Geomagnetically induced currents in the Finnish high-voltage power system

Albertson, V.D., Kappenman, J.G., Mohan, N., and Skarbakka, G.A.: 1981, ?Load-flow studies in the presence of geomagnetically-induced currents?,IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems PAS-100, 594?607.

Albertson, V.D., and Thorson, J.M. Jr.: 1974, ?Power system disturbances during a K-8 geomagnetic storm: August 4, 1972?,IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems PAS-93, 1025?1030.

Albertson, V.D., Thorson, J.M. Jr., Clayton, R.E., and Tripathy, S.C.: 1973, ?Solar-induced-currents in power systems: cause and effects?,IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems PAS- 92, 471?477.

Albertson, V.D., Thorson, J.M. Jr., and Miske, S.A. Jr.: 1974, ?The effects of geomagnetic storms on electrical power systems?,IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems PAS-93, 1031?1044.

Anderson, C., Lanzerotti, L., and Maclennan, C.: 1974, ?Outage of the L4 System and the Geomagnetic Disturbances of 4 August 1972?,The Bell System Technical Journal 53, 1817?1837.

Barnes, P.R., Rizy D.T., Mcconnell, B.W., Tesche, F.M., and Taylor, E.R. Jr.: 1991,Electric Utility Industry Experience with Geomagnetic Disturbances, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 78 pp.

Boteler, D.H.: 1991, ?Predicting Geomagnetic Disturbances on Power Systems?,EOS, Transactions, American Geophysical Union 72, 159?160.

Boteler, D.H.: 1993, ?Real time simulation of geomagnetically induced currents?,Proceedings of the International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Lund, Sweden, September 22?24, 1993, p. 183?191.

Boteler, D.H., Watanabe, T., Butler, D.B.,Horita, R.E., and G.M. Chen, G.M.: 1990, ?Prediction of geomagnetically induced current levels in the B.C. Hydro 500 kV system?,Solar-Terr. Predict. Proc. 2, 30?41.

Boteler, D.H., Watanabe, T., Shier, R.M., and Horita, R.E.: 1982, ?Characteristics of geomagnetically induced currents in the B.C. Hydro 500 kV system?,IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems PAS-101, 1447?1456.

Brasse, H., and A. Junge: 1984, ?The influence of geomagnetic variations on pipelines and an application for large-scale magnetotelluric depth sounding?,.Journal of Geophysics 55, 31?36.

Cagniard, L.: 1953, ?Basic theory of the magneto-telluric method of geophysical prospecting?,Geophysics 18, 605?635.

Campbell, W.H.: 1978, ?Induction of Auroral Zone Electric Currents Within the Alaska Pipeline?,Pure and Applied Geophysics 116, 1143?1172.

Campbell, W.H.: 1980, ?Observation of electric currents in the Alaska oil pipeline resulting from auroral electrojet current sources?,Geophysical Journal of Royal Astronomical Society 61, 437?449.

Campbell, W.H.: 1986, ?An interpretation of induced electric currents in long pipelines caused by natural geomagnetic sources of the upper atmosphere?,Surveys in Geophysics 8, 239?259.

Chave, A.D., Luther, D.S., Lanzerotti, L.J., and Medford, L.V.: 1992, ?Geoelectric field measurements on a planetary scale: oceanographic and geophysical applications?,Geophysical Research Letters 19, 1411?1414.

Elovaara, J., Lindblad, P., Viljanen, A., Mäkinen, T., Pirjola, R., Larsson, S., and Kielén, B.: 1992, ?Geomagnetically induced currents in the Nordic power system and their effects on equipment, control, protection and operation?, Paper 36-301 of theProceedings of the CIGRE 1992 Session, 30 August-5 September, 1992, Paris, 10 pp.

Janhunen, P., and Huuskonen, A.: 1993, ?A Numerical Ionosphere-Magnetosphere Coupling Model With Variable Conductivities?,Journal of Geophysical Research 98, 9519?9530.

Janhunen, P., Viljanen, A., and Huuskonen, A.: 1993, ?A terrestrial impact of the ionosphere-magnetosphere coupling: geomagnetically induced currents?, Poster presentation at the XVIII General Assembly of the European Geophysical Society, Wiesbaden, 3?7 May 1993.

Jankowski, J., Pirjola, R., and Ernst, T.: 1986, ?Homogeneity of magnetic variations around the Nurmijärvi observatory?,Geophysica 22, 45?58.

Jiracek, G.R.: 1990, ?Near-surface and topographic distortions in electromagnetic induction?,Surveys in Geophysics 11, 163?203.

Kappenman, J.G., and Albertson, V.D.: 1990, ?Bracing for the geomagnetic storms?,IEEE Spectrum March 1990, 27?33.

Kappenman, J.G., and Albertson, V.D.: 1991, ?Cycle 22: Geomagnetic Storm Threats to Power Systems Continue?,IEEE Power Engineering Review September 1991, 3?5.

Korja, T.: 1990,?Electrical conductivity of the lithosphere. Magnetotelluric studies in the Fennoscandian shield, Finland?, Ph.D. thesis, Acta Universitatis Ouluensis, A215.

