Geological settings and metallogenesis of high-grade iron deposits in China

Bai Z J, Zhong H, Li C S, Zhu W G, He D F, Qi L. 2014. Contrasting parental magma compositions for the Hongge and Panzhihua magmatic Fe-Ti-V oxide deposits, Emeishan large igneous province, SW China. Econ Geol, 109: 1763–1785 Bai Z J, Zhong H, Naldrett A J, Zhu W G, Xu G W. 2013. Whole-rock and mineral composition constraints on the genesis of the giant Hongge Fe-Ti-V oxide deposit in the Emeishan Large Igneous Province, Southwest China. Econ Geol, 107: 507–524 Basta F F, Maurice A E, Fontboté L, Favarger P Y. 2011. Petrology and geochemistry of the banded iron formation (BIF) of Wadi Karim and Um Anab, Eastern Desert, Egypt: Implications for the origin of Neoproterozoic BIF. Precambrian Res, 187: 277–292 Bekker A, Slack J F, Planavsky N, Krapez B, Hofmann A, Konhauser K O, Rouxel O J. 2010. Iron formation: The sedimentary product of a complex interplay among mantle, tectonic, oceanic, and biospheric processes. Econ Geol, 105: 467–508 Buddington A F, Fahey J J, Vlisidis A C. 1955. Thermometric and petrogenetic significance of titaniferous magnetite. Am J Sci, 253: 497–532 Cao Y, Wang C Y, Huang F, Zhang Z. 2019. Iron isotope systematics of the Panzhihua mafic layered intrusion associated with giant Fe-Ti oxide deposit in the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China. J Geophys Res Solid Earth, 124: 358–375 Chang Y F, Li J H, Song C Z. 2019. The regional tectonic framework and some new understandings of the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley Metallogenic Belt (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 35: 3579–3591 Chang Y F, Liu P X, Wu Y C. 1991. The Copper-Iron Belt of the Lower and Middle Reaches of the Changjiang River (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 1–380 Chang Z S, Shu Q H, Meinert L. 2019. Skarn deposits of China. In: Chang Z S, Goldfarb R J, eds. Mineral Deposits of China. Lawrence: Society of Economic Geologists. 189–234 Chen B, Tian W, Jahn B M, Chen Z C. 2008. Zircon SHRIMP U-Pb ages and in-situ Hf isotopic analysis for the Mesozoic intrusions in South Taihang, North China craton: Evidence for hybridization between mantle-derived magmas and crustal components. Lithos, 102: 118–137 Chen B, Zhai M G, Tian W. 2007. Origin of the Mesozoic magmatism in the North China Craton: Constraints from petrological and geochemical data. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ, 280: 131–151 Chen L C, Liu D Q, Tang Y L, Wang D H, Dong L H, Xu X, Wang X D. 2008. Mineral Resources and Producing Places in Tianshan of China (Part I) (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 243–287 Chen W T, Zhou M F, Zhao T P. 2013. Differentiation of nelsonitic magmas in the formation of the ∼1.74 Ga Damiao Fe-Ti-P ore deposit, North China. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 165: 1341–1362 Chen Z L, Chen B L, Li H M, Du W H, Li L X, Han F B, Wang Y, Sun Y, Wu Y, Zhang W G. 2014. Geological characteristic of the Damiao iron deposit, North China Craton and ore-prospecting (in Chinese). Acta Geol Sin, 88: 2339–2350 Chen Z L, Ding W J, Cui L Contra, Chen B L, Han F B, Zhou Y G, Dong F X, Yang N. 2010. High-grade large iron ore deposit and its formation prospecting of Xing Shan, Xian An, Hebei Province (in Chinese). Miner Depos, 29: 71–72 Deng X D, Li J W, Luo T, Wang H Q. 2017. Dating magmatic and hydrothermal processes using andradite-rich garnet U-Pb geochronometry. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 172: 71 Deng X D, Li J W, Wen G. 2014. Dating iron skarn mineralization using hydrothermal allanite-(La) U-Th-Pb isotopes by laser ablation ICP-MS. Chem Geol, 382: 95–110 Deng X D, Li J W, Wen G. 2015. U-Pb geochronology of hydrothermal zircons from the early Cretaceous iron skarn deposits in the Handan-Xingtai district, North China craton. Econ Geol, 110: 2159–2180 Dill H G. 2010. The “Chessboard” classification scheme of mineral deposits: Mineralogy and geology from aluminum to zirconium. Earth-Sci Rev, 100: 1–420 Duan S G, Zhang Z H, Jiang Z S, Zhao J, Zhang Y, Li F, Tian J. 