Geographically isolated wetlands of the United States

Akins, G. J. 1973. Coastal Wetlands of Oregon. A natural resource inventory report to the Oregon Coastal. Commission & Development Commission. Florence, OR, USA.

Albert, D. A. 2000. Borne of the Wind. An introduction to the ecology of Michigan’s sand dunes. Michigan Natural Features Inventory. Lansing, MI, USA.

Anderson, A. M. and D. A. Haukos. 1997. Geographical distribution of amphibians on the Panhandle, Southern High Plains, and Rolling Plains of Texas. Texas Tech University, Department of Range, Wildlife, and Fisheries Management, Lubbock, TX, USA.

Anderson, A. M., D. A. Haukos, and J. T. Anderson. 1999. Habitat use by anurans emerging and breeding in playa wetlands. Wildlife Society Bulletin 27:759–769.

Bailey, M. A. 1999. Small isolated wetlands: vital to diversity. Alabama Wildlife Federation, Montgomery, AL. Alabama Wildlife Magazine Archives (Fall 1999). (www.alawild.org/wetland.htm)

Bailey, R. G. 1995. Description of the ecoregions of the United States. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Washington, DC, USA. Miscellaneous Publication No. 1391.

Bakker, E. S. 1984. An Island Called California—an Ecological Introduction to its Natural Communities. University of California Press. Berkeley, CA, USA.

Bartgis, R. L. 1992. The endangered sedge Scirpus ancistrochaetus and the flora of sinkhole ponds in Maryland and West Virginia. Castanea 57:46–51.

Baskin, Y. 1994. California’s ephemeral vernal pools may be a good model for speciation. BioScience 44:384–388.

Bennett, S. H. and J. B. Nelson. 1991. Distribution and status of Carolina bays in South Carolina. South Carolina Wildlife and Marine Resources Department. Columbia, SC, USA. Nongame and Heritage Trust Publication No. 1.

Berkas, W. R. 1996. North Dakota wetland resources. p. 303–307. In J. D. Fretwell, J. S. Williams, and P. J. Redman (compilers) National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA. Water-Supply Paper 2425.

Bertoldi, G. L. and W. C. Swain. 1996. California wetland resources. p. 127–134. In J. D. Fretwell, J. S. Williams, and P. J. Redman (compilers) National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA, Water-Supply Paper 2425.

Bleed, A. and C. Flowerday (eds.) 1990. An Atlas of the Sand Hills. University of Nebraska, Conservation and Survey Division, Lincoln, NE, USA Resource Atlas No. 5a.

Bolen, E. G., L. M. Smith, and H. L. Schramm, Jr. 1989. Playa lakes: prairie wetlands of the Southern High Plains. BioScience 39:615–623.

Buhlmann, K. A., J. C. Mitchell, and L. R. Smith. 1999. Descriptive ecology of the Shenandoah Valley sinkhole pond system in Virginia. Banisteria 13:23–51.

Crowe, E. A., A. J. Busacca, J. P. Reganold, and B. A. Zamora. 1994. Vegetation zones and soil characteristics in vernal pools in the Channeled Scabland of eastern Washington. Great Basin Naturalist 54:234–247.

Damman, A. W. H. and T. W. French. 1987. The ecology of peat bogs of the glaciated northeastern United States: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA. Biological Report 85(7. 16).

Daniel, C. C. III. 1981. Hydrology, geology, and soils of pocosins: a comparison of natural and altered systems. p. 66–108. In C. J. Richardson (ed.) Pocosin Wetlands. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg, PA, USA.

Doss, P. K. 1993. The nature of a dynamic water table in a system of non-tidal, freshwater coastal wetlands. Journal of Hydrology 141:107–126.

Elliott, C. R. 1991. Mapping Nebraska wetlands. NEBRASKAland 69(5):37–41.

Erickson, N. E. and D. M. Leslie, Jr. 1987. Soil-vegetation correlations in the Sandhills and Rainwater Basin wetlands of Nebraska. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA. Biological Report 87 (11).

