Geological Heritage, Geotourism and Local Development in Aggtelek National Park (NE Hungary)

Geoheritage - Tập 12 Số 1 - 2020
Tamás Telbisz1, Péter Gruber2, László Mari1, Margit Kőszegi3, Zsolt Bottlik3, Tibor Standovár4
1Department of Physical Geography, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
2Aggtelek National Park, Tengerszem oldal 1, Jósvafő, Hungary
3Department of Regional Science, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
4Department of Plant Taxonomy and Ecology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter 1/C, Budapest, 1117, Hungary

Tóm tắt

AbstractWe examine how geoconservation and geotourism can help the local development of an economically underdeveloped karst area. First, we briefly present the geoheritage of Aggtelek National Park, which largely overlaps the area of the Aggtelek Karst. The area is built up predominantly of Triassic limestones and dolomites. It is a typical temperate zone, medium mountain karst area with doline-dotted karst plateaus and tectonic-fluvial valleys. Besides caves, the past history of iron mining also enriches its geoheritage. Aggtelek National Park was set aside in 1985. The caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst became part of the UNESCO World Heritage in 1995 due to the high diversity of cave types and morphology. Socially, the area of the national park is a disadvantaged border region in NE Hungary. Baradla Cave has always been a popular tourist destination, but visitor numbers fell significantly after 1985. Tourism is largely focused on Baradla Cave, and thus it can be considered “sensu lato” geotourism. Reasons for the changes in visitor numbers are discussed in this paper. Tourist motivations, the significance of geotourism and other tourism-related issues were explored in our study by questionnaire surveys and semi-structured interviews. Furthermore, the balance of geoconservation versus bioconservation is also examined. Finally, the relationship of geotourism, nature protection and local development is discussed. We conclude that the socio-economic situation of the Aggtelek Karst microregion is relatively better than that of the neighbouring regions, and this relative welfare is due to the existence of the national park and Baradla Cave.

Từ khóa


Tài liệu tham khảo

Allan M (2011) Toward a better understanding of motivations for a geotourism experience: A self-determination theory perspective. PhD Dissertation, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia

Allan M, Dowling RK, Sanders D (2015) The motivations for visiting geosites: the case of Crystal Cave, Western Australia. GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites 16:141–152

Ateş HÇ, Ateş Y (2019) Geotourism and rural tourism synergy for sustainable development – Marçik Valley case – Tunceli, Turkey. Geoheritage 11:207–2015. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-018-0312-1

Balmford A, Beresford J, Green J, Naidoo R, Walpole M, Manica A (2009) A global perspective on trends in nature-based tourism. PLoS Biol 7(6):e1000144. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1000144

Bao J, Zhang C (2006) The TALC in China’s tourism planning: case study of Danxia Mountain, Guangdong Province, PRC. In: Butler RW (ed) The tourism area life cycle. Channel View Publications, Clevedon, pp 107–115

Baráz C, Holló S, Telbisz T (2018) Creation of a new geopark in the Bükk Region (Hungary) – a bottom-up initiative. In: Głowniak E, Wasiłowska A, Leonowicz P (eds) Geoheritage and conservation: modern approaches and applications towards the 2030 Agenda. 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 25-28th June, 2018, Programme and abstract book. Faculty of Geology. University of Warsaw, pp 67–68

Bella P, Veselskỳ M, Gaál U, Minár J (2016) Jósvafo paleo-Polje: morphology and relation to the landform evolution of Aggtelek karst and Jósva River valley, Hungary. Z Geomorphol 60:219–235. https://doi.org/10.1127/zfg/2016/0212

Bella P, Bosák P, Braucher R, Pruner P, Hercman H, Minár J, Veselský M, Holec J, Léanni L (2019) Multi-level Domica–Baradla cave system (Slovakia, Hungary): middle Pliocene–Pleistocene evolution and implications for the denudation chronology of the Western Carpathians. Geomorphology 327:62–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2018.10.002

Borbás E, Kovács J, Fehér K, Vid G, Hatvani IG (2011) Water chemistry analysis in the sediment of Baradla Cave, Hungary. Central Eur Geol 54:367–380. https://doi.org/10.1556/CEuGeol.54.2011.4.5

Bosák P, Hercman H, Kadlec J, Móga J, Pruner P (2004) Palaeomagnetic and U-series dating of cave sediments in Baradla Cave, Hungary. Acta Carsologica 33:219–238

Božić S, Tomić N (2015) Canyons and gorges as potential geotourism destinations in Serbia: comparative analysis from two perspectives–general geotourists’ and pure geotourists’. Open Geosci 7:531–546. https://doi.org/10.1515/geo-2015-0040

