Geochemical evaluation of Khami Group oils in the South Dezful Embayment, Iran
Tóm tắt
An integrated geochemical study, including GC, GC–MS and stable carbon isotope analyses, was conducted on a suite of oil samples from the Khami Group reservoirs to provide new insights into the Upper Jurassic–Lower Cretaceous petroleum system in the South Dezful Embayment. Possible source rocks were also characterized using Rock–Eval pyrolysis to address the likely potential source rocks. The oil samples representing four major reservoirs (Surmeh, Fahliyan, Gadvan and Dariyan) constitute a single genetic oil family according to bulk and biomarker parameters. High API (> 38°), highly saturated hydrocarbons (Sat > 65%), very low asphaltene content (Asp < 2%) and raised saturates/aromatics ratio (Sat/Aro > 2) are the bulk diagnostic characteristics of the studied oils implying more dominant terrigenous nature of the precursor organic matter. The predominance of C29 regular steranes (~ 40%), presence of C29Ts as well as very low gammacerane (< 10%) and moderate C35/C34 homohopane (< 1) are consistent with the mixed marine–terrigenous dysoxic organic matter input. The oils are assumed to be originated from Early Cretaceous source rocks at the peak of the oil generation window in a kitchen area located to the south of the studied region (i.e., the Binak–Borazjan Trough). The hydrocarbons were migrated from this kitchen to the structurally shallow-seated reservoirs in the center and west of the Kharg-Mish local paleo-high. The Khami Group reservoirs are not effectively sealed by the thin Hith anhydrites, and the Kazhdumi Formation finally trapped the migrated hydrocarbons. This study improves our knowledge regarding one of the active petroleum systems in the South Dezful Embayment, enhancing petroleum exploration success by navigating further drillings into the more prosperous targets.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abeed Q, Littke R, Strozyk F, Uffmann AK (2013) The Upper Jurassic–Cretaceous petroleum system of southern Iraq: a 3-D basin modelling study. GeoArabia 18:179–200
Al-Husseini M (2008) Middle East geological time scale 2008: Cenozoic Era, Cretaceous and Jurassic Periods of Mesozoic Era. Geo- Arabia 13(4):185–188
Alizadeh B, Maroufi K, Fajrak M (2018) Hydrocarbon reserves of Gachsaran oilfield, SW Iran: geochemical characteristics and origin. Mar Petrol Geol 92:308–318
Alizadeh B, Sarafdokht H, Rajabi M, Opera A, Janbaz M (2012) Organic geochemistry and petrography of Kazhdumi (Albian–Cenomanian) and Pabdeh (Paleogene) potential source rocks in the southern part of the Dezful Embayment, Iran. Org Geochem 49:36–46
Alsharhan A (2014) Petroleum systems in the Middle East geological society, vol 392. Special Publications, London, pp 361–408
Andrusevich V, Engel M, Zumberge J, Brothers L (1998) Secular, episodic changes in the stable carbon isotope composition of crude oils. Chem Geol 152:59–72
Bahroudi A, Talbot C (2003) The configuration of the basement beneath the Zagros Basin. J Petrol Geol 26:257–282
Baniasad A, Rabbani AR, Moallemi SA, Soleimany B, Rashidi M (2017) Petroleum system analysis of the northwestern part of the Persian Gulf, Iranian sector. Org Geochem 107:69–85
Beydoun Z, Clarke MH, Stoneley R (1992) Petroleum in the Zagros Basin: a late tertiary foreland basin overprinted onto the outer edge of a vast hydrocarbon-rich paleozoic-Mesozoic passive margin shelf. In: Macqueen RW, Leckie DA (eds) Memoir 55: Foreland Basins and Fold Belts. Chapter 11. American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), pp 309–339
Beydoun ZR (1993) Evolution of the northeastern Arabian plate margin and shelf: hydrocarbon habitat and conceptual future potential. Rev Inst Fr Pét 48:311–345
Bordenave M (2002) The Middle Cretaceous to Early Miocene petroleum system in the Zagros Domain of Iran, and its prospect evaluation. In: AAPG annual meeting. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Houston, pp 1–9
Bordenave M (2014) Petroleum systems and distribution of the oil and gas fields in the Iranian part of the Tethyan region. AAPG Memoir 106:505–540
