Geothermal reaction of the Seferihisar geothermal system after the Samos earthquake and geothermal energy potential of the Seferihisar geothermal system, İzmir, Türkiye
Tóm tắt
This paper contains brief geological and hydrogeochemical information regarding hot waters circulating through the Seferihisar geothermal system using previous studies, as well as recorded and up-to-date data. The obtained analytical results were subjected to the computer programme AquaChem3.70 for determining the geothermal waters. The NaCl-type geothermal waters circulating in the system have a temperature range of 44 to 207 °C, with total dissolved solids (TDS) varying from 3229 to 29494.9 mg/l. The conductivity range of the samples is 5690–34400 µS/cm as the pH changes from 6.54 to 8.5. Chemical geothermometer calculations indicate reservoir temperatures varying between 59 and 246.2 °C. The water‒rock interactions led to various mineralogical changes in the area. X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray (XRD and SEM–EDX) analyses of the collected rock and clay samples have been interpreted as an integrant to the 2-year field observations. The results of the analyses show that the surface manifestations in the Tuzla and Doğanbey geothermal fields consist of the hydrothermal alteration products induced from the carbonates of sediments, ferromagnesian minerals of greenschist facies and silicates. Additionally, a uranium-oxide mineral, richetite, has been identified. Finally, the apparent geothermal potential of the system has been assessed.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Akkuş I, Akıllı H, Ceyhan S, Dilemre A, Tekin Z (2005) Türkiye Jeotermal Kaynaklar Envanteri, Inventory Serie: 201, MTA, Ankara
Akyüz A, Baytorun AN, Çaylı A, Üstün S, Önder D (2017) Seralarda ısıtma sistemlerinin projelenmesinde gerekli olan ısı gücünün belirlenmesinde yeni yaklaşımlar. KSU J Nat Sci 20(3):209–217 (Article in Turkish with an abstract in English)
Alacalı M (2022) Potential geosites of Seferihisar geothermal system and Doğanbey Geopark—a proposal project, 74th Geological Congress of Türkiye, with international participation, April 11–15, 2022, Ankara, Türkiye
Arnórsson S, Gunnglaugsson E, Svavarsson H (1983) The chemistry of geothermal waters in Iceland. III. Chemical geothermometry in geothermal investigations. Geochimica et osmochimica Acta 47:567–577
Aydın İ, Karat Hİ, Koçak A (2005) Curie-depth map of Türkiye. Geophys J Int 162:633–640. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2005.02617.x
Aydın M, Şengün R, Tut Haklıdır FS (2022) Potential assessment of lithium extraction from geothermal reservoirs. In: Proceedings, 47th workshop on geothermal reservoir engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, February 7–9, 2022, SGP-TR-223
Baba A, Sözbilir H (2012) Source of arsenic based on geological and hydrogeochemical properties of geothermal systems in Western Türkiye. Chem Geol 334:364–377
Bakak Ö, Özel E, Ergün M (2015) Geothermal potential of the Sığacık Gulf (Seferihisar) and preliminary investigations with seismic and magnetic surveys. Elsevier Energy Procedia 76:230–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2015.07.909
Bakraç S (2009) Seferihisar CM-4 jeotermal kuyusu tamamlama testleri. MTA Genel Müdürlüğü, Rapor No: (unpublished)
Baytorun AN, Gügercin Ö (2018) Seralarda ısıtma kazan kapasitelerinin belirlenmesi ve dikkate alınacak kriterler. Çukurova J. Agric. Food Sci. 33(1):77–86 (Article in Turkish with an abstract in English)
Browne PRL (1978) Hydrothermal alterations in active geothermal fields. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 6:229–248. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.06.050178.001305
Bulut M (2013) A new medium to high enthalpy geothermal field in Aegean region (Akyar) Menderes- Seferihisar-İzmir, Western Anatolia, Türkiye. Bull Miner Res Explor 147:153–167
Calmbach L (1997) AquaChem computer code-version 3.7.42, Waterloo hydrogeologic. Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3L3
Canbolat A (1987) Seferihisar jeotermal sondajları Bitirme Raporları (Tuzla-1, G-2A, G-3, G3-A, G-12A, G-17A). MTA Genel Müdürlüğü (unpublished)