2014. Geology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the Dunde iron-zinc ore deposit in western Tianshan, China. Ore Geol Rev, 57: 441–461 Duchesne J C, Liegeois J P, Vander Auwera J, Longhi J. 1999. The crustal tongue melting model and the origin of massive anorthosites. Terra Nova, 11: 100–105 Fan Y, Zhou T F, Yuan F, Tang M H, Zhang L J, Ma L, Xie J. 2010. High sulfidation epithermal hydrothermal system in Lu-Zong volcanic basin, Evidence from geological characteristics and sulfur isotope data of Fanshan alunite deposit (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 26: 3657–3666 Forien M, Tremblay J, Barnes S J, Burgisser A, Pagé P. 2015. The role of viscous particle segregation in forming chromite layers from slumped crystal slurries: Insights from analogue experiments. J Petrol, 56: 2425–2444 Hagemann S G, Angerer T, Duuring P, Rosière C A, Figueiredo e Silva R C, Lobato L, Hensler A S, Walde D H G. 2016. BIF-hosted iron mineral system: A review. Ore Geol Rev, 76: 317–359 He H L, Yu S Y, Song X Y, Du Z S, Dai Z H, Zhou T, Xie W. 2016. Origin of nelsonite and Fe-Ti oxides ore of the Damiao anorthosite complex, NE China: Evidence from trace element geochemistry of apatite, plagioclase, magnetite and ilmenite. Ore Geol Rev, 79: 367–381 He Y. 2007. The geological and geochemical feature of iron deposit of Yamansu, Hami (in Chinese). West-China Exp Eng, 11: 142–144 Henríquez F, Martin R. 1978. Crystal-growth textures in magnetite flows and feeder dykes, El Laco, Chile. Can Mineral, 16: 581–589 Henríquez F, Nyström J O. 1998. Magnetite bombs at El Laco volcano, Chile. GFF, 120: 269–271 Hildebrand R S. 1986. Kiruna-type deposits; their origin and relationship to intermediate subvolcanic plutons in the Great Bear magmatic zone, Northwest Canada. Econ Geol, 81: 640–659 Hou T, Charlier B, Holtz F, Veksler I, Zhang Z, Thomas R, Namur O. 2018. Immiscible hydrous Fe-Ca-P melt and the origin of iron oxide-apatite ore deposits. Nat Commun, 9: 1415 Hou T, Zhang Z C, Du Y S, Li S T. 2009. Geology of the Gushan iron oxide deposit associated with dioritic porphyries, eastern Yangtze craton, SE China. Int Geol Rev, 51: 520–541 Hou T, Zhang Z C, Encarnacion J, Santosh M, Sun Y L. 2013. The role of recycled oceanic crust in magmatism and metallogeny: Os-Sr-Nd isotopes, U-Pb geochronology and geochemistry of picritic dykes in the Panzhihua giant Fe-Ti oxide deposit, central Emeishan large igneous province, SW China. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 165: 805–822 Hou T, Zhang Z C, Ye X R, Encarnacion J, Reichow M K. 2011. Noble gas isotopic systematics of Fe-Ti-V oxide ore-related mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions in the Panxi area, China: The role of recycled oceanic crust in their petrogenesis. Geochim Cosmochim Acta, 75: 6727–6741 Hu H, Lentz D R, Li J W, McCarron T, Zhao X F, Hall D. 2015. Re-equilibration processes in magnetite from iron skarn deposits. Econ Geol, 110: 1–8 Hu H, Li J W, Harlov D E, Lentz D R, McFarlane C R M, Yang Y H. 2020. A genetic link between iron oxide-apatite and iron skarn mineralization in the Jinniu volcanic basin, Daye district, eastern China: Evidence from magnetite geochemistry and multi-mineral U-Pb geochronology. GSA Bull, 132: 899–917 Hu H, Li J W, Lentz D, Ren Z, Zhao X F, Deng X D, Hall D. 2014a. Dissolution-reprecipitation process of magnetite from the Chengchao iron deposit: Insights into ore genesis and implication for in-situ chemical analysis of magnetite. Ore Geol Rev, 57: 393–405 Hu H, Duan Z, Luo Y, Li J W. 2014b. Trace element systematics of magnetite from the Chengchao iron deposit in the Daye district: A laser ablation ICP-MS study and insights into ore genesis (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 30: 1292–1306 Hu X, Chen H Y, Zhao L D, Han J S, Xia X P. 2017. Magnetite geochemistry of the Longqiao and Tieshan Fe-(Cu) deposits in the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Belt: Implications for deposit type and ore genesis. Ore Geol Rev, 89: 822–835 Huang Q T, Yin G P. 1989. The Luohe Iron Deposit in Lujiang County, Anhui Province (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 