Ewel, K. C. 1990. Swamps. Chapter 9. p. 281–323. In R. L. Myers and J. J. Ewel (eds.) Ecosystems of Florida. University of Central Florida Press, Orlando, FL, USA.

Ewel, K. C. 1998. Pondcypress swamps. Chapter 16. p. 405–420. In M. G. Messina and W. H. Conner (eds.) Southern Forested Wetlands. Ecology and Management. Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, USA.

Farrar, J. 1982. The Rainwater Basin. Nebraska’s vanishing wetlands. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Lincoln, NE, USA.

Frankforter, J. D. 1996. Nebraska wetland resources. p. 261–266. In J. D. Fretwell, J. S. Williams, and P. J. Redman (compilers) National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. U.S. Geological Survey. Reston, VA, USA. Water-Supply Paper 2425.

Fretwell, J. D., J. S. Williams, and P. J. Redman (compilers). 1996. National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA. Water-Supply Paper 2425.

Gersib, R. A. 1991. Nebraska wetlands priority plan for inclusion in the 1991–1995 Nebraska State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Lincoln, NE, USA.

Gersib, R. A., R. R. Raines, W. S. Rosier, and M. C. Gilbert. 1989. A functional assessment of selected wetlands within the Rainwater Basin of Nebraska. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Lincoln, NE, USA, in cooperation with the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station. Vicksburg, MS, USA.

Gersib, R. A., R. R. Raines, W. S. Rosier, and M. C. Gilbert. 1990. A functional assessment of selected wetlands within the Rainwater Basin of Nebraska. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Lincoln, NE, USA.

Gersib, R. A., K. E. Dinan, J. D. Kauffeld, M. D. Onnen, P. J. Gabig, J. E. Cornely, G. E. Jasmer, J. M. Hyland, and K. J. Strom. 1992. Looking to the future: an implementation plan for the Rainwater Basin Joint Venture. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission. Lincoln, NE, USA. (http://www.rwbjv.org/Imp_Plan92)

Gibbons, J. W. and R. D. Semlitsch. 1981. Terrestrial drift fences with pitfall traps: an effective technique for quantitative sampling of animal populations. Brimleyana 7:1–16.

Gibbs, J. P. 1993. Importance of small wetlands for the persistence of local populations of wetland-associated animals. Wetlands 13: 25–31.

Gilbert, M. C. 1989. Ordination and mapping of wetland communities in Nebraska’s Rainwater Basin Region. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Omaha, NE, USA. CEMRO Environmental Report 89–1.

Ginsberg, M. 1985. Nebraska’s sandhills lakes—a hydrogeologic overview. Water Resources Bulletin 21:573–578.

Guthery, F. S. and F. C. Bryant. 1982. Status of playas in the Southern Great Plains. Wildlife Society Bulletin 10:309–317.

Haag, K. H. and C. J. Taylor. 1996. Kentucky wetland resources. p. 201–206. In J. D. Fretwell, J. S. Williams, and P. J. Redman (compilers) National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA. Water-Supply Paper 2425.

Hall, J. V., W. E. Frayer, and B. O. Wilen. 1994. Status of Alaska Wetlands. U.S.: Fish and Wildlife Service. Anchorage, AK, USA.

Haukos, D. A. and L. M. Smith. 1994. The importance of playa wetlands to biodiversity of the Southern High Plains. Landscape and Urban Planning 28:83–98.

Haukos, D. A. and L. M. Smith. 1997. Common Flora of the Playa Lakes. Texas Tech University Press, Lubbock, TX, USA.

Hayes, M. A. 1996. Maryland wetland resources. p. 219–224. In J. D. Fretwell, J. S. Williams, and P. J. Redman (compilers) National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. U.S.: Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA. Water-Supply Paper 2425.

Hiebert, R. D., D. A. Wilcox, and N. B. Pavlovic. 1986. Vegetation patterns in and among pannes (calcareous intradunal ponds) at the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, Indiana. American Midland Naturalist 116:276–281.

