Geochemistry of scheelite from Jiangligou skarn W-(Cu-Mo) deposit in the West Qinling orogenic belt, Northwest China: Implication on the multistage ore-forming processes

Ángeles, 2007, Mixing properties and crystallization behaviour of the scheelite-powellite solid solution, Cryst. Grow. Desig., 7, 545, 10.1021/cg0606646 Audétat, 2000, Magmatic-hydrothermal evolution in a fractionating granite: A microchemical study of the Sn-W-F-mineralized Mole Granite (Australia), Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 64, 3373, 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00428-2 Audétat, 2008, The Metal Content of Magmatic-Hydrothermal Fluids and Its Relationship to Mineralization Potential, Econ. Geol., 114, 1033, 10.5382/econgeo.4673 Ballouard, 2016, Nb-ta fractionation in peraluminous granites: a marker of the magmatic-hydrothermal transition, Geology, 44, 231, 10.1130/G37475.1 Bau, 1991, Rare-earth element mobility during hydrothermal and metamorphic fluid-rock interaction and the significance of the oxidation state of europium, Chem. Geol., 93, 219, 10.1016/0009-2541(91)90115-8 Bau, 1996, Comparison of the partitioning behaviours of yttrium, rare earth elements, and titanium between hydrogenetic marine ferromanganese crusts and seawater, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 1709, 10.1016/0016-7037(96)00063-4 Blundy, 1994, Prediction of crystal-melt partition coefficients from elastic moduli, Nature, 372, 452, 10.1038/372452a0 Blundy, 2003, Partitioning of trace elements between crystals and melts, Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett., 210, 383, 10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00129-8 Brugger, 1998, Scheelite-powellite and paraniite-(Y) from Fianel, Eastern Swiss Alps, Am. Miner., 83, 1100, 10.2138/am-1998-9-1019 Brugger, 2000, Inhomogeneous distribution of REE in scheelite and dynamics of Archaean hydrothermal systems (Mt. Charlotte and Drysdale gold deposits, Western Australia), Contrib. Miner. Petrol., 139, 251, 10.1007/s004100000135 Brugger, 2008, Oxidation state of europium in scheelite: Tracking fluid-rock interaction in gold deposits, Chem. Geol., 257, 26, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.08.003 Chai, 2023, New insights into the multiple magmatic fluid generations from scheelite in the Bastielieke W-polymetallic deposit, Chinese Altay (NW, China), Geosci. Front., 14, 101532, 10.1016/j.gsf.2022.101532 Chen, 2004, The geodynamic setting of large-scale metallogenesis in mainland China, exemplified by skarn type gold deposit, Earth Sci. Front., 11, 57 Chen, 2018, Petrogenesis of the Maogongdong highly differentiated granite in the Dahutang tungsten ore field, Jiangxi Province. Acta Petrol. Sin., 34, 1704 Chen, 2014, Triassic tectonics and mineral systems in the Qinling Orogen: China, Geological J., 49, 338, 10.1002/gj.2618 Craigie, 2018, Principles of Elemental Chemostratigraphy: A Practical User Guide, Springer., 101 Ding, 2018, Garnet and scheelite as indicators of multi-stage tungsten mineralization in the Huangshaping deposit, southern Hunan province, China. Ore Geol. Rev., 94, 193, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.01.029 Dong, 2014, Petrogenesis of the Yaogangxian granites and implications for W mineralization, Hunan Province, Acta Petrol. Sin., 30, 2749 Dong, 2011, Tectonic evolution of the Qinling Orogen, China: review and synthesis, J. Asian Earth Sci., 41, 213, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.03.002 Dong, 2015, Propagation tectonics and multiple accretionary processes of the Qinling Orogen, J. Asian Earth Sci., 104, 84, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.10.007 Dostal, 2009, Trace element geochemistry of scheelite and rutile from metaturbidite-hosted quartz vein gold deposits, Meguma Terrane, Nova Scotia, Canada: Genetic implications, Miner. Petrol., 97, 95, 10.1007/s00710-009-0067-0 Einaudi, 1981, Skarn deposits, Econ. Geol., 317 Elderfield, 1982, The rare earth elements in seawater, Nature, 296, 214, 10.1038/296214a0 Fu, 2021, Geochemistry of multi-stage scheelite in the skarn: Constraints on ore-forming processes of the