1–193 Isley A E. 1995. Hydrothermal plumes and the delivery of iron to banded iron-formation. J Petrol, 103: 169–185 Jiang Z S, Zhang Z H, Wang Z H, Duan S G, Li F M, Tian J Q. 2014. Geology, geochemistry, and geochronology of the Zhibo iron deposit in the Western Tianshan, NW China: Constraints on metallogenesis and tectonic setting. Ore Geol Rev, 57: 406–424 Jiang Z S, Zhang Z H, Hou K J, Hong W, Wang Z H, Li F M and Tian J Q. 2012. Geochemistry and zircon U-Pb age of volcanic rocks from the Chagangnuoer and Zhibo iron deposits, western Tianshan, and their geological significance (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 28: 2074–2088 Jiang Z S. 2014. Carboniferous volcanism and Fe mineralization at the Zhibo iron deposit in the western Tianshan (in Chinese). Dissertation for Doctoral Degree. Beijing: Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences Klein C. 2005. Some Precambrian banded iron-formations (BIFs) from around the world: Their age, geologic setting, mineralogy, metamorphism, geochemistry, and origins. Am Miner, 90: 1473–1499 Konhauser K O, Planavsky N J, Hardisty D S, Robbins L J, Warchola T J, Haugaard R, Lalonde S V, Partin C A, Oonk P B H, Tsikos H, Lyons T W, Bekker A, Johnson C M. 2017. Iron formations: A global record of Neoarchaean to Palaeoproterozoic environmental history. Earth-Sci Rev, 172: 140–177 Lester G W, Clark A H, Kyser T K, Naslund H R. 2013. Experiments on liquid immiscibility in silicate melts with H2O, P, S, F and Cl: Implications for natural magmas. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 166: 329–349 Li H M, Ding J H, Zhang Z C, Li L X, Chen J, Yao T. 2015b. Iron-rich fragments in the Yamansu iron deposit, Xinjiang, NW China: Constraints on metallogenesis. J Asian Earth Sci, 113: 1068–1081 Li H M, Li L X, Ding J H, Li Y H, Song Z, Meng J, Ma Y B. 2018. Occurrence of the iron-rich melt in the Heijianshan iorn deposit, Eastern Tianshan, NW China: Insights into the origin of volcanic rock-hosted iron deposits. Acta Geol Sin-Engl Ed, 92: 666–681 Li H M, Li L X, Zhang Z C, Santosh M, Liu M J, Cui Y H, Yang X Q, Chen J, Yao T. 2014a. Alteration of the Damiao anorthosite complex in the northern North China Craton: Implications for high-grade iron mineralization. Ore Geol Rev, 57: 574–588 Li H M, Liu M J, Li L X, Yang X Q, Yao L D, Chen J, Yao T. 2014b. SHRIMP U-Pb geochronology of zircons from the garnet-rich altered rocks in the mining area II of the Gongchangling iron deposit: Constraints on the ages of the high-grade iron deposit (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 30: 1205–1217 Li H M, Wang D H, Li L X, Chen J, Yang X Q, Liu M J. 2012. Metallogeny of iron deposits and resource potential of major iron minerogenetic units in China (in Chinese). Geol China, 39: 559–580 Li H M, Yang X Q, Li L X, Zhang Z C, Liu M J, Yao T, Chen J. 2015a. Desilicification and iron activation-reprecipitation in the high-grade magnetite ores in BIFs of the Anshan-Benxi area, China: Evidence from geology, geochemistry and stable isotopic characteristics. J Asian Earth Sci, 113: 998–1016 Li J L, Zhang G L, Su L H. 1986. An experimental study on the iron ore deposits formed by “ore magma” related to FeO-Ca5(PO4)3F-NaAlSiO4-CaMgSi2O6 system (in Chinese). Bull Instit Mineral Deposits Chin Acad Geol Sci, 18: 197–204 Li J W, Vasconcelos P M, Zhou M F, Deng X D, Cohen B, Bi S J, Zhao X F, Selby D. 2014. Longevity of magmatic-hydrothermal systems in the Daye Cu-Fe-Au District, eastern China with implications for mineral exploration. Ore Geol Rev, 57: 375–392 Li J W, Zhao X F, Deng X D, Tan J, Hu H, Zhang D Y, Li Z K, Li H, Rong H, Yang M Z, Cao K, Jin X Y, Sui J X, Zu B, Chang J, Wu Y F, Wen G, Zhao S R. 2019. An overview of the advance on the study of China’s ore deposits during the last seventy years (in Chinese). Sci Sin Terr, 49: 1720–1771 Li J W, Zhao X F, Zhou M F, Ma C Q, de Souza Z S, Vasconcelos P. 2009. Late Mesozoic magmatism from the Daye region, eastern China: U-Pb ages, petrogenesis, and geodynamic implications. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 157: 383–409 Li L X, Li H M, Li Y Z, Yao T, Yang X Q, Chen J. 2015. Origin of rhythmic anorthositic-pyroxenitic layering in the Damiao anorthosite complex, China: Implications for late-stage fractional crystallization and genesis of Fe-Ti oxide ores. J Asian Earth Sci, 113: 1035–1055 Li L X, Li H M, Chen Z L, Wang D H, Chen W S. 2010. Hydrothermal mineralization and fluid inclusion study on the Heishan iron deposit, Chengde County, Hebei Province, China (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 26: 858–870 Li L X, Li H M, Zi J W, Rasmussen B, Sheppard S, Ma Y B, Meng J, Song Z. 2019a. The link between an anorthosite complex and underlying olivine-Ti-magnetite-rich layered intrusion in Damiao, China: Insights into magma chamber processes in the formation of Proterozoic massif-type anorthosites. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 174: 48 Li L X, Li H M, Zi J W, Rasmussen B, Sheppard S, Wilde S A, Meng J. 2019b. Role of fluids in Fe-Ti-P mineralization of the Proterozoic Damiao anorthosite complex, China: Insights from baddeleyite-zircon relationships in ore and altered anorthosite. Ore Geol Rev, 115: 103186 Li L X, Zi J W, Li H M, Rasmussen B, Wilde S A, Sheppard S, Ma Y B, Meng J, Song Z. 2019c. High-grade magnetite mineralization at 1.86 Ga in Neoarchean banded iron formations, Gongchangling, China: In situ U-Pb geochronology of metamorphic-hydrothermal zircon and monazite. Econ Geol, 114: 1159–1175 Li L X, Zi J W, Meng J, Li H M, Rasmussen B, Sheppard S, Wilde S A, Li Y H. 2020. Using in situ monazite and xenotime U-Pb geochronology to resolve the fate of the “missing” banded iron formation-hosted high-grade hematite ores of the North China Craton. Econ Geol, 115: 189–204 Li N B, Niu H C, Zhang X C, Zeng Q S, Shan Q, Li C Y, Yan S, Yang W B. 2015. Age, petrogenesis and tectonic significance of the ferrobasalts in the Chagangnuoer iron deposit, western Tianshan. Int Geol Rev, 57: 1218–1238 Li W, Xie G, Mao J, Zhu Q, Zheng J. 2019. Mineralogy, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope studies of the Chengchao deposit, Hubei province, eastern China: Implications for the formation of high-grade Fe skarn deposits. Econ Geol, 114: 325–352 Li Y H, Xie G Q, Duan C, Han D, Wang C Y. 2013. Effect of sulfate evaporate salt layer over the formation of skarn-type iron ores (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 87: 1324–1333 Li Y H, Zhang Z J, Hou K J, Duan C, Wang D H, Hu G Y. 2014. The genesis of Gongchangling high-grade-iron ores, Anshan-Benxi area, Liaoning Province, NE China: Evidence from Fe-Si-O-S isotopes (in Chinese). Acta Geol Sin, 88: 2351–2372 Li Z H, Zhu X K, Sun J. 2014. Geochemical characteristics of Banded Iron-Formations from Xinyu and North China (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 30: 1279–1291 Lindsley D H, Epler N. 2017. Do Fe-Ti-oxide magmas exist? Probably not! Am Miner, 102: 2157–2169 Liu P P, Zhou M F, Chen W T, Boone M, Cnudde V. 2014. Using multiphase solid inclusions to constrain the origin of the Baima Fe-Ti-(V) Oxide deposit, SW China. J Petrol, 55: 951–976 Liu Y N, Fan Y, Zhou T F, Xiao X, White N C, Thompson J, Hong H L, Zhang L J. 2019. Geochemical characteristics of magnetite in Longqiao skarn iron deposit in the Middle-Lower Yangtze Metallogenic Belt, Eastern China. Miner Depos, 54: 1229–1242 Lu D R, Ji J S, Lu R S, Tao H X. 1995. Geochemical characteristics of the rare earth elements of the Yamansu iron deposit (in Chinese). J Xi’an College Geol, 18: 12–16 Mao J W, Xie G Q, Duan C, Pirajno F, Ishiyama D, Chen Y C. 2011. A tectono-genetic model for porphyry-skarn-stratabound Cu-Au-Mo-Fe and magnetite-apatite deposits along the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley, Eastern China. Ore Geol Rev, 43: 294–314 Meinert L D, Dopple G M, Nicolescu S. 2005. World skarn deposits. In: Hedenquist J W, et al., eds. Economic Geology 100th Anniversity Volume. Littleleton: Society of Economic Geologists. 299–336 Morris RC. 1983. Supergene alteration of banded iron formation. In: Trendall A F, Morris R C, eds. Iron Formation: Facts and Problems. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publications. 