Hubbard, D. E. 1988. Glaciated prairie wetland functions and values: a synthesis of the literature. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, DC, USA. Biological Report 88 (43).

Ikeda, D. H. and R. A. Schlising (eds.) 1990. Vernal Pool Plants— Their Habitat and Biology. California State University. Chico, CA, USA. Studies from the Herbarium No. 8.

Indiana Department of Environmental Management. 2000. Proposed wetland water quality standards (September 6, 2000). Indiana Department of Environmental Management. Indianapolis, IN, USA.

Iverson, C., P. A. Vohls, and T. C. Tacha. 1985. Distribution and abundance of sandhill cranes wintering in western Texas. Journal of Wildlife Management 49:250–255.

Jain, S. K. (ed.). 1976. Vernal Pools: Their Ecology and Conservation—a Symposium. University of California, Davis, CA, USA. Institute of Ecology Publication No. 9.

Jehl, J. R., Jr. 1994. Changes in saline and alkaline lake avifauna in western North America in the past 150 years. In J. R. Jehl, Jr. and N. K. Johnson (eds.) A Century of Avifaunal Change in Western North America. Studies in Avian Biology 15:258–272.

Johnson, C. W. 1985. Bogs of the Northeast. University Press of New England, Hanover, NH, USA.

Johnson, R. R. and K. F. Higgins. 1997. Wetland Resources of Eastern South Dakota. South Dakota State University. Brookings, SD, USA.

Kantrud, H. A., G. L. Krapu, and G. A. Swanson. 1989. Prairie basin wetlands of the Dakotas: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA. Biological Report 85 (7. 28).

Keeler-Wolf, T., D. R. Elam, K. Lewis, and S. A. Flint. 1998. California vernal pool assessment. Preliminary Report. State of California, The Resources Agency, Department of Fish and Game, Sacramento, CA, USA.

Kendy, E. 1996. Montana wetland resources. p. 255–260. In J. D. Fretwell, J. S. Williams, and P. J. Redman (compilers) National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA. Water-Supply Paper 2425.

Kenney, L. P. and M. R. Burne. 2000. A Field Guide to the Animals of Vernal Pools. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife, Natural Heritage & Endangered Species Program, Westborough, MA, USA and the Vernal Pool Association, Reading Memorial High School, Reading, MA, USA.

Kolm, K. E. 1982. Predicting the surface wind characteristics of southern Wyoming from remote sensing and eolian geomorphology. p. 25–53. In R.W. Marrs and K. E. Kolm (eds.) Interpretation of Windflow Characteristics from Eolian Landforms. Geographic Society of America. Special Paper 192.

Kologiski, R. L. 1977. The Phytosociology of the Green Swamp, North Carolina. North Carolina Agricultural Experiment Station, Raleigh, NC, USA. Technical Bulletin 250.

LaBaugh, J. W. 1986. Limnological characteristics of selected lakes in the Nebraska sandhills, U.S.A., and their relation to chemical characteristics of adjacent groundwater. Journal of Hydrology 86: 279–298.

LaGrange, T. 2001. The U.S. Supreme Court ruling on isolated wetlands and the implications for Nebraska wetlands. Nebraska Game and Parks Commission, Lincoln, NE, USA. Briefing paper. (http://www.ngpc.state.ne.us/wildnebraska/network/Supreme%20court% 20wetlands.htm)

Lane, R. C. and W. A. Taylor. 1996. Washington wetland resources. p. 393–397. In J. D. Fretwell, J. S. Williams, and P. J. Redman (compilers) National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA. Water-Supply Paper 2425.

Leibowitz, S. G. and K. C. Vining. 2003. Temporal connectivity in a prairie pothole complex. Wetlands 23(1):13–25.

Lensink, C. J. and D. V. Derksen. 1986. Evaluation of Alaska wetlands for waterfowl. p. 45–84. In Alaska Regional Wetland Functions— Proceedings of a Workshop, University of Massachusetts, The Environmental Institute. Amherst, MA, USA.