Bordenave M, Burwood R (1990) Source rock distribution and maturation in the Zagros orogenic belt: the provenance of the Asmari and Bangestan reservoir oil accumulations. Org Geochem 16:369–387
Bordenave M, Burwood R (1995) The Albian Kazhdumi Formation of the Dezful Embayment, Iran: one of the most efficient petroleum generating systems. In: Petroleum source rocks. Springer, pp 183–207
Bordenave M, Hegre J (2005) The influence of tectonics on the entrapment of oil in the Dezful Embayment, Zagros Foldbelt. Iran J Petrol Geol 28:339–368
Bordenave M, Hegre J (2010) Current distribution of oil and gas fields in the Zagros Fold Belt of Iran and contiguous offshore as the result of the petroleum systems. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 330:291–353
Boreham C, Crick I, Powell T (1988) Alternative calibration of the Methylphenanthrene Index against vitrinite reflectance: application to maturity measurements on oils and sediments. Org Geochem 12:289–294
Cohen K, Finney S, Gibbard P, Fan J-X (2013) The ICS international chronostratigraphic chart. Episodes 36:199–204
Cole G, Carrigan W, Colling E, Halpern H, Al-Khadhrawi M, Jones P (1994) The organic geochemistry of the Jurassic petroleum system in Eastern Saudi Arabia. In: Embry AF, Beauchamp B, Glass DJ (eds) Memoir 17: Pangea: global environments and resources. Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, pp 413–438
Connan J, Bouroullec J, Dessort D, Albrecht P (1986) The microbial input in carbonate-anhydrite facies of a sabkha palaeoenvironment from Guatemala: a molecular approach. Org Geochem 10:29–50
Dahl B, Bojesen-Koefoed J, Holm A, Justwan H, Rasmussen E, Thomsen E (2004) A new approach to interpreting Rock-Eval S2 and TOC data for kerogen quality assessment. Org Geochem 35:1461–1477
Fard IA, Braathen A, Mokhtari M, Alavi SA (2006) Interaction of the Zagros Fold–Thrust Belt and the Arabian-type, deep-seated folds in the Abadan Plain and the Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. Petrol Geosci 12:347–362
Fouladvand R, Alizadeh B (2010) Organic petrography, geochemical behavior, and paleo depositional environment of binak oilfield, SW Iran. In: Paper presented at the: the 1st international applied geological congress. Department of Geology, Islamic Azad University - Mashad Branch, Iran, 26–28 April 2010
Galimov EM (1974) Organic geochemistry of carbon isotopes. In: Tissot B, Bienner F (eds) Advances in organic. Editions Technip, Paris, pp 439–452
Gradstein FM, Ogg J, Schmitz M, Ogg G (2009) International stratigraphic chart. International commission on stratigraphy
Grantham P, Wakefield L (1988) Variations in the sterane carbon number distributions of marine source rock derived crude oils through geological time. Org Geochem 12:61–73
Hessami K, Koyi H, Talbot CJ (2001) The significance of strike-slip faulting in the basement of the Zagros fold and thrust belt. J Petrol Geol 24:5–28
Holba A, Ellis L, Dzou I, Hallam A, Masterson W, Francu J, Fincannon A (2001) Extended tricyclic terpanes as age discriminators between Triassic, Early Jurassic and Middle-Late Jurassic oils. In: 20th international meeting on organic geochemistry. EAOG Nancy, France, p 464
Huang H, Pearson MJ (1999) Source rock palaeoenvironments and controls on the distribution of dibenzothiophenes in lacustrine crude oils, Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China. Org Geochem 30:1455–1470
Hughes WB, Holba AG, Dzou LI (1995) The ratios of dibenzothiophene to phenanthrene and pristane to phytane as indicators of depositional environment and lithology of petroleum source rocks. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 59:3581–3598
James G, Wynd J (1965) Stratigraphic nomenclature of Iranian oil consortium agreement area. AApG Bull 49:2182–2245
Letouzey J, Sherkati S (2004) Salt movement, tectonic events, and structural style in the central Zagros fold and thrust belt (Iran). In: Salt-sediment interactions and hydrocarbon prospectivity: 24th annual research conference, Gulf Coast Section, SEPM Foundation. pp 444–463
LGC (2002) Geochemical analysis of cores and crude oils from Iran. Internal LGC report Unpublished