Machangqing Cu-Mo polymetallic deposit in Yunnan Province, southwest China, Ore Geology Reviews, 138, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104370 Fu, 2017, In-situ LA-ICP-MS trace elements analysis of scheelites from the giant Beiya gold–polymetallic deposit in Yunnan Province, Southwest China and its metallogenic implications, Ore Geology Reviews, 80, 828, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.08.030 Gaspar, 2008, REE in skarn systems: a LA-ICP-MS study of garnets from the crown jewel gold deposit, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 185, 10.1016/j.gca.2007.09.033 Ghaderi, 1999, Rare earth element systematics in scheelite from hydrothermal gold deposits in the Kalgoorlie-Norseman region, Western Australia, Economic Geol., 94, 423, 10.2113/gsecongeo.94.3.423 Gieré, 1990, Hydrothermal mobility of Ti, Zr and REE; examples from the Bergell and Adamello contact aureoles (Italy), Terra Nova, 2, 60, 10.1111/j.1365-3121.1990.tb00037.x Gieré, 1996, Formation of rare earth minerals in hydrothermal systems, 105 Gieré, 2004, Allanite and other REE-rich epidote-group minerals, Review Miner. Geochem., 56, 431, 10.2138/gsrmg.56.1.431 Guo, 2016, Scheelite and coexisting F-rich zoned garnet, vesuvianite, fluorite, and apatite in calc-silicate rocks from the Mogok metamorphic belt, Myanmar: Implications for metasomatism in marble and the role of halogens in W mobilization and mineralization, J. Asian Earth Sci., 117, 82, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2015.12.004 Guo, 2015, Genetic types and ore-forming geological significance of granites in the Honghuaerji scheelite deposit, Inner Mongolia. Acta Petrol. Mineral., 34, 322 Guo, 2012, Middle-Triassic arc magmatism along the northeastern margin of the Tibet: U-Pb and Lu-Hf zircon characterization of the Gangcha complex in the West Qinling terrane, central China, J. Geol. Soci. London., 169, 327, 10.1144/0016-76492011-083 Haas, 1995, Rare earth elements in hydrothermal systems: estimates of standard partial molal thermodynamic properties of aqueous complexes of the rare earth elements at high pressures and temperatures, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 4329, 10.1016/0016-7037(95)00314-P Han, 2020, Texture and geochemistry of multi-stage hydrothermal scheelite in the Tongshankou porphyry-skarn Cu-Mo(-W) deposit, eastern China: Implications for ore-forming process and fluid metasomatism, Am. Mineral., 105, 945, 10.2138/am-2020-7194 Hazarika, 2016, Scheelite, apatite, calcite and tourmaline compositions from the late Archean Hutti orogenic gold deposit: implications for analogous two stage ore fluids, Ore Geology Rev., 72, 989, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.09.004 Heinrich, 1990, The Chemistry of Hydrothermal Tin(-Tungsten) Ore Deposition, Econ. Geol., 85, 457, 10.2113/gsecongeo.85.3.457 Henderson, 1984, General geochemical properties and abundances of the rare earth elements, 1 Hsu, 1977, Effects of oxygen and sulfur fugacities on the scheelite-tungstenite and powellite-molybdenite stability relations, Euro. J. Devel. Res., 10, 33 Hsu, 1973, Origin of the scheelite-powellite series of minerals, Econ. Geol., 68, 681, 10.2113/gsecongeo.68.5.681 Hulsbosch, 2016, Fluid fractionation of tungsten during granite–pegmatite differentiation and the metal source of peribatholitic w quartz veins: evidence from the Karagwe-Ankole belt (Rwanda), Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 175, 299, 10.1016/j.gca.2015.11.020 Jin, 2017, Magmatic-hydrothermal origin of the early Triassic Laodou lode gold deposit in the Xiahe-Hezuo district, West Qinling orogen, China: implications for gold metallogeny, Mineralium Deposita, 52, 883, 10.1007/s00126-016-0710-8 Krenta, 2018, Numerical Modeling of REE Fractionation Patterns in Fluorapatite from the Olympic Dam Deposit (South Australia), Minerals., 8, 342, 10.3390/min8080342 Kwak, 1981, The importance of CaC12 in fluid composition trends–evidence from the King Island (Dolphin) skarn deposit, Econ. Geol., 76, 955, 10.2113/gsecongeo.76.4.955 Kwak, T.A.P., 1994. Hydrothermal alteration in carbonate-replacement deposits; Ore skarns and distal equivalents, in alteration and alteration processes associated with ore-forming systems. Lentz, D.R. (Ed.), Geological Association of Canada, short course notes. 