Lentz, K. A. and W. A. Dunson. 1999. Distinguishing characteristics of temporary pond habitat of endangered northeastern bulrush, Scirpus ancistrochaetus. Wetlands 19:162–167.

Lissey, A. 1971. Depression-focused transient groundwater flow patterns in Manitoba. Geological Association of Canada. Special Paper 9.

Loftus, W. F., M. C. Bruno, K. J. Cunningham, S. Perry, and J. C. Trexler. 2001. The ecological role of the karst wetlands of southern Florida in relation to system restoration. In E. L. Kuniansky (ed.). U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interst Group Proceedings. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4011. (http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/karst/kigconference/wfl_ecologicalwetlands.htm)

Ludden, A. P., D. L. Frink, and D. H. Johnson. 1983. Water storage capacity of natural wetland depressions in the Devils Lake basin of North Dakota. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation 38:45–48.

Minckley, W. L. 1991. Native fishes of arid lands: a dwindling resource of the desert Southwest. U.S.D.A. Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ft Collins, Co, USA. General Technical Report RM-206.

Minshall, G. W., S. E. Jensen, and W. S. Platts. 1989. The ecology of stream and riparian habitats of the Great Basin Region: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA. Biological Report 85 (7. 24).

Mitchell, J. C. and K. A. Buhlmann. 1999. Amphibians and reptiles of the Shenandoah Valley sinkhole pond system in Virginia Banisteria 13:129–142.

Mitsch, W. J. and K. C. Ewel. 1979. Comparative biomass and growth of cypress in Florida wetlands. American Midland Naturalist 101:417–426.

Mitsch, W. J. and J. G. Gosselink. 2000. Wetlands. Third Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, NY, USA.

Morris, K. 1988. Jepson prairie reserve. Division of Environmental Studies, Institute of Ecology, University of California, Davis, CA. USA.

National Park Service. 2003. Mojave National Preserve: North American Deserts. (http://www.nps.gov/moja/mojadena.htm)

Nelson, R. W., W. J. Logan, and E. C. Weller. 1983. Playa wetlands and wildlife on the Southern Great Plains: a characterization of habitat. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, DC, USA. FWS/OBS-83/28.

Novacek, J. M. 1989. The water and wetland resources of the Nebraska Sandhills. p. 340–384. In A. G. van der Valk (ed.) Northern Prairie Wetlands. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA.

Ogle, K. M. 1996. Wyoming wetland resources. p. 417–422. In J. D. Fretwell, J. S. Williams, and P. J. Redman (compilers) National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA. Water-Supply Paper 2425.

Phillips, P. J. and R. J. Shedlock. 1993. Hydrology and chemistry of ground water and seasonal ponds in the Atlantic coastal plain in Delaware, U.S.A. Journal of Hydrology 141:157–178.

Reid, R. 1996. Habitat for the hardy. The Federation of Ontario Naturalists. Seasons 36:14–22.

Reschke, C. 1990. Ecological Communities of New York State. New York Department of Environmental Conservation, New York Natural Heritage Program. Latham, NY, USA.

Reschke, C., R. Reid, J. Jones, T. Feeney, and H. Potter. 1999. Conserving Great Lakes alvars. Final Technical Report of the International Alvar Conservation Initiative. The Nature Conservancy, Chicago, IL, USA.

Richardson, C. J., R. Evans, and D. Carr. 1981. Pocosins: an ecosystem in transition. p. 3–19. In C. J. Richardson (ed.) Pocosin Wetlands. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co., Stroudsburg, PA. USA.

Sada, D. W. 1990. Recovery plan for the endangered and threatened species of Ash Meadows, Nevada. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1, Portland, OR, USA.

Sando, S. K. 1996. South Dakota wetland resources. p. 351–356. In J. D. Fretwell, J. S. Williams, and P. J. Redman (compilers) National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA. Water-Supply Paper 2425.