Çengel YA, Boles MA, Kanoğlu M (2019) Thermodynamics: an engineering approach. McGraw Hill, New York
Deer WA, Howie RA, Zussman J (1966) An introduction to the rock forming minerals
Dilsiz C, Marques JM, Carreira PMM (2004) The impact of hydrological changes on travertine deposits related to thermal springs in the Pamukkale area (SW Türkiye). Environ Geol 45:808–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0941-8
Emre Ö, Özalp S, Doğan A, Özaksoy V, Yıldırım C, Göktaş F (2005) İzmir yakın çevresinin diri fayları ve deprem potansiyelleri, MTA Report No: 10754
Erdoğan B (1990) İzmir-Ankara Zonu’nun, İzmir ile Seferihisar arasındaki bölgede stratigrafik özellikleri ve tektonik evrimi. Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists (TPJD) Bulletin 2:1–20 (in Turkish)
Eşder T, Şimşek Ş (1975) Geology of İzmir (Seferihisar) geothermal area, Western Anatolia of Türkiye: determination of reservoirs by means of gradient drilling, Proceedings of 2nd UN. Symposium, 1975, pp:349–361
Eşder T (1988) Gümüldür-Cumaovası (İzmir) alanının jeolojisi ve jeotermal enerji olanaklarının araştırılması. Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü Anabilim Dalı, 401 p (unpublished)
Fournier RO (1979) A revised equation for the Na-K geothermometer. Geothermal Res Council Trans 3:221–224
Fournier RO (1977) A review of chemical and isotopic geothermomers for geothermal systems. In: Proceedings of the symp. on geoth. energy, Cento Scientific Programme, Ankara, pp:133–143
Franco A, Donatini F (2016) Methods for the estimation of the energy stored in geothermal reservoirs, 34th UIT Heat Transfer Conference, IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 796 (2017) 012025.https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/796/1/012025
Frondel C (1958) Systematic mineralogy of Uranium and Thorium, Geological Survey of Bulletin 1064, United States Government Printing Office, Washington
Gemici Ü, Filiz Ş (2001) Hydrochemistry of the Çeşme geothermal area. Türkiye J Volcanol Geotherm Res 110:171–188
Giggenbach WF (1988) Geothermal solute equilibria. Derivation of Na-K-Mg-Ca geoindicators. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 52(12):2749–2765. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(88)90143-3
Giggenbach WF, Gonfiantini R, Jangi BL, Truesdell AH (1983) Isotopic and chemical composition of Parbati Valley geothermal discharges, NW Himalaya, Indiana. Geothermics 12(2–3):199–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(83)90030-5
Göktaş F (2019) Stratigraphy of the Neogene Sedimentation and Volcanism in Çubukludağ Basin, Western Anatolia. Geol Bull Turkey 62(2019):63–98. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.521497
Google Earth (2014) Way Out TV, Inc., Santa Monica, CA
Hamilton WJ (1842) Researches in Asia Minor, Pontus and Armenia, with some account of their antiquities and geology, V2. John Murray, Albemarle Street, London
Hauksson T, PÛrhallsson S, Gunnlaugsson E, Albertsson A (1995) Control of magnesium silicate scaling in district heating systems. World Geothermal Congress, pp. 2487–2490
Havuz F (2012) Technologic and economic analysis of geothermal greenhousing in Türkiye, Institute of Science and Technology, Gazi University (in Turkish)
IAH (1979) Comission of mineral and thermal waters, Map of Mineral and thermal water of Europe. Scale 1:500,000. International Association of Hydrogeologists. United Kingdom
Işıntek İ, Savaş F, (2022) Structures and Petrographic Properties of Travertine Occurrences in Doğanbey and Karakoç Thermal Baths and Tuzla Geothermal Area (Seferihisar, İzmir, Western Turkey), 74th Geological Congress of Turkey with international participation April 11–15, 2022, Ankara, Turkey
Karamanderesi İH (2013) Characteristics of geothermal reservoirs in Türkiye. IGA Academy Report 0102-2013
Kharaka YK, Mariner RH (1989) Chemical geothermometers and their application to formation waters from sedimentary basins. In: Naeser ND, McCulloh TH (eds) Thermal History of Sedimentary Basins. Springer, New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-3492-0_6