513–534 Naslund H R. 1983. The effect of oxygen fugacity on liquid immiscibility in iron-bearing silicate melts. Am J Sci, 283: 1034–1059 Naslund H R, Henriquez F, Nyström J O, Vivallo W, Dobbs F M. 2002. Magmatic iron ores and associated mineralisation: Examples from the Chilean High Andes and Coastal Cordillera. In: Porter T M, ed. Hydrothermal iron oxide copper-gold and related deposits: A global perspective. Adelaide: PGC Publishing. 207–226 Nyström J O, Henriquez F. 1994. Magmatic features of iron ores of the Kiruna type in Chile and Sweden: Ore textures and magnetite geochemistry. Econ Geol, 89: 820–839 Pang K N, Zhou M F, Lindsley D, Zhao D, Malpas J. 2008. Origin of Fe-Ti oxide ores in mafic intrusions: Evidence from the Panzhihua Intrusion, SW China. J Petrol, 49: 295–313 Park C F. 1961. A magnetite “Flow” in northern Chile. Econ Geol, 56: 431–436 Philpotts A R. 1967. Origin ofcertain iron-titanium oxide and apatite rocks. Econ Geol, 62: 303–315 Philpotts A R. 1981. A model for the generation of massif-type anorthosites. Can Mineral, 19: 233–253 Philpotts A R. 1982. Compositions ofimmiscible liquids in volcanic rocks. Contr Mineral Petrol, 80: 201–218 Pokrovski G S, Dubrovinsky L S. 2011. The S3− ion is stable in geological fluids at elevated temperatures and pressures. Science, 331: 1052–1054 Research Group of Ningwu. 1978. Ningwu Porphyrite Iron Ore (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 1–196 Shen Q H, Song H X. 2015. Progress, prospecting and key scientific problems in origin researches of high-grade iron ore of the banded iron-formation (BIF) in the North China Craton (in Chinese), Acta Petrol Sin, 31: 2795–2815 Shu Q A, Chen P L, Cheng J R. 1992. The Geology of Iron and Copper Deposits in Eastern Hubei Province, China (in Chinese). Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press Co., Ltd. 1–532 Sillitoe R H, Burrows D. 2002. New field evidence bearing on the origin of the El Laco magnetite deposit, northern Chile. Econ Geol, 97: 1101–1109 Song X Y, Qi H W, Hu R Z, Chen L M, Yu S Y, Zhang J F. 2013. Formation of thick stratiform Fe-Ti oxide layers in layered intrusion and frequent replenishment of fractionated mafic magma: Evidence from the Panzhihua intrusion, SW China. Geochem Geophys Geosyst, 14: 712–732 Song X Goosy, Chen Y C, Sheng J F, Ai Y D. 1981. On iron deposit formed from volcanic-hypabyssal ore magma (in Chinese). Acta Geol Sin, 1: 43–86 Sun J, Luo Z H, Zhang C H, Guo S F, Li J, Du W H, Wang D Z, Pan Y, Zhou J L, Li X D. 2009. Is the Damiao ore field a crisis mine or a potential giant iron base? (in Chinese). Geol China, 36: 255–267 Sun W D, Ling M X, Wang F Y, Ding X, Hu Y H, Zhou J B, Yang X Y. 2008. Pacific plate subduction and Mesozoic geological event in Eastern China (in Chinese). Bull Miner Petrol Geochem 27: 218–225 Sun X H, Tang H S, Luan Y, Chen J H. 2020. Geochronological constraints on the genesis of high-grade iron ore in the Gongchangling BIFs from the Anshan-Benxi area, North China Craton. Ore Geol Rev, 122: 103504 Tornos F, Velasco F, Hanchar J M. 2016. Iron-rich melts, magmatic magnetite, and superheated hydrothermal systems: The El Laco deposit, Chile. Geology, 44: 427–430 Tornos F, Velasco F, Hanchar J M. 2017. The magmatic to magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the El Laco deposit (Chile) and its implications for the genesis of magnetite-apatite deposits. Econ Geol, 112: 1595–1628 Tuff J, Takahashi E, Gibson S A. 2005. Experimental constraints on the role of garnet pyroxenite in the genesis of high-Fe mantle plume derived melts. J Petrol, 46: 2023–2058 Vander Auwera J, Bolle O, Bingen B, Liégeois J P, Bogaerts M, Duchesne J C, De Waele B, Longhi J. 2011. Sveconorwegian massif-type anorthosites and related granitoids result from post-collisional melting of a continental arc root. Earth-Sci Rev, 107: 375–397 VIDRGMLCJV (Volcanic Iron Deposit Research Group of the Middle-Lower Yangtze Valley). 