Scientific Assessment and Strategy Team. 1994. Science for flood-plain management into the 21st century. A blueprint for change. Part V. Report of the Interagency Floodplain Management Review Committee to the Administration Floodplain Management Task Force, Washington, DC, USA.

Semlitsch, R. D. 2000. Principles for management of aquatic-breading amphibians. Journal of Wildlife Management 64:615–631.

Semlitsch, R. D. and J. R. Bodie. 1998. Are small, isolated wetlands expendable? Conservation Biology 12:1129–1133.

Sharitz, R. R. and J. W. Gibbons. 1982. The ecology of southeastern shrub bogs (pocosins) and Carolina bays: a community profile. U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA. FWS/OBS-82/04.

Sharitz, R. R. and C. A. Gresham. 1998. Pocosins and Carolina bays. p. 343–377. In M. G. Messina and W. H. Conner (eds.) Southern Forested Wetlands. Ecology and Management. Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton, FL, USA.

Sipple, W. A. 1999. Days Afield. Published by the author. Millersville, MD, USA.

Sipple, W. S. and W. A. Klockner. 1984. Uncommon wetlands in the Coastal Plain of Maryland. p. 111–137. In A. W. Norden, D. C. Forester, and G. H. Fenwick (eds.) Threatened and Endangered Plants and Animals of Maryland. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD, USA. Maryland Natural Heritage Program Special Publication 84-I.

Smith, A. G., J. H. Stoudt, and J. B. Gollop. 1964. Prairie potholes and marshes. p. 39–50. In J. P. Linduska (ed.) Waterfowl Tomorrow. U.S., Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, DC, USA.

Smith, T. 2000. Missouri Plant of Conservation Concern. Missouri Department of Conservation, Jefferson City, MO, USA.

Soltz, D. L. and R. J. Naiman. 1978. The Natural History of Native Fishes in the Death Valley System. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, USA. Science Series 30.

Starks, P. J. 1984. Analysis of the Rainwater Depressions of Clay County, Nebraska. M.S. Thesis. University of Nebraska. Lincoln, NE, USA.

Stewart, R. E. and H. A. Kantrud. 1973. Ecological distribution of breeding waterfowl populations in North Dakota. Journal of Wildlife Management 37:39–50.

Street, M. W. and J. D. McClees. 1981. North Carolina’s coastal fishing industry and the influence of coastal alterations. p. 238–251. In C. J. Richardson (ed.) Pocosin Wetlands. Hutchinson Ross Publishing Co. Stroudsburg, PA, USA.

Swanson, G. A. and H. F. Duebbert. 1989. Wetland habitats of waterfowl in the Prairie Pothole Region. p. 228–267. In A. van der Valk (ed.) Northern Prairie Wetlands. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA.

Terwilliger, K. and J. Tate (compilers). 1995. A Guide to Endangered and Threatened Species in Virginia. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville, TN, USA.

Thompson, T. A. 1992. Beach-ridge development and lake-level variation in southern Lake Michigan. Sedimentary Geology 80:305–318.

Thompson, T. A. and S. J. Baedke. 1995. Beach-ridge development in Lake Michigan: shoreline behavior in response to quasi-periodic lake-level events. Marine Geology 129:163–174.

Tihansky, A. B. and L. A. Knochenmus. 2001. Karst features and hydrogeology in west-central Florida—a field perspective. In E. L. Kuniansky (ed.) U.S. Geological Survey Karst Interest Group Proceedings. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 01-4011. (http://water.usgs.gov/ogw/karst/kigconference/abt_karstfeatures.htm.)

Tiner, R. W. 1984. Wetlands of the United States: current status and recent trends. U.S.: Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA.

Tiner, R. W. 1996. Wetland definitions and classifications in the United States. p. 27–34. In J. D. Fretwell, J. S. Williams, and P. J. Redman (compilers) National Water Summary on Wetland Resources. U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, VA, USA. Water-Supply Paper 2425.

