Genotoxicity of steroidal estrogens

Russo, 1997, Role of hormones in human breast development: the menopausal breast, 184 Russo, 1998, Role of hormones in cancer initiation and progression, J. Mammary Gland Biol. Neoplasia, 3, 49, 10.1023/A:1018770218022 Russo, 1997, Role of differentiation in the pathogenesis and prevention of breast cancer, Endocr. Rel. Cancer, 4, 7, 10.1677/erc.0.0040007 Russo, 1996, Estrogens and cell proliferation in the human breast, J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol., 28, 19 Whitehead, 1999, Regulation and regulatory activities of centrosomes, J. Cell. Biochem., 192, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-4644(1999)75:32+<192::AID-JCB23>3.0.CO;2-5 Sluder, 1999, Control of centrosome reproduction: the right number at the right time, Biol. Cell., 91, 413, 10.1016/S0248-4900(99)80083-5 Pihan, 1999, The mitotic machinery as a source of genetic instability in cancer, Semin. Cancer Biol., 9, 289, 10.1006/scbi.1999.0131 Brinkley, 1998, Supernumerary centrosomes and cancer: Boveri's hypothesis resurrected, Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 41, 281, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0169(1998)41:4<281::AID-CM1>3.0.CO;2-C Lingle, 1998, Centrosome hypertrophy in human breast tumors: implications for genomic stability and cell polarity, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 95, 2950, 10.1073/pnas.95.6.2950 Mendelin, 1999, Analysis of chromosome aneuploidy in breast cancer progression using fluorescence in situ hybridization, Lab. Invest., 79, 387 Lengauer, 1998, Genetic instabilities in human cancers, Nature, 396, 643, 10.1038/25292 Chakravarti, 2000, Evidence that error-prone DNA repair converts dibenzo [a] pyrene-induced depurinating lesions into mutations, formation, clonal proliferation and regression of initiated cells carrying H-ras oncogene mutations in early preneoplasia, Mutat. Res., 456, 17, 10.1016/S0027-5107(00)00102-0 Russo, 2003, Pathogenesis of breast cancer, 137 Russo, 1999, Pattern of distribution for estrogen receptor α and progesterone receptor in relation to proliferating cells in the mammary gland, Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 53, 217, 10.1023/A:1006186719322 Kuiper, 1997, Comparison of the ligand binding specificity and transcript tissue distribution of estrogen receptors, Endocrinology, 138, 863, 10.1210/en.138.3.863 Paech, 1997, Differential ligand activation of estrogen receptors ER-α and ER-β at API sites, Science, 277, 1508, 10.1126/science.277.5331.1508 Hu, 1998, Increased expression of estrogen receptor β in chemically transformed human breast epithelial cells, Int. J. Oncol., 12, 1225 Hu, 2001, Estrogen and human breast cancer, 1 Brandenberger, 1998, Estrogen receptor alpha (ER-α) and β (ER-β) mRNAs in normal ovary, ovarian serous cystadenocarcinoma and ovarian cancer cell lines, down-regulation of ER-β in neoplastic tissues, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 83, 1025, 10.1210/jc.83.3.1025 Russo, 2003, Estrogen and its metabolites are carcinogenic agents in human breast epithelial cells, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 87, 1, 10.1016/S0960-0760(03)00390-X Murphy, 1998, The regulation of mammary gland development by hormones, growth factors, and oncogenes, J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol., 65, 175, 10.1016/S0960-0760(98)00012-0 Cavalieri, 1997, Molecular origin of cancer; catechol estrogen-3, 4-quinones as endogenous tumor initiators, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 94, 10937, 10.1073/pnas.94.20.10937 Cavalieri, 1998, Mechanisms of tumor initiation by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mammals, 81 Li, 1998, Formation of the depurinating 4-hydroxyestradiol (4-OHE2)-1-N7Gua and 4-OHE2−1-N3Ade adducts by reaction of E2-3, 4-quinone with DNA, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 39, 636a Chakravarti, 1998, Detection of dibenzo [a,l] pyrene-induced H-ras codon 61 mutant genes in preneoplastic SENCAR mouse skin using a new PCR–RFLP method, Oncogene, 16, 3203, 10.1038/sj.onc.1201853 Liehr, 2000, Is estradiol a genotoxic mutagenic carcinogen?, Endocr. Rev., 21, 40, 10.1210/er.21.1.40 Liehr, 