11, 381-402. Lai, 2004, Ophiolites from the Mianlue Suture in the southern Qinling and their relationship with the eastern Paleotethys evolution, Acta Geologica Sinica, 78, 107, 10.1111/j.1755-6724.2004.tb00680.x Li, 2015, Compositional polarity of Triassic granitoids in the Qinling orogen, China: Implication for termination of the northernmost paleo-Tethys, Gondwana Res., 27, 244, 10.1016/j.gr.2013.09.017 Li, 2018, Origin of the Muguayuan veinlet-disseminated tungsten deposit, South China: Constraints from in-situ trace element analyses of scheelite, Ore Geology Reviews, 99, 180, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.06.005 Li, 2015, Multiple stages of hydrothermal REE remobilization recorded in fluorapatite in the Paleoproterozoic Yinachang Fe–Cu–(REE) deposit, Southwest China, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 166, 53, 10.1016/j.gca.2015.06.008 Linnen, 1990, Evolution of aqueous-carbonic fluids during contact metamorphism, wall-rock alteration, and molybdenite deposition at Trout Lake, British Columbia, Econ. Geol., 85, 1840, 10.2113/gsecongeo.85.8.1840 Linnen, 2014, 543 Lipin, 1989, Geochemistry and mineralogy of rare earth elements, Mineralogical Society of America Reviews in Mineralogy., 21, 1 Liu, 2020, Ore-forming processes in the Xingjiashan W-Mo skarn deposit (Jiaodong, China): Insights from multi-generation scheelite and garnet geochemistry, Ore Geol. Rev., 124, 103645, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103645 Liu, 2022, Textural and geochemical characteristics of gold-associated scheelites: Implications for the metallogenesis of the Xiaoqinling gold province, north China Craton, Ore Geology Reviews, 150, 105156, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2022.105156 Liu, 2011, Mineralization Characteristics and Ore Genesis of the Zaozigou Gold Deposit, Gansu Province. Geol. Sci. Tec. Inform., 30, 66 Liu, 2019, Fluid evolution of Triassic and Jurassic W mineralization in the Xitian ore field, South China: Constraints from scheelite geochemistry and microthermometry, Lithos, 330–331, 1, 10.1016/j.lithos.2019.02.003 Liu, 2022, Crystallization processes and genesis of scheelite in a quartz vein-type W deposit (Xianghuapu, South China), Chemical Geology, 613, 121142, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2022.121142 Liu, 2015, Geological characteristics and ore-forming process of the gold deposits in the western Qinling region, China. J. Asian Earth. Sci., 103, 40, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.11.012 Lu, 2020 Lu, 2015, Dating from Re-Os isotopes of molybdenites and the geological features of Jiangligou W-Cu-Mo polymetallic deposit, west Qinling, Acta Geologica Sinica, 89, 731 Lu, 2017, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb ages, Hf isotopic compositions, geochemistry characteristics and its geological significance of Jiangligou composite granite West Qinling Orogen, Acta Petrol. Sin., 33, 942 Luo, 1991, Chinese Molybdenum Deposit, Henan Science and Technology Press, Zhengzhou., 1 Luo, 2012, U-Pb zircon dating, geochemical and Sr–Nd–Hf isotopic compositions of Early Indosinian intrusive rocks in West Qinling, central China: petrogenesis and tectonic implications, Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 164, 551, 10.1007/s00410-012-0748-2 Mao, 2015, Geochronology and geochemistry of granitoids related to the giant Dahutang tungsten deposit, middle Yangtze River region, China: Implications for petrogenesis, geodynamic setting, and mineralization, Gondwana Research, 28, 816, 10.1016/j.gr.2014.07.005 Mao, 2002, Geology, distribution, and classification of gold deposits in the Western Qinling Belt, central China, Mineralium Deposita, 37, 352, 10.1007/s00126-001-0249-0 Marczenko, Z., Balcerzak, M., 2000. Chapter 33 – Niobium and tantalum. Anal. Spectro. Library. 