Genital anomalies in boys and the environment

Jacobsen, 2006, Trends in testicular cancer incidence in the Nordic countries, focusing on the recent decrease in Denmark, International Journal of Andrology, 29, 199, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00605.x Carlsen, 1993, Decreasing quality of semen, British Medical Journal, 306, 461, 10.1136/bmj.306.6875.461-b Swan, 1997, Have sperm densities declined? A re-analysis of global trend data, Environmental Health Perspectives, 105, 1228, 10.1289/ehp.971051228 Jensen, 2008, Declining trends in conception rates in recent birth cohorts of native Danish women: a possible role of deteriorating male reproductive health, International Journal of Andrology, 31, 81, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00827.x Travison, 2007, A population-level decline in serum testosterone levels in American men, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 92, 196, 10.1210/jc.2006-1375 Andersson, 2007, Secular decline in male testosterone and sex hormone binding globulin serum levels in Danish population surveys, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 92, 4696, 10.1210/jc.2006-2633 Skakkebæk, 2001, Testicular dysgenesis syndrome: an increasingly common developmental disorder with environmental aspects, Human Reproduction, 16, 972, 10.1093/humrep/16.5.972 Welsh, 2008, Identification in rats of a programming window for reproductive tract masculinization, disruption of which leads to hypospadias and cryptorchidism, The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 118, 1479, 10.1172/JCI34241 Toppari, 1996, Male reproductive health and environmental xenoestrogens, Environmental Health Perspectives, 104, 741 Skakkebæk, 2007, Testicular cancer trends as "whistle blowers" of testicular developmental problems in populations, International Journal of Andrology, 30, 198, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00776.x Toppari, 2001, Trends in the incidence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias, and methodological limitations of registry-based data, Human Reproduction Update, 7, 282, 10.1093/humupd/7.3.282 Boisen, 2004, Difference in prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in infants between two Nordic countries, Lancet, 363, 1264, 10.1016/S0140-6736(04)15998-9 John Radcliffe Hospital Cryptorchidism Study Group, 1992, Cryptorchidism: a prospective study of 7500 consecutive male births, 1984–8, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 67, 892, 10.1136/adc.67.7.892 Pierik, 2005, The cryptorchidism prevalence among infants in the general population of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, International Journal of Andrology, 28, 248, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2005.00538.x Berkowitz, 1993, Prevalence and natural history of cryptorchidism, Pediatrics, 92, 44, 10.1542/peds.92.1.44 Thong, 1998, Undescended testes: incidence in 1,002 consecutive male infants and outcome at 1 year of age, Pediatric Surgery International, 13, 37, 10.1007/s003830050239 Preiksa, 2005, Higher than expected prevalence of congenital cryptorchidism in Lithuania: a study of 1204 boys at birth and 1 year follow-up, Human Reproduction, 20, 1928, 10.1093/humrep/deh887 Scorer, 1964, The descent of the testis, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 39, 605, 10.1136/adc.39.208.605 Cortes, 2008, The true incidence of cryptorchidism in Denmark, The Journal of Urology, 179, 314, 10.1016/j.juro.2007.08.158 Boisen, 2005, Hypospadias in a cohort of 1072 Danish newborn boys: prevalence and relationship to placental weight, anthropometrical measurements at birth, and reproductive hormone levels at 3 months of age, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90, 4041, 10.1210/jc.2005-0302 Virtanen, 2001, The birth rate of hypospadias in the Turku area in Finland, APMIS, 109, 96, 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2001.d01-109.x Main, 2006, Larger Testes and higher inhibin B levels in Finnish than in Danish newborn boys, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 91, 2732, 10.1210/jc.2005-2443 Jørgensen, 2002, East-West gradient in semen quality in the Nordic-Baltic area: a study of men from the general population in Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Finland, Human Reproduction, 17, 2199, 10.1093/humrep/17.8.2199 Pierik, 2002, A high hypospadias rate in the Netherlands, Human Reproduction, 17, 1112, 10.1093/humrep/17.4.1112 Dolk, 2004, Toward the effective surveillance of hypospadias, Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 398, 10.1289/ehp.6398 Kallen, 1986, A joint international study on the epidemiology of hypospadias, Acta Paediatrica Scandinavica. Supplement, 324, 1, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1986.tb14935.x Paulozzi, 1999, International trends in rates of hypospadias and cryptorchidism, Environmental Health Perspectives, 107, 297, 10.1289/ehp.99107297 Nassar, 2007, Increasing prevalence of hypospadias in Western Australia, 1980-2000, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 92, 580, 10.1136/adc.2006.112862 Gricius, 1996, Birth incidence of subsequently operated hypospadias in Lithuania during 1966–1990, Acta Medica Lithuania, 2, 91 Porter, 2005, Hypospadias in Washington State: maternal risk factors and prevalence trends, Pediatrics, 115, e495, 10.1542/peds.2004-1552 Aho, 2000, Is the incidence of hypospadias increasing? Analysis of Finnish hospital discharge data 1970–1994, Environmental Health Perspectives, 108, 463, 10.1289/ehp.00108463 Carmichael, 2003, Hypospadias in California: trends and descriptive epidemiology, Epidemiology, 14, 701, 10.1097/01.ede.0000091603.43531.d0 Fisch, 2009, Hypospadias rates in New York state are not increasing, The Journal of Urology, 181, 2291, 10.1016/j.juro.2009.01.059 Lund, 2009, Prevalence of Hypospadias in Danish Boys: A Longitudinal Study, 1977–2005, European Urology, 10.1016/j.eururo.2009.01.005 Toledano, 2003, Temporal trends in orchidopexy, Great