Brilha J (2002) Geoconservation and protected areas. Environ Conserv 29:273–276

Butler RW, Boyd SW (eds) (2000) Tourism and national parks: issues and implications. Wiley, Chichester

Cigna AA, Forti P (2013) Caves: the most important geotouristic feature in the world. Tourism and Karst Areas 6:9–26

Clarke J, Denman R, Hickman G, Slovak J (2001) Rural tourism in Roznava Okres: a Slovak case study. Tour Manag 22:193–202. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0261-5177(00)00038-8

Crofts R (2018) Putting geoheritage conservation on all agendas. Geoheritage 10:231–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0239-y

Czuppon G, Demény A, Leél-Őssy S, Óvari M, Molnár M, Stieber J, Kiss K, Kármán K, Surányi G, Haszpra L (2018) Cave monitoring in the Béke and Baradla caves (Northeastern Hungary): implications for the conditions for the formation cave carbonates. Int J Speleol 47:13–28. https://doi.org/10.5038/1827-806X.47.1.2110

Demény A, Németh A, Kern Z, Czuppon G, Molnár M, Sz L-Ő, Óvári M, Stieber J (2017) Recently forming stalagmites from the Baradla Cave and their suitability assessment for climate - proxy relationships. Central Eur Geol 60:1–34. https://doi.org/10.1556/24.60.2017.001

Dowling RK (2011) Geotourism’s global growth. Geoheritage 3:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-010-0024-7

Dowling RK, Newsome D eds (2006) Geotourism. 1st ed (e-book). Routledge

ESPON (2017) Shrinking rural regions in Europe. https://www.espon.eu/sites/default/files/attachments/ESPON%20Policy%20Brief%20on%20Shrinking%20Rural%20Regions.pdf. Accessed 30 Sept 2019

Evans BG (2005) Geoparks, coalfields and South Wales - a sustainable combination? Z Dtsch Ges Geowiss 156:373–380. https://doi.org/10.1127/1860-1804/2005/0156-0373

Farsani NT, Coelho C, Costa C (2011) Geotourism and geoparks as novel strategies for socio-economic development in rural areas. Int J Tour Res 13:68–81. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.800

Ford DC, Williams PW (1989) Karst geomorphology and Hidrology. Unwin Hyman, London

Frost W, Hall CM (eds) (2009) Tourism and national parks: international perspectives on development, histories and change. Routledge, London

Gaál L, Bella P (2005) Vplyv tektonických pohybov na geomorfologický vývoj západnej časti Slovenského Krasu. Slovenský Kras, Acta Carsologica Slovaca 43:17–36 (in Slovakian)

Galbács G, Kevei-Bárány I, Szőke E, Jedlinszki N, Gornushkin IB, Galbács MZ (2011) A study of stalagmite samples from Baradla Cave (Hungary) by laser induced plasma spectrometry with automatic signal correction. Microchem J 99:406–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.microc.2011.06.014

Gessert A, Nestorová–Dická J, Sninčák I (2018) The dynamics of tourist excursion ratios in Slovakia show caves from 2000 to 2014. Geografisk Tidsskrift-Danish Journal of Geography 118:173–183. https://doi.org/10.1080/00167223.2018.1503552

Gordon JE, Crofts R, Díaz-Martínez E, Woo KS (2018) Enhancing the role of geoconservation in protected area management and nature conservation. Geoheritage 10:191–203. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0240-5

Gradziński M, Hercman H, Nowak M, Bella P (2007) Age of black coloured laminae within speleothems from Domica Cave and its significance for dating of prehistoric human settlement. Geochronometria 28:39–45. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10003-007-0029-7

Gruber P, Gaál L (2014) A Baradla-Domica-barlangrendszer: a barlang, amely összeköt. Aggteleki Nemzeti Park Igazgatóság, Jósvafő

Gruber P, Kereskényi E, Koltai G, Bárány-Kevei I (2012) Data on the hydrogeographical conditions of Baradla cave: seepage and drip waters. Acta climatologica et chorologica Universitatis Szegediensis 46:125–134

Gyuricza G, Sásdi L (2009) A Baradla-barlangrendszer kialakulásának kérdései a tágabb környezet földtani fejlõdésének tükrében. Földtani Közlöny 139:83–92

Han J, Wu F, Tian M, Li W (2018) From geopark to sustainable development: Heritage conservation and geotourism promotion in the Huangshan UNESCO Global Geopark (China). Geoheritage 10:79–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0227-2

Holl B (2007) A Baradla-barlang régészeti kutatása. Archaeologiai Értesítő 132:267–288

Hose TA (2008) Towards a history of geotourism: definitions, antecedents and the future. In: Burek CV, Prosser CD (eds): the history of geoconservation. Geol Soc Lond, Spec Publ 300:37–60. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP300.5