10, 293-303. Meinert, L.D., Dipple, G.M., Nicolescu, S., 2005. World Skarn Deposits. In: Hedenquist, J.W., Thompson, J.F.H., Goldfarb, R.J., Richards, J.P., (Eds.), Econ. Geol 100th Anniversary Volume 1905-2005, Elsevier Science B.V., Amsterdam. 1905-2005, pp. 299-336. Meng, 1999, Timing of collision of the North and South China blocks: controversy and reconciliation, Geology, 27, 123, 10.1130/0091-7613(1999)027<0123:TOCOTN>2.3.CO;2 Meng, 2000, Geologic framework and tectonic evolution of the Qinling orogen, central China, Tectonophysics, 323, 183, 10.1016/S0040-1951(00)00106-2 Migdisov, 2009, An experimental study of the solubility and speciation of the Rare Earth Elements (III) in fluoride- and chloride-bearing aqueous solutions at temperatures up to 300 °C, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 73, 7087, 10.1016/j.gca.2009.08.023 Migdisov, 2014, Hydrothermal transport and deposition of the rare earth elements by fluorine-bearing aqueous liquids, Mineralium Deposita, 49, 987, 10.1007/s00126-014-0554-z Migdisov, 2016, Hydrothermal transport, deposition, and fractionation of the REE: Experimental data and thermodynamic calculations, Chemical Geology, 439, 13, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2016.06.005 Newberry, 1990, Comparative petrologic evolution of the Sn and W granites of the Fairbanks-Circle area, Interior Alaska, Geol. Soc. Amer. Spec. Paper., 246, 121 Newberry, 1986, Scheelite skarn granitoids: an evolution of the roles of magmatic source and process, Ore Geology Reviews, 1, 57, 10.1016/0169-1368(86)90005-3 Park, 2017, Metasomatic changes during periodic fluid flux recorded in grandite garnet from the Weondong w-skarn deposit, South Korea, Chem. Geol., 451, 135, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.01.011 Peng, 2015, Garnets in porphyry-skarn systems: A LA-ICP-MS, fluid inclusion, and stable isotope study of garnets from the Hongniu-Hongshan copper deposit, Zhongdian area, NW Yunnan Province, China. J. Asian Earth. Sci., 103, 229, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.10.020 Poulin, 2016, On the Relationship Between Cathodoluminescence and the Chemical Composition of Scheelite from Geologically Diverse Ore-deposit Environments, Can. Miner., 54, 1147, 10.3749/canmin.1500023 Qiu, 2017, Petrogenesis of granitoids in the Dewulu skarn copper deposit: implications for the evolution of the Paleotethys ocean and mineralization in Western Qinling, China, Ore Geol. Rev., 90, 1078, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.09.027 Qiu, 2015, Magmatic-hydrothermal fluid evolution of the Wenquan porphyry molybdenum deposit in the north margin of the Western Qinling, China, Acta Petrol. Sin., 31, 3391 Qiu, 2018, Nature and origin of Triassic igneous activity in the Western Qinling Orogen: the Wenquan composite pluton example, Inter. Geol. Rev., 60, 242, 10.1080/00206814.2017.1334598 Raimbault, 1993, REE fractionation between scheelite and apatite in hydrothermal conditions, Am. Miner., 78, 1275 Rakovan, 1996, Intracrystalline rare earth element distribution in apatite ± surface structural influences on incorporation during growth, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 4435, 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00244-X Ren, 2010, Trace element and rare earth element geochemistry of the scheelite and ore genesis of the Yangjingou large scheelite deposit in Yanbian area, northeastern China, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 26, 3720 Roniza, 2014, Rare earths and other trace elements in minerals from skarn assemblages, Hillside iron oxide–copper–gold deposit, Yorke Peninsula, South Australia, Lithos, 184–187, 456 Shannon, 1976, Revised effective ionic radii and systematic studies of interatomic distances in halides and chalcogenides, Acta Cryst. Section A., 32, 751, 10.1107/S0567739476001551 Smith, 2000, Fractionation of the REE during hydrothermal processes: constraints from the Bayan Obo Fe-REE-Nb deposit, Inner Mongolia, China, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 64, 3141, 10.1016/S0016-7037(00)00416-6 Smith, 2004, The rare earth elements and uranium in garnets from the beinn an dubhaich aureole, Skye, Scotland, UK: constraints on processes in a dynamic hydrothermal