Tiner, R. W. 1998. In Search of Swampland: a Wetland Sourcebook and Field Guide. Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.

Tiner, R. W. 1999.Wetland Indicators: a Guide to Wetland Identification, Delineation, Classification, and Mapping. Lewis Publishers, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.

Tiner, R. W. and D. G. Burke. 1995. Wetlands of Maryland: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Hadley, MA, USA and Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, MD, USA. National Wetland Inventory Cooperative Publication.

Tiner, R. W., H. C. Bergquist, G. P. DeAlessio, and M. J. Starr. 2002. Geographically isolated wetlands: a preliminary assessment of their characteristics and status in selected areas of the United States. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Northeast Region, Hadley, MA, USA. (web-based report at: wetlands.fws.gov)

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1981. Playa Lakes—Symposium Proceedings. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA. FWS/OBS-81/07.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1993. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants; proposed reclassification of the Pahrump Poolfish (Empetrichthys latos latos) from endangered to threatened status. Federal Register 58(182):49279–49283.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1997. Regionally significant habitats and habitat complexes of the New York Bight watershed. Southern New England-New York Bight Coastal Ecosystems Program, Charlestown, RI, USA.

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 1998. Intermountain West Joint Venture: Channelled Scablands Focus Area Implementation Plan. Fourth Draft. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Region 1. Portland, OR, USA.

U.S. Geological Survey. 1970. The National Atlas of the United States. Department of Interior, Washington, DC, USA.

U.S. Supreme Court. 2001. Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County vs. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Slip Opinion No. 99-1187, October Term 2000.

Vining, K. C. 2002. Simulation of streamflow and wetland storage, Starkweather Coulee subbasin, North Dakota, water years 1981–98. U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations Report 02-4113.

Weakley, A. S. and M. P. Schafale. 1991. Classification of pocosins of the Carolina Coastal Plain. Wetlands 11:355–375.

Wiedemann, A. M. 1984. The ecology of Pacific Northwest coastal sand dunes: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, DC, USA. FWS/OBS-84/04.

Wilcox, D. A. 1995. The role of wetlands as nearshore habitat in Lake Huron. p. 223–245. In M. Munawar, T. Edsall, and J. Leach (eds.) The Lake Huron Ecosystem: Ecology, Fisheries and Management. SPB Academic Publishing. Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Wilcox, D. A. and H. A. Simonin. 1987. A chronosequence of aquatic macrophyte communities in dune ponds. Aquatic Botany 28: 227–242.

Wilson, E. O. 1992. The Diversity of Life. Belnap Press of Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA.

Winter, T. C. 1986. Effect of ground-water recharge on configuration of the water table beneath sand dunes and on seepage in lakes in the sandhills of Nebraska, U.S.A. Journal of Hydrology 86: 221–237.

Winte, T. C. 1989. Hydrologic studies of wetlands in the Northern Prairies. p. 16–54. In A. van der Valk (ed.) Northern Prairie Wetlands. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA, USA.

Winter, T. C. 1999. The role of groundwater in wetland landscapes. Abstracts with Programs—Geological Society of America 31(7): 494.

Wisenbacker, M. 2002. Florida’s aquatic troglobites. (http://floridafisheries.com/nongame/mw3.html.)

Witham, C. W., E. T. Bauder, D. Belk, W. R. Ferren, Jr., and R. Ornduff (eds.) 1998. Ecology, Conservation, and Management of Vernal Pool Ecosystems. California Native Plant Society. Sacramento, CA, USA.

Wolfe, S. H., J. A. Reidenauer, and D. B. Means. 1988. An ecological characterization of the Florida panhandle. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, DC, USA. Biological Report 88 (12).

Zaremba, R. and E. E. Lamont. 1993. The status of the Coastal Plain Pondshore community in New York. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120:180–187.

Zedler, P. H. 1987. The ecology of Southern California vernal pools: a community profile. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Washington, DC, USA. Biological Report 85 (7.11).