Jinshi F (2014) Tourism to the Mogao grottoes: overview of conservation challenges and countermeasures. In: Agnew N, Demas M (eds) Extended abstracts of the international colloquium. Visitor Management and Carrying Capacity at World Heritage Sites in China. Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, pp 12–19

Kim SS, Kim M, Park J, Guo Y (2008) Cave tourism: tourists’ characteristics, motivations to visit, and the segmentation of their behavior. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research 13:299–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941660802280448

Kövér S, Fodor L, Judik K, Németh T, Balogh K, Kovács S (2009) Deformation history and nappe stacking in Rudabánya Hills (inner Western Carpathians) unravelled by structural geological, metamorphic petrological and geochronological studies of Jurassic sediments. Geodin Acta 22:3–29. https://doi.org/10.3166/ga.22.3-29

Kuenzi C, McNeely J (2008) Nature-based tourism. In: Renn O, Walker KD (eds) Global risk governance: concept and practice using the IRGC framework. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherlands, pp 155–178

Lazzari M, Aloia A (2014) Geoparks, geoheritage and geotourism: opportunities and tools in sustainable development of the territory. Geojournal of Tourism and Geosites 13:8–9

Less G (2000) Polyphase evolution of the structure of the Aggtelek-Rudabánya Mountains (NE Hungary), the southernmost element of the inner Western Carpathians–a review. Slovak Geological Magazine 6(2–3):260–268

Liu W, Vogt CA, Lupi F, He G, Ouyang Z, Liu J (2016) Evolution of tourism in a flagship protected area of China. J Sustain Tour 24:203–226. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2015.1071380

Mari L, Telbisz T (2018) European National Parks with karst landscapes. In: Głowniak E, Wasiłowska A, Leonowicz P (eds) Geoheritage and conservation: modern approaches and applications towards the 2030 agenda. 9th ProGEO Symposium, Chęciny, Poland, 25-28th June, 2018, Programme and abstract book. Faculty of Geology, University of Warsaw, pp 94–95

McKeever PJ, Zouros N (2005) Geoparks: celebrating earth heritage, sustaining local communities. Episodes 28:274–278

Móga J (1999) Reconstruction of the development history of karstic water networks on the southern part of the Gömör-Torna karst on the bases of ruined caves and landforms. Acta Carsologica 28(2):159–174

Mose I (ed) (2007) Protected areas and regional development in Europe: towards a new model for the 21st century. Ashgate Publishing, Aldershot, UK

Nolte B (2004) Sustainable tourism in biosphere reserves of east central European countries - case studies from Slovakia, Hungary and the Czech Republic. Policies, Methods and Tools for Visitor Management 2005:349–356

NPKRKA (2018) New sustainable management measures at Skradinski Buk. http://www.npkrka.hr/clanci/New-sustainable-measures-Skradinski-buk/405/en.html. Accessed 05 Oct 2019

NPS (2019) Visitation numbers. https://www.nps.gov/aboutus/visitation-numbers.htm. Accessed 4 Oct 2019

Pádárné Török É (2018) Ökoturizmus helye és szerepe a nemzeti park igazgatóságok feladatkörében. http://www.termeszetvedelem.hu/_user/browser/File/Okoturizmus/MNPH_2018/AM.pdf. Accessed 4 Oct 2019

Palmer AN (1991) Origin and morphology of limestone caves. Geol Soc Am Bull 103(1):1–21

Papageorgiou K, Kassioumis K (2005) The national park policy context in Greece: park users’ perspectives of issues in park administration. J Nat Conserv 13:231–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2004.11.001

Petrić L, Mandić A (2014) Visitor management tools for protected areas focused on sustainable tourism development: the Croatian experience. Environ Eng Manag J 13:1483–1495

Pietrzyk-Kaszyńska A, Cent J, Grodzińska-Jurczak M, Szymańska M (2012) Factors influencing perception of protected areas - the case of Natura 2000 in polish Carpathian communities. J Nat Conserv 20:284–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2012.05.005

Reinius SW, Fredman P (2007) Protected areas as attractions. Ann Tour Res 34:839–854. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2007.03.011

Schmid SM, Bernoulli D, Fügenschuh B, Matenco L, Schefer S, Schuster R, Tischler M, Ustaszewski K (2008) The Alpine-Carpathian-Dinaridic orogenic system: correlation and evolution of tectonic units. Swiss J Geosci 101:139–183. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00015-008-1247-3

Šebela S, Turk J, Pipan T (2015) Cave micro-climate and tourism: towards 200 years (1819–2015) at Postojnska jama (Slovenia). Cave and Karst Science 42:78–85

