in regulating feeding, memory, and anxiety-like behavioral responses to ghrelin, Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 313, 635, 10.1016/j.bbrc.2003.11.150

Kanehisa, 2006, Administration of antisense DNA for ghrelin causes an antidepressant and anxiolytic response in rats, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 30, 1403, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.05.005

Davis, 2002, Neural circuitry of anxiety and stress disorders, 931

Sah, 2003, The amygdaloid complex: anatomy and physiology, Physiol Rev, 83, 803, 10.1152/physrev.00002.2003

Sajdyk, 2006, The role of neuropeptide Y in the amygdala on corticotrophin-releasing factor receptor-mediated behavioral stress responses in the rat, Stress, 9, 21, 10.1080/10253890600557315

Klimek, 2006, Dopaminergic abnormalities in amygdaloid nuclei in major depression: a postmortem study, Biol Psychiatry, 52, 740, 10.1016/S0006-3223(02)01383-5

Paez-Pereda, 2011, Corticotropin releasing factor receptor antagonists for major depressive disorder, Expert Opin Investig Drugs, 20, 519, 10.1517/13543784.2011.565330

Holsboer, 2008, system in depression and anxiety—evidence from clinical studies with CRH1 receptor antagonists, Eur J Pharmacol, 583, 350, 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.12.032

Chuang, 2010, Ghrelin's roles in stress, mood, and anxiety regulation, Int J Pept, 2010, 1, 10.1155/2010/460549

Lutter, 2008, The orexigenic hormone ghrelin defends against depressive symptoms of chronic stress, Nat Neurosci, 11, 752, 10.1038/nn.2139

Arborelius, 1999, The role of corticotropin-releasing factor in depression and anxiety disorders, Endocrinology, 160, 1, 10.1677/joe.0.1600001

Smagin, 2001, The role of CRH in behavioral responses to stress, Peptides, 22, 713, 10.1016/S0196-9781(01)00384-9