Lanzerotti, L.J., and G.P. Gregori: 1986, ?Telluric Currents: The Natural Environment and Interactions with Man-Made Systems?. InEarth's Electrical Environment, 232?257, National Academy Press.

Lehtinen, M., and Pirjola, R.: 1985, ?Currents produced in earthed conductor networks by geomagnetically-induced electric fields?,Annales Geophysicae 3, 479?484.

Lundby, S., Chapel, B.E., Boteler, D.B., Watanabe, T., and Horita, R.E.: 1985, ?Occurrence Frequency of Geomagnetically Induced Currents: A Case Study on a B.C. Hydro 500 kV Power Line?,Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity 37, 1097?1114.

Lundstedt, H.: 1992, ?Neural networks and predictions of solar-terrestrial effects?,Planetary and Space Science 40, 457?464.

Markström, A., and Enbom, A.: 1989, ?The effect of solar flares on geomagnetic disturbances?. Pre-graduate project, Institute for Electromagnetic Field Theory and Plasma Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 41 pp.

Martin, B.A.: 1993, ?Telluric Effects on a Buried Pipeline?,Corrosion 49, 343?350.

Medford, L.V., Lanzerotti, L.J., Kraus, J.S., and Maclennan, C.G.: 1989, ?Transatlantic earth potential variations during the March 1989 magnetic storms?,Geophysical Research Letters 16, 1145?1148.

Mäkinen, T.: 1993, ?Geomagnetically induced currents in the Finnish power transmission system?,Finnish Meteorological Institute Geophysical Publications No.32, 101 p.

Pajunpää, K.: 1987, ?Conductivity anomalies in the Baltic Shield in Finland?,Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society 91, 657?666.

Pirjola, R.: 1985a, ?On currents induced in power transmission systems during geomagnetic variations?,IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems PAS-104, 2825?2831.

Pirjola, R.: 1985b, ?Geomagneettisperäiset sähkövirrat Suomen 400 kV voimansiirtoverkossa (= Geomagnetic electric currents in the Finnish 400 kV power transmission grid). (Finnish)?, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Study ordered by Imatran Voima Oy power company, 73 pp.

Pirjola, R.: 1986, ?Geomagneettisista sähkövirroista Suomen 400 kV voimansiirtoverkossa (= On geomagnetic electric currents in the Finnish 400 kV power transmission grid). (Finnish)?, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Study ordered by Imatran Voima Oy power company, 61 pp.

Pirjola, R.: 1989, ?Geomagnetically induced currents in the Finnish 400 kV power transmission line?,Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors 53, 214?220.

Pirjola, R., and Viljanen, A.: 1989, ?On Geomagnetically-Induced Currents in the Finnish 400 kV Power System By An Auroral Electrojet Current?,IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery 4, 1239?1245.

Pirjola, R.J., and Viljanen, A.T.: 1991, ?Geomagnetic Induction in the Finnish 400 kV Power System?, InEnvironmental and Space Electromagnetics, edited by H. Kikuchi, Springer-Verlag, 276?287.

Prabhakara, F.S., Hannett, L.N., Ringlee, R.J., and Ponder, J.Z.: 1992, ?Geomagnetic effects modelling for the PJM interconnection system. Part II - Geomagnetically induced current study results?,IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 7, 565?571.

Ramleth, K.J.: 1982, ?Geomagnetiske forstyrrelser. Innvirkning pøa Televerkets linjenett (?Geomagnetic disturbances and their effect on the tele network?, in Norwegian)?,Telektronikk Nr 1, 10?12.

Robertson, D.F.: 1992, ?Predicting the storm?,SPACE February-March 1992, 22?26.

Towle, J.N., Prabhakara, F.S., and Ponder, J.Z.: 1992, ?Geomagnetic effects modelling for the PJM interconnection system. Part I - Earth surface potential computation?,IEEE Transactions on Power Systems 7, 949?955.

Viljanen, A.: 1989, ?Geomagnetically Induced Currents in the Finnish Natural Gas Pipeline?,Geophysica 25, 135?159.

Viljanen, A.: 1993, ?Prediction of geomagnetically induced currents?,Proceedings of the International Workshop on Artificial Intelligence Applications in Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Lund, Sweden, September 22?24, 1993, p. 193?198.

Viljanen, A., and R. Pirjola: 1989, ?Statistics on Geomagnetically-Induced Currents in the Finnish 400 kV Power System Based on Recordings of Geomagnetic Variations?,Journal of Geomagnetism and Geoelectricity 41, 411?420.

Viljanen, A., and R. Pirjola: 1991, ?Use of GIC's in studies of ionospheric-magnetospheric currents and the earth's structure?,Proceedings of the 11th Annual International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium (IGARSS'91), Helsinki University of Technology, Espoo, Finland, June 3?6, 1991 III, 1687?1690.

Viljanen, A., and R. Pirjola: 1993, ?On the possibility to perform studies on the geoelectric field and ionospheric currents using induction in power systems?.Journal of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Physics, in press.