Britain, 1992–1998, Environmental Health Perspectives, 111, 129, 10.1289/ehp.5446 Abdullah, 2007, Birth prevalence of cryptorchidism and hypospadias in Northern England, 1993–2000, Archives of Disease in Childhood, 92, 576, 10.1136/adc.2006.102913 Richiardi, 2008, Rates of orchiopexies in Sweden: 1977–1991, International Journal of Andrology Chilvers, 1984, Apparent doubling of frequency of undescended testis in England and Wales in 1962–81, Lancet, ii, 330, 10.1016/S0140-6736(84)92697-7 Suomi, 2006, Hormonal changes in 3-month-old cryptorchid boys, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 91, 953, 10.1210/jc.2004-2318 Kalfa, 2009, Is hypospadias a genetic, endocrine or environmental disease, or still an unexplained malformation?, International Journal of Andrology, 32, 187, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00899.x Virtanen, 2007, Cryptorchidism: classification, prevalence and long-term consequences, Acta Paediatrica, 96, 611, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00241.x Crain, 2008, Female reproductive disorders: the roles of endocrine-disrupting compounds and developmental timing, Fertility and Sterility, 90, 911, 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.067 Garcia-Rodriguez, 1996, Exposure to pesticides and cryptorchidism: geographical evidence of a possible association, Environmental Health Perspectives, 104, 1090 Pierik, 2004, Maternal and paternal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a case-control study in newborn boys, Environmental Health Perspectives, 112, 1570, 10.1289/ehp.7243 Weidner, 1998, Cryptorchidism and hypospadias in sons of gardeners and farmers, Environmental Health Perspectives, 106, 793, 10.1289/ehp.98106793 Fernandez, 2007, Human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and prenatal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a nested case-control study, Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 8, 10.1289/ehp.9351 Vrijheid, 2003, Risk of hypospadias in relation to maternal occupational exposure to potential endocrine disrupting chemicals, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 60, 543, 10.1136/oem.60.8.543 Araneta, 2003, Prevalence of birth defects among infants of Gulf War veterans in Arkansas, Arizona, California, Georgia, Hawaii, and Iowa, 1989–1993, Birth Defects Research. Part A, Clinical and Molecular Teratology, 67, 246, 10.1002/bdra.10033 Tielemans, 1999, Pesticide exposure and decreased fertilisation rates in vitro, Lancet, 354, 484, 10.1016/S0140-6736(99)00599-1 de Cock, 1994, Time to pregnancy and occupational exposure to pesticides in fruit growers in The Netherlands, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 51, 693, 10.1136/oem.51.10.693 Longnecker, 2002, Maternal serum level of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene and risk of cryptorchidism, hypospadias, and polythelia among male offspring, American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 313, 10.1093/aje/155.4.313 Bhatia, 2005, Organochlorine pesticides and male genital anomalies in the child health and development studies, Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 220, 10.1289/ehp.7382 Brucker-Davis, 2008, Cryptorchidism at birth in Nice area (France) is associated with higher prenatal exposure to PCBs and DDE, as assessed by colostrum concentrations, Human Reproduction, 23, 1708, 10.1093/humrep/den186 Pierik, 2007, Maternal pregnancy serum level of heptachlor epoxide, hexachlorobenzene, and beta-hexachlorocyclohexane and risk of cryptorchidism in offspring, Environental Research, 105, 364, 10.1016/j.envres.2007.04.005 Hosie, 2000, Is there a correlation between organochlorine compounds and undescended testes?, European Journal of Pediatric Surgery, 10, 304, 10.1055/s-2008-1072381 Hardell, 2003, Increased concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls, hexachlorobenzene, and chlordanes in mothers of men with testicular cancer, Environmental Health Perspectives, 111, 930, 10.1289/ehp.5816 McGlynn, 2008, Persistent organochlorine pesticides and risk of testicular germ cell tumors, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 100, 663, 10.1093/jnci/djn101 Damgaard, 2006, Persistent pesticides in human breast milk and cryptorchidism, Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 1133, 10.1289/ehp.8741 Andersen, 2008, Impaired reproductive development in sons of women occupationally exposed to pesticides during pregnancy, Environmental Health Perspectives, 116, 566, 10.1289/ehp.10790 Main, 2006, Human breast milk contamination with phthalates and alterations of endogenous reproductive hormones in three months old infants, Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 270, 10.1289/ehp.8075 Liu, 2009, Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate upregulates ATF3 expression and suppresses apoptosis in mouse genital tubercle, Journal of Occupational Health, 51, 57, 10.1539/joh.L8091 Swan, 2005, Decrease in anogenital distance among male infants with prenatal phthalate exposure, Environmental Health Perspectives, 113, 1056, 10.1289/ehp.8100 Hsieh, 2008, Associations among hypospadias, cryptorchidism, anogenital distance, and endocrine disruption, Current Urology Reports, 9, 137, 10.1007/s11934-008-0025-0 Duty, 2004, The relationship between environmental exposure to phthalates and computer-aided sperm analysis motion parameters, Journal of Andrology, 25, 293, 10.1002/j.1939-4640.2004.tb02790.x Murature, 1987, Phthalate esters and semen quality parameters, Biomedical & environmental mass spectrometry, 14, 473, 10.1002/bms.1200140815 Duty, 2005, Phthalate exposure and reproductive hormones in adult men, Human Reproduction, 20, 604, 10.1093/humrep/deh656 Meeker, 2009, Urinary Metabolites of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate are associated with decreased steroid hormone levels in adult men, Journal of Andrology, 30, 287, 10.2164/jandrol.108.006403 Main, 2007, Flame retardants in placenta and breast milk and cryptorchidism in