1977. Porphyrite iron ore—A genetic model of a group of iron deposits in Andesitic volcanic area (in Chinese). Acta Geol Sin, 51: 1–18 Wang E D, Xia J M, Zhao C F, Fu J F, Hou G Q. 2012. Forming mechanism of high-grade magnetite bodies in Gongchangling, Liaoning Province (in Chinese). Acta Geol Sin, 86: 1761–1772 Wang D H, Li C J, Chen S P, Xiao K Y, Li H Q, Liang T. 2006. Metallogenic characteristics and direction in mineral search in the East Tianshan, Xinjiang, China (in Chinese). Geol Bull China, 25: 910–915 Wang K, Wang C Y, Ren Z Y. 2018. Apatite-hosted melt inclusions from the Panzhihua gabbroic-layered intrusion associated with a giant Fe-Ti oxide deposit in SW China: Insights for magma unmixing within a crystal mush. Contrib Mineral Petrol, 173: 59 Wang M, Veksler I, Zhang Z, Hou T, Keiding J K. 2017. The origin of nelsonite constrained by melting experiment and melt inclusions in apatite: The Damiao anorthosite complex, North China Craton. Gondwana Res, 42: 163–176 Wang W, Chai F M, Wang H P, Yang J J, Li Q, Gu G L. 2017. Inclusions study of Jibote iron deposit in the Chinese Altay orogenic belt: Evidence of magmatic in origin (in Chinese). Chinese J Geol, 52: 571–591 Wang X S, Zhang X, Gao J, Li J L, Jiang T, Xue S C. 2018. A slab break-off model for the submarine volcanic-hosted iron mineralization in the Chinese Western Tianshan: Insights from Paleozoic subduction-related to post-collisional magmatism. Ore Geol Rev, 92: 144–160 Wang Z, Xu D, Hu G, Yu L, Wu C, Zhang Z, Cai J, Shan Q, Hou M, Chen H. 2015. Detrital zircon U-Pb ages of the Proterozoic metaclastic-sedimentary rocks in Hainan Province of South China: New constraints on the depositional time, source area, and tectonic setting of the Shilu Fe-Co-Cu ore district. J Asian Earth Sci, 113: 1143–1161 Wang Z L, Xu D R, Monika A K, Wu C J, Yu L L. 2015. Genesis of and CHIME dating on monazite in the Shilu iron ore deposit, Hainan Province of South China, and its geological implications (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 31: 200–216 Wen G, Bi S J, Li J W. 2017. Role of evaporitic sulfates in iron skarn mineralization: A fluid inclusion and sulfur isotope study from the Xishimen deposit, Handan-Xingtai district, North China Craton. Miner Depos, 52: 495–514 Whitney J A, Hemley J J, Simon F O. 1985. The concentration of iron in chloride solutions equilibrated with synthetic granitic compositions: The sulfur-free system. Econ Geol, 80: 444–460 Wilson R E, Harding T P, Seely D R. 1973. Basic wrench tectonics. AAPG Bull, 57: 74–96 Xie G Q, Mao J W, Zhu Q Q, Yao L, Li Y H, Li W, Zhao H J. 2015. Geochemical constraints on Cu-Fe and Fe skarn deposits in the Edong district, Middle-Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt, China. Ore Geol Rev, 64: 425–444 Xie Q H, Zhang Z C, Hou T, Cheng Z, Campos E, Wang Z C, Fei X H. 2019. New insights for the formation of Kiruna-type iron deposits by immiscible hydrous Fe-P melt and high-temperature hydrothermal processes: Evidence from El Laco deposit. Econ Geol, 114: 35–46 Xing C M, Wang C Y. 2017. Cathodoluminescence images and trace element compositions of fluorapatite from the Hongge layered intrusion in SW China: A record of prolonged crystallization and overprinted fluid metasomatism. Am Miner, 102: 1390–1401 Xing C M, Chen W, Wang C Y, Zhao T P. 2011. Volatile compositions and C-H-O isotope compositions of Proterozoic Damiao Fe-Ti-P oxide deposit in the northern margin of the North China Craton (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 27: 1500–1510 Xu D R, Kusiak M A, Wang Z, Chen H, Bakun-Czubarow N, Wu C, Konečný P, Hollings P. 2015. Microstructural observation and chemical dating on monazite from the Shilu Group, Hainan Province of South China: Implications for origin and evolution of the Shilu FeýCoýCu ore district. Lithos, 216–217: 158–177 Xu D R, Wang Z L, Cai J X, Wu C J, Bakun-Czubarow N, Wang L, Chen H Y, Baker M J, Kusiak M A. 2013. Geological characteristics and metallogenesis of the Shilu Feýore deposit in Hainan Province, South China. Ore Geol Rev, 53: 318–342 Xu D R, Wang Z L, Chen H Y, Hollings P, Jansen N H, Zhang Z C, Wu C J. 2014. Petrography and geochemistry of the Shilu FeýCoýCu ore district, South China: Implications for the origin of a Neoproterozoic BIF system. Ore Geol Rev, 57: 322–350 Xu D R, Xiao Y, Xia B, Cai R J, Hou W, Wang L, Liu