Spate A, Spate J (2013) World-wide show cave visitor numbers over the recent past. ACKMA Cave and Karst Management in Australasia 2014 1:57–69

Stemberk J, Dolejs J, Maresova P, Kuca K (2018) Factors affecting the number of visitors in National Parks in the Czech Republic, Germany and Austria. ISPRS Int J Geo Inf 7:124–133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi7030124

Stepišnik U, Trenchovska A (2018) A new quantitative model for comprehensive geodiversity evaluation: the Škocjan Caves Regional Park, Slovenia. Geoheritage 10:39–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-017-0216-5

Stevens TH, More TA, Markowski-Lindsay M (2014) Declining National Park visitation: an economic analysis. J Leis Res 46:153–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950317

Štrba L (2019) Analysis of criteria affecting geosite visits by general public: a case of Slovak (geo)tourists. Geoheritage 11:291–300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-018-0283-2

Székely K (1998) A Baradla hazánk természeti csodája. In: Baross G (ed) Az Aggteleki Nemzeti Park. Mezőgazda Kiadó, Budapest, pp 201–222

Szvoboda L (1998) A természetvédelem múltja, az Aggteleki Nemzeti Park jelene és jövője. In: Baross G (ed) Az Aggteleki Nemzeti Park. Mezőgazda Kiadó, Budapest, pp 12–17

Takácsné Bolner K (1998) Kristálybarlangok az Esztramos gyomrában. In: Baross G (ed) Az Aggteleki Nemzeti Park. Mezőgazda Kiadó, Budapest, pp 194–200

Telbisz T (2001) Új megközelítések a töbör-morfológiában az Aggteleki-karszt példáján. Földrajzi közlemények 125:95–108

Telbisz T (2011) Large-scale relief of the Slovak karst and Aggtelek karst (Gömör-Torna/Gemer-Turňa karst) – a DEM-based study. Hungarian Geographical Bulletin 60(4):379–396

Telbisz T, Bottlik Z, Mari L, Kőszegi M (2014) The impact of topography on social factors, a case study of Montenegro. J Mt Sci 11:131–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-012-2623-z

Telbisz T, Bottlik Z, Mari L, Petrvalská A (2015) Exploring relationships between karst terrains and social features by the example of Gömör-Torna karst (Hungary-Slovakia). Acta Carsologica 44:121–137. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v44i1.1739

Telbisz T, Imecs Z, Mari L, Bottlik Z (2016a) Changing human-environment interactions in medium mountains: the Apuseni Mts (Romania) as a case study. J Mt Sci 13:1675–1687. https://doi.org/10.1007/S11629-015-3653-0

Telbisz T, Látos T, Deák M, Székely B, Zs K, Standovár T (2016b) The advantage of LIDAR digital terrain models in doline morphometry compared to topographic map based datasets – Aggtelek karst (Hungary) as an example. Acta Carsologica 45(1):5–18. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v45i1.4138

Telbisz T, Stergiou CL, Mindszenty A, Chatzipetros A (2019) Karst features and related social processes in the region of the Vikos Gorge and Tymphi Mountain (Northern Pindos National Park, Greece). Acta Carsologica 48:29–42. https://doi.org/10.3986/ac.v48i1.6806

Tózsa I (1996) Touristic potential of the Aggtelek karst region. Foldrajzi Ertesito 45:299–314

Trakolis D (2001) Perceptions, preferences, and reactions of local inhabitants in Vikos-Aoos National Park, Greece. Environ Manag 28:665–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002670010251

UNESCO World Heritage Committee (2017) Report on the mission to Plitvice Lakes National Park, Croatia from 17 to 19 January 2017. https://whc.unesco.org/document/157749. Accessed 05 Oct 2019

UNWTO (2019) International tourism highlights, 2019 edition. World tourism organization. https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 accessed 27 Sept 2019

Veress M, Unger Z (2015) Baradla-Domica: large cave system on the Hungarian-Slovak border. In: Lóczy D (ed) Landscapes and landforms of Hungary. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer International Publishing, Cham, pp 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-08997-3_20

Zámbó L (1998) Felszínalaktani jellemzés. In: Baross G (ed) Az Aggteleki Nemzeti Park. Mezőgazda Kiadó, Budapest, pp 70–96

Zámbó L, Ford D, Telbisz T (2002) Baradla-barlangi cseppkőkoradatok a késő-negyedidőszaki klímaingadozások tükrében. Földtani Közlöny 132:231–238

Zgłobicki W, Baran-Zgłobicka B (2013) Geomorphological heritage as a tourist attraction. A case study in Lubelskie Province, SE Poland. Geoheritage 5:137–149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-013-0076-6

Zouros N, McKeever P (2004) The European geoparks network. Episodes 27:165–171