2001, Genotoxicity of estrogens: role in cancer development?, Hum. Rep. Update, 7, 1 Kong, 2000, Frequency and molecular analysis of HPRT mutations induced by estradiol in Chinese hamster V79 cells, Int. J. Oncol., 17, 1141 Tsutsui, 2000, Involvement of genotoxic effects in the initiation of estrogen-induced cellular transformation, studies using Syrian hamster embryo cells treated with 17β-estradiol and eight of its metabolites, Int. J. Cancer, 86, 8, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0215(20000401)86:1<8::AID-IJC2>3.0.CO;2-V Russo, 2001, Carcinogenicity of estrogens in human breast epithelial cells, APMIS, 109, 39, 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2001.tb00013.x Thibodeau, 1998, Induction by estrogens of methotrexate resistance in MCF-7 breast cancer cells, Carcinogenesis, 19, 1545, 10.1093/carcin/19.9.1545 Loeb, 2001, A mutator phenotype in cancer, Persp. Cancer Res., 61, 3230 Richard, 2000, Nuclear and mitochondrial genome instability in human breast cancer, Cancer Res., 60, 4231 Forgacs, 2001, Searching for microsatellite mutations in coding regions in lung, breast, ovarian and colorectal cancers, Oncogene, 20, 1005, 10.1038/sj.onc.1204211 Piao, 2001, Identification of novel deletion regions of chromosome arms 2q and 6p in breast carcinomas by amplotype analysis, Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 30, 113, 10.1002/1098-2264(2000)9999:9999<::AID-GCC1069>3.0.CO;2-6 Caldes, 2000, Microsatellite instability correlates with negative expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in sporadic breast cancer, Teratog. Carcinog. Mutagen., 20, 283, 10.1002/1520-6866(2000)20:5<283::AID-TCM4>3.0.CO;2-Y Miyazaki, 2000, Detection of microsatellite alterations in nipple discharge accompanied by breast cancer, Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 60, 35, 10.1023/A:1006336110322 Ando, 2000, Loss of heterozygosity and microsatellite instability in ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast, Cancer Lett., 156, 207, 10.1016/S0304-3835(00)00467-5 Tokunaga, 2000, Frequency of microsatellite instability in breast cancer determined by high-resolution fluorescent microsatellite analysis, Oncology, 59, 44, 10.1159/000012136 Shaw, 2000, Microsatellite alterations in plasma DNA of primary breast cancer patients, Clin. Cancer Res., 6, 1119 Lareef, 2003, Genomic changes induced by estrogens in human breast epithelial cells (HBEC), Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 44, 904a Plummer, 1997, Four regions of allelic imbalance on 17q12–qter associated with high-grade breast tumors, Genes Chromosomes Cancer, 20, 354, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2264(199712)20:4<354::AID-GCC6>3.0.CO;2-0 Hoff, 2001, Allelic imbalance and fine mapping of the 17p13.3 subregion in sporadic breast carcinomas, Cancer Genet. Cytogenet., 129, 145, 10.1016/S0165-4608(01)00450-2 Selim, 2001, Loss of heterozygosity and allelic imbalance in apocrine adenosis of the breast, Cancer Detect. Prev., 25, 262 Garcia, 2000, Loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 17q in epithelial ovarian tumors: association with carcinomas with serous differentiation, Int. J. Gynecol. Pathol., 19, 152, 10.1097/00004347-200004000-00009 Zekri, 1999, Allelic instability as a predictor of survival in Egyptian breast cancer patients, Int. J. Oncol., 15, 757 Huang, 1999, Microsatellite instability during the immortalization and transformation of human breast epithelial cells in vitro, Mol. Carcinog., 24, 118, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2744(199902)24:2<118::AID-MC6>3.0.CO;2-L Yue, 1998, In situ aromatization enhances breast tumor estradiol levels and cellular proliferation, Cancer Res., 58, 927 Yue, 1999, Aromatase within the breast, Endocrine Rel. Cancer, 6, 157, 10.1677/erc.0.0060157 Jefcoate, 2000, Tissue-specific synthesis and oxidative metabolism of estrogens, 95 Spink, D.C. et al. Differential expression of CYP1A1 and CYP1B1 in human breast epithelial cells and breast tumor cells. Carcinogenesis 19, 291–298. Badawi, 2001, Estrogen metabolites and conjugates; biomarkers of susceptibility to human breast cancer, Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res., 42, 664a