Mackenzie A, Hoffmann C, Maxwell J (1981) Molecular parameters of maturation in the Toarcian shales, Paris Basin, France—III Changes in aromatic steroid hydrocarbons. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 45:1345–1355
Mackenzie AS (1984) Applications of biological markers in petroleum geochemistry. Adv Petrol Geochem 1:1–210
Moldowan JM, Seifert WK, Gallegos EJ (1985) Relationship between petroleum composition and depositional environment of petroleum source rocks. AAPG Bull 69:1255–1268
Moldowan JM, Sundararaman P, Schoell M (1986) Sensitivity of biomarker properties to the depositional environment and/or source input in the Lower Toarcian of SW-Germany. Org Geochem 10:915–926
Murris R (1980) Middle East: stratigraphic evolution and oil habitat. AAPG Bull 64:597–618
Nairn A, Alsharhan A (1997) Sedimentary basins and petroleum geology of the Middle East. Elsevier, Amsterdam
Navabpour P, Barrier E (2012) Stress states in the Zagros fold-and-thrust belt from passive margin to collisional tectonic setting. Tectonophysics 581:76–83
Opera A, Alizadeh B, Sarafdokht H, Janbaz M, Fouladvand R, Heidarifard MH (2013) Burial history reconstruction and thermal maturity modeling for the middle cretaceous–early Miocene petroleum System, southern Dezful Embayment, SW Iran. Int J Coal Geol 120:1–14
Peters K (1999) Biomarkers: assessment of thermal maturity. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston
Peters KE, Fraser TH, Amris W, Rustanto B, Hermanto E (1999) Geochemistry of crude oils from eastern Indonesia. AAPG Bull 83:1927–1942
Peters KE, Peters KE, Walters CC, Moldowan J (2005) The biomarker guide, vol 1. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Pollastro RM (2003) Total petroleum systems of the Paleozoic and Jurassic, Greater Ghawar Uplift and adjoining provinces of central Saudi Arabia and northern Arabian-Persian Gulf. US Department of the Interior, US Geological Survey, Reston
Radke M (1983) The methylphenanthrene index (MPI): a maturity parameter based on aromatic hydrocarbons. Adv Org Geochem 1981:504–512
Radke M (1988) Application of aromatic compounds as maturity indicators in source rocks and crude oils. Mar Petrol Geol 5:224–236
Radke M, Welte D, Willsch H (1986) Maturity parameters based on aromatic hydrocarbons: influence of the organic matter type. Org Geochem 10:51–63
Seifert WK, Moldowan JM (1980) The effect of thermal stress on source-rock quality as measured by hopane stereochemistry. Phys Chem Earth 12:229–237
Sepehr M, Cosgrove J (2004) Structural framework of the Zagros fold-thrust belt. Iran Mar Petrol Geol 21:829–843
Sherkati S, Letouzey J (2004) Variation of structural style and basin evolution in the central Zagros (Izeh zone and Dezful Embayment). Iran Mar Petrol Geol 21:535–554
Stahl W (1978) Source rock-crude oil correlation by isotopic type-curves. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 42:1573–1577
Ten Haven H, De Leeuw J, Damsté JS, Schenck P, Palmer S, Zumberge J (1988) Application of biological markers in the recognition of palaeohypersaline environments. Geol Soc Lond Spec Publ 40:123–130
Ten Haven H, De Leeuw J, Rullkötter J, Damsté JS (1987) Restricted utility of the pristane/phytane ratio as a palaeoenvironmental indicator. Nature 330:641
Tissot B, Welte D (1984) Petroleum formation and occurrence: a new approach to oil and gas exploration. Springer, Berlin
van Buchem F et al. (2001) The petroleum systems of the Dezful Embayment and Northern Fars (south-west Iran). In: NIOC-IFP joint study research project
Waples D, Machihara T (1991) Biomarkers for geologists. In: AAPG methods in exploration series No. 9 American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulsa, Oklahoma
Ziegler MA (2001) Late Permian to Holocene paleofacies evolution of the Arabian Plate and its hydrocarbon occurrences. GeoArabia 6(3):445–504
Zumberge JE (1984) Source rocks of the La Luna Formation (Upper Cretaceous) in the Middle Magdalena Valley, Colombia. In: Palacas JG (ed) Study geology 18: petroleum geochemistry and source rock potential of carbonate rocks, American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG), pp 127–133