system, J. Petrol., 45, 457, 10.1093/petrology/egg087 Smith, 2009, In Situ U-Pb and Trace Element Analysis of Accessory Minerals in the Kiruna District, Norrbotten, Sweden: New Constraints on the Timing and Origin of Mineralization, J. Petrol., 50, 2063, 10.1093/petrology/egp069 Song, 2014, Scheelite elemental and isotopic signatures: implications for the genesis of skarn-type W-Mo deposits in the Chizhou area, Anhui Province, eastern China, Am. Miner., 99, 303, 10.2138/am.2014.4431 Sui, 2017, The Dewulu reduced Au-Cu skarn deposit in the Xiahe-Hezuo district, West Qinling orogen, China: Implications for an intrusion-related gold system, Ore Geology Reviews, 80, 1230, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.09.018 Sun, S.S., McDonough, W.F., 1989. Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts:Implications for mantle compositions and processes in Saunders AD and Norry MJ (eds.) Magmatism in the Ocean Basins Geol. Soci, London, Spec. Pub. 42(1), 313-345. Sun, 2017, Trace elements and Sr-Nd isotopes of scheelite: Implications for the W-Cu-Mo polymetallic mineralization of the Shimensi deposit, South China, Am. Miner., 102, 1114 Sverjensky, 1984, Europium redox equilibria in aqueous solution, Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 67, 70, 10.1016/0012-821X(84)90039-6 Tan, 2007, Palaeomagnetic evidence and tectonic origin of clockwise rotations in the Yangtze fold belt, South China Block. Geophy. J. Inter., 168, 48 Wang, 1982, Geochemical Mechanism of Nb-, Ta-mineralization during the Late Stage of Granite Crystallization, Geochem., 1, 175, 10.1007/BF03180328 Wang, 1993, Partitioning and Hydrolysis of Nb and Ta and Their Implications with Regard to Mineralization, Chinese J. Geochem., 12, 84, 10.1007/BF02869048 Wang, 2016, Petrogenesis of the Baimashan C-type adakite in Western Qinling: Constraints from their geochemistry and Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions, East China Geol., 37, 174 Wang, 2013, Neoproterozoic, Paleozoic, and Mesozoic granitoid magmatism in the Qinling orogen, China: Constraints on orogenic process, J. Asian Earth Sci., 72, 129, 10.1016/j.jseaes.2012.11.037 Wang, 2021, The role of fluorine in granite-related hydrothermal tungsten ore genesis: Results of experiments and modeling, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 292, 170, 10.1016/j.gca.2020.09.032 Wang, 2017, Geological features and prospecting direction of Tungsten deposits in the Min-Li metallogenic belt, Gansu Province, East China Geol., 38, 296 Wang, Z.G., 1989. Geochemistry of Rare Earth Elements. Science Press, Beijing, 1-496 (in Chinese). Williams-Jones, 1992, A preliminary petrogenetic grid for rare earth element fluorocarbonate and related minerals, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 56, 725, 10.1016/0016-7037(92)90093-X Williams-Jones, 2012, Hydrothermal Mobilization of the Rare Earth Elements–a Tale of “Ceria” and “Yttria”, Elements, 8, 355, 10.2113/gselements.8.5.355 Wood, 2014, 3.11 - Trace Element Partitioning: The Influences of Ionic Radius, Cation Charge, Pressure, and Temperature, 421 Wood, 2000, The Hydrothermal Geochemistry of Tungsten in Granitoid Environments: I. Relative Solubilities of Ferberite and Scheelite as a Function of T, P, pH, and mNaCl, Economic Geology, 95, 143, 10.2113/gsecongeo.95.1.143 Wu, 2019, Comparative geochemical study of scheelite from the Shizhuyuan and Xianglushan tungsten skarn deposits, South China: Implications for scheelite mineralization, Ore Geology Reviews, 109, 448, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.04.021 Wu, 2006, U-Pb, Hf and O isotope evidence for two episodes of fluid-assisted zircon growth in marble-hosted eclogites from the Dabie orogen, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 70, 3743, 10.1016/j.gca.2006.05.011 Xiong, 2006, Trace elements (REE) and Nd-Sr isotopic compositions in scheelites and their implications for the mineralization in Daping gold mine in Yunnan province, China, Acta Petrol. Sin., 22, 733 Xu, 2016, Skarn formation and trace elements in garnet and associated minerals from Zhibula copper deposit, Gangdese