Kharaka Y, Lico MS, Law LM (1982) Chemical geothermometers applied to formation waters, Gulf of Mexico and California Basins. Am Assoc Petrol Geol Bull 66:558
Kharaka YK, Gunter WD, Aggarwal PK, Perkins EH, DeBraal JD (1988) Solmineq.88: a computer program for geochemical modeling of water-rock interactions. U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4227
Miranda R, Latour I, Blanco A (2021) Silica removal from a paper mill effluent by adsorption on pseudoboehmite and γ-Al2O3. Water 13(15):2031
Muffler P, Cataldi R (1978) Methods for regional assessment of geothermal resources. Geothermics 7:53–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/0375-6505(78)90002-0
Özer C, Polat O (2017) Investigation of 1-D (One-Dimensional) seismic velocity structure of Izmir and surroundings. DEU J Sci Eng. https://doi.org/10.21205/deufmd.2017195512
Piper AM (1944) A graphic procedure in geochemical interpretation of water analyses. Am Geophys Union Trans 25:914–923. https://doi.org/10.1029/TR025i006p00914
Plášil J (2017) Crystal structure of richetite revisited: Crystallographic evidence for the presence of pentavalent uranium. Am Miner 102(9):1771–1775. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-6092
Satman A, Serpen U, Onur M, Aksoy N (2005) A Study on the Production and Reservoir Performance of Balcova-Narlidere Geothermal Field. In: Proceedings World Geothermal Congress 2005 Antalya, Turkey, 24–29 April 2005
Serpen Ü (2004) Hydrogeological investigations on Balçova geothermal system in Türkiye. Geothermics 33:309–335. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geothermics.2003.08.011
Simmons SF (2002) Geochemistry Lecture Notes 2002, Semester I, Geotherm 601, 602, 603, Geothermal Energy Technology Course, Geothermal Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
Sözbilir H, Uzel B, Sümer Ö, İnci U, Ersoy EY, Koçer T, Demirtaş R, Özkaymak Ç (2008) Evidence for a kinematically linked E-W trending İzmir Fault and N-E trending Seferihisar Fault. Kinematic and paleoseismological studies carried out on active faults forming the İzmir Bay, Western Anatolia. Geol Bull Türkiye 56(2):91–114 (article in Turkish with an abstract in English)
Sözbilir H, Özkaymak Ç, Sümer Ö, Uzel B, Softa M, Eski S, Spencer JQG, Şahiner E, Meriç N (2021) First Paleoseismological Findings From Northeast Trending Strike Slip Faults Segments of İzmir Balıkesir Transfer Zone: Seferihisar Fault as an Example, 73rd Geological Congress Of Türkiye, May 24–28, 2021, Ankara
Tarcan G, Gemici Ü (2003) Water geochemistry of the Seferihisar geothermal area, Izmir, Türkiye. J Volcanol Geoth Res 126:225–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(03)00149-5
Toygar AA (2012) Seferihisar ve Balçova jeotermal alanlarında ve çevre akiferlerinde akışkan akımın modellenmesi. PhD, İzmir Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Türkiye
Truesdell AH (1976) Summary of section III geochemical techniques in exploration. In: Proceedings, Second United Nations Symposium on the Development and Use of Geothermal Resources. San Francisco, 1975, Vol. 1, Washington D.C., U. S. Government Printing Office, ıiii–ıxxxix
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Office of Nuclear Reactor Regulation, Final environmental statement related to operation of Lasalle county station units 1 and 2, Commonwealth Edison Company, Docket Nos. 50-373 & 50-374 Published: November 1978
Ueckert M, Wismeth C, Baumann T (2020) Crystallization of calcium carbonate in a large-scale push–pull heat storage test in the Upper Jurassic carbonate aquifer. Geotherm Energy 8:7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40517-020-0160-5
Uzel B, Sözbilir H (2008) A first record of strike-slip basin in Western Anatolia and its tectonic implication: the Cumaovası Basin. Turkish J Earth Sci 17:559–591
Vaes JF (1947) Six nouveax minéraux d’urane provenant de Shinkolobwe (Katanga). Annal Soc Géol Belg 70:212–225
Vengosh A, Helvacı C, Karamanderesi İH (2002) Geochemical constraints for the origin of thermal waters from western Türkiye. Appl Geochem 17:163–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-2927(01)00062