Z L, Zhao B. 2009. Metallogenic Model and Prospecting Prediction of Shilu Iron Deposit in Hainan Province (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 1–331 Xu Y, Chung S L, Jahn B, Wu G. 2001. Petrologic and geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of Permian-Triassic Emeishan flood basalts in southwestern China. Lithos, 58: 145–168 Yang F Q, Mao J W, Liu F, Chai F M, Geng X X, Zhang Z X, Guo X J, Liu G R. 2013. A review of the geological characteristics and mineralization history of iron deposits in the Altay orogenic belt of the Xinjiang, Northwest China. Ore Geol Rev, 54: 1–16 Yang X Q, Li H M, Li L X, Ma Y B, Chen J, Liu M J, Yao T, Chen W S, Yao L D. 2014. Characteristics offluid inclusions, S, H and O isotope of iron deposit in Anshan-Benxi area, Liaoning Province (in Chinese). Acta Geol Sin, 88: 1917–1031 Yang Y L, Ni P, Pan J Y, Wang G G, Xu Y F. 2017. Constraints on the mineralization processes of the Makeng iron deposit, eastern China: Fluid inclusion, H-O isotope and magnetite trace element analysis. Ore Geol Rev, 88: 791–808 Yao P H. 1993. Records of China’s Iron Ore Deposits (in Chinese). Beijing: Metallurgic Industry Press. 1–622 Yao S Z. 1983. A preliminary study on geological characteristics and some genetic problems of the slurry-hydrothermal transition iron ore deposit in Lingxiang, Hubei province (in Chinese). Geol Sci Tech Inf, S1: 71–78 Yu L, Zou S, Cai J, Xu D, Zou F, Wang Z, Wu C, Liu M. 2016. Geochemical and Nd isotopic constraints on provenance and depositional setting of the Shihuiding Formation in the Shilu Fe-Co-Cu ore district, Hainan Province, South China. J Asian Earth Sci, 119: 100–117 Yuan J Z. 1990. Iron ore types and genesis of Meishan iron ore deposit: The study of high temperature experiments (in Chinese). Geoscience, 4: 77–84 Zeng L P, Zhao X F, Hammerli J, Fan T W T, Spandler C. 2019. Tracking fluid sources for skarn formation using scapolite geochemistry: An example from the Jinshandian iron skarn deposit, Eastern China. Miner Depos, 55: 1029–1046 Zhai Y S, Yao S Z, Lin X D, Zhou Z R, Wan T F, Jin F J, Zhou Z G. 1992. The Ore-forming Regularity of Iron-copper (Gold) in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 1–235 Zhai Y S. 1965. Rock characteristics and genesis of an anorthosite (in Chinese). Geol Rev, 23: 186–195 Zhang H W, Xie L X. 2001. New views on origin of Yamansu iron deposit in Xinjiang autonomous region (in Chinese). J Changchun Inst Tech-Nat Sci Edi, 2: 26–29 Zhang J L, Xu D R, Yu L L and Hou M Z. 2018. Zircon U-Pb dating of granite and host rock in Xinyu iron ore area, Jiangxi Province, China (in Chinese). Chin J Nonferrous Metals, 28: 971–984 Zhang L C, Zhai M G, Wan Y S, Guo J H, Dai Y P, Wang C L, Liu L. 2012b. Study of the Precambrian BIF-iron deposits in the North China Craton: Progresses and questions (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 28: 3431–3445 Zhang L C, Zhai M G, Zhang X J, Xiang P, Dai Y P, Wang C L, Pirajno F. 2012a. Formation age and tectonic setting of the Shirengou Neoarchean banded iron deposit in eastern Hebei Province: Constraints from geochemistry and SIMS zircon U-Pb dating. Precambrian Res, 222–223: 325–338 Zhang S H, Liu S W, Zhao Y, Yang J H, Song B, Liu X M. 2007. The 1.75–1.68 Ga anorthosite-mangerite-alkali granitoid-rapakivi granite suite from the northern North China Craton: Magmatism related to a Paleoproterozoic orogen. Precambrian Res, 155: 287–312 Zhang X. 2013. Study on metallogenic background and mineralization of Zhibo and Chagangnuoer iron ore deposits in West Tianshan Mountains (in Chinese). Dissertation for Doctoral Degree. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1–226 Zhang Z C. 2018. Genesis of Proterozoic anorthosites and associated Fe-Ti-V-P ore deposits (in Chinese). Bull Miner Petrol Geochem, 37: 1047–1091 Zhang Z C, Hou T, Santosh M, Li H M, Li J W, Zhang Z H, Song X Y, Wang M. 2014a. Spatio-temporal distribution and tectonic settings of the major iron deposits (in Chinese): An overview. Ore Geol Rev, 57: 247–263 Zhang Z C, Mao J W, Saunders A D, Ai Y, Li Y, Zhao L. 2009. Petrogenetic modeling of three mafic-ultramafic layered intrusions in the Emeishan large igneous province, SW China, based on isotopic and bulk chemical constraints. Lithos, 113: 369–392 Zhang Z C, Santosh M, Li J W. 2015. Iron deposits in relation to magmatism in China. J Asian Earth Sci, 113: 951–956 Zhang Z C, Chai F M, Xie Q H. 2016. High-angle subduction in a thermal structure with warm mantle-cool crust: Formation of submarine volcanics-hosted iron deposits (in Chinese). Geol China, 43: 367–379 Zhang Z C, Hou T, Li H M, Li J W, Zhang Z H, Song X Y. 2014b. Enrichment mechanism of iron in magmatic hydrothermal system (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 30: 1189–1204 Zhang Z C, Mahoney J J, Mao J W, Wang F S. 2006. Geochemistry of picritic and associated basalt flows of the western Emeishan flood basalt province, China. J Petrol, 47: 1997–2019 Zhao B, Li T J. 1980. A preliminary study on the mechanism and physicochemical conditions of formation of Gongchangling rich iron deposit(in Chinese). Geochimica, 4: 333–344 Zhao G, Wilde S A, Cawood P A, Sun M. 2001. Archean blocks and their boundaries in the North China Craton: Lithological, geochemical, structural and P-T path constraints and tectonic evolution. Precambrian Res, 107: 45–73 Zhao T P, Chen W, Zhou M F. 2009. Geochemical and Nd-Hf isotopic constraints on the origin of the ∼1.74-Ga Damiao anorthosite complex, North China Craton. Lithos, 113: 673–690 Zhao T P, Chen W, Lu B. 2010. Characteristics and origin of Fe-Ti-P oxide deposits associated with Proterozoic massif-type anorthosite (in Chinese). Earth Sci Front, 17: 106–117 Zhao Y M, Lin W W, Bi C S, Li D S, Jiang C J. 1990. Skarn Deposit in China (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 1–354 Zhao Y M, Wu L S, Bai G, Yuan Z X, Ye Q T, Huang M Z, Rui Z Y, Sheng J F, Lin W W, Deng S P, Mao J W, Bi C S, Dang Z F, Wang L S, Zhang Z H, Chen W S. 2004. Metallogeny of the Major Metallic Ore Deposits in China (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 13–62 Zhao Y M. 2013. Main genetic types and geological characteristics of iron-rich ore deposits in China (in Chinese). Miner Depos, 32: 685–704 Zhao Y X. 1993. Formation Mechanism of Iron Deposit in Contact Zone in the Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtze River (in Chinese). Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Press. 1–156 Zhou J L, Luo Z H, Pan Y, Li X D. 2013. The genesis of vein-type iron orebody occurred in magmatic iron deposit: A case study of the Heishan iron deposit, Hebei Province, China (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 29: 3555–3566 Zhou M F, Chen W T, Wang C Y, Prevec S A, Liu P P, Howarth G H. 2013. Two stages of immiscible liquid separation in the formation of Panzhihua-type Fe-Ti-V oxide deposits, SW China. Geosci Front, 4: 481–502 Zhou M F, Robinson P T, Lesher C M, Keays R R, Zhang C J, Malpas J. 2005. Geochemistry, petrogenesis and metallogenesis of the panzhihua gabbroic layered intrusion and associated Fe-Ti-V oxide deposits, Sichuan Province, SW China. J Petrol, 46: 2253–2280 Zhou M F, Yan D P, Wang C L, Qi L, Kennedy A. 2006. Subduction-related origin of the 750 Ma Xuelongbao adakitic complex (Sichuan Province, China): Implications for the tectonic setting of the giant Neoproterozoic magmatic event in South China. Earth Planet Sci Lett, 248: 286–300 Zhou S T. 1994. Banded Iron Ore Geology in Anshan-Benxi Area (in Chinese). Beijing: Geological Publishing House. 1–276 Zhou T F, Fan Y, Wang S W, White N C. 2017. Metallogenic regularity and metallogenic model of the Middle-Lower Yangtze River Valley Metallogenic Belt (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 33: 3353–3372 Zhu Q Q, Xie G Q, Li W. 2019. Superposition mechanism of Fe enrichment in skarn deposits of Edong district: Constrains from magnetite texture and ore grade data (in Chinese). Acta Petrol Sin, 35: 3703–3720 Zou S, Yu L, Yu D, Xu D, Ye T, Wang Z, Cai J, Liu M. 2017. Precambrian continental crust evolution of Hainan Island in South China: Constraints from detrital zircon Hf isotopes of metaclastic-sedimentary rocks in the Shilu Fe-Co-Cu ore district. Precambrian Res, 296: 195–207