Belt, southern Tibet, Lithos, 262, 213, 10.1016/j.lithos.2016.07.010 Xu, 2012, The Granitoids Magmatism and Mineralization in West Section of Western Qinling, NW China, Northwestern Geol., 45, 76 Yan, 2012, Tectonic settings and accretionary orogenesis of the West Qinling Terrane, northeastern margin of the Tibet Plateau, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 28, 1808 Yan, 2017, The Geological Characteristics and Ore-searching Prospection of Nimalongka Tungsten in Zeku County in Qinghai Province, Gansu Metall., 39, 83 Yu, X., 2014. The Geochemistry Characteristics and Mineralization of Jiangligou Granite in Tongren, Qinghai Province. China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Master Thesis. 1-73 (in Chinese with English abstract). Zaraisky, 2010, Experimental studies of Ta2O5 and columbite–tantalite solubility in fluoride solutions from 300 to 550°C and 50 to 100 MPa, Miner. Petrol., 99, 287, 10.1007/s00710-010-0112-z Zaw, 2000, Formation of magnetite-scheelite skarn mineralization at Kara, Northwestern Tasmania: evidence from mineral chemistry and stable isotopes, Economic Geology, 95, 1215, 10.2113/gsecongeo.95.6.1215 Zhai, 2014, Origin of oscillatory zoned garnets from the Xieertala Fe-Zn skarn deposit, northern China: in situ LA-ICP-MS evidence, Lithos, 190–191, 279, 10.1016/j.lithos.2013.12.017 Zhang, 2007, Ore-forming conditions and metallogeny of gold deposits in Shuangpegnxi-Xiechangzhigou, Qinghai Province, Western Geol., 40, 62 Zhang, G.W., Zhang, B.R., Yuan, X.C., Xiao, Q.H., 2001. Qinling Orogenic Belt and Continental Dynamics. Science Press, Beijing, 1-855 (in Chinese with English abstract). Zhang, 2021, H, O, and S isotopic geochemistry of ore-forming fluids of Gangcha polymetallic deposit in Qinghai Province and its metallogenic significance, J. Geol., 45, 150 Zhang, 2005, Geochemistry and Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic of granitoids from Western Qinling: Constraint on the nature of the basement and tectonics, Sci. China Ser. D, 35, 914 Zhang, 1995, Structure and tectonics of the Qinling Orogenic Belt, Sci. China, Ser. B Chem., 38, 1379 Zhang, 1996, Orogenic processes and dynamics of the Qinling, Sci. China Ser. D, 26, 193, 10.1360/02yd9021 Zhang, 2014, SHIMP zircon U-Pb dating of Gangcha intrusion in Qinhai and its geological significance, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30, 2739 Zhang, 2015, Re-Os Dating of Molybdenite from the Jiangligou Porphyry-Skarn Cu-W-Mo Deposit in Tongren Qinghai Province and Its Metallogenic Significance, Acta Geologica Sinica, 89, 355 Zhang, 2018, In-situ LA-ICP-MS trace elemental analyses of scheelite and wolframite: constraints on the genesis of veinlet-disseminated and vein-type tungsten deposits, South China. Ore Geol. Rev., 99, 166, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.06.004 Zhao, 1987, Paleomagnetic constraints in the collision and rotation of North and South China, Nature, 327, 141, 10.1038/327141a0 Zhao, 2014, Zircon U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry and petrogenesis of the granites from the Xiaoliugou deposit in the western of the North Qilian, Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30, 16 Zhao, 2018, Constraints on the uptake of REE by scheelite in the Baoshan tungsten skarn deposit, South China, Chem. Geol., 477, 123, 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2017.12.020 Zhou, 2017, Geochemistry of the garnets in the Baiganhu W-Sn orefield, NW China, Ore Geol. Rev., 82, 70, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2016.11.019 Zhu, 2014, Geological and geochemical characteristics of xenoliths in Yaogangxian granite, Hunan Province, Acta Petrol. Miner., 35, 16 Zhu, 1998, Paleomagnetic constraints on the tectonic history of the major blocks of China duing the Phanerozoic, Sci. China Ser. D., 41, 1, 10.1007/BF02984508 Zhu, 2011, Zircon U-Pb ages and geochemistry of the Wenquan Mo-bearing granitioids in West Qinling China: Constraints on the geodynamic setting for the newly discovered Wenquan Mo deposit, Ore Geology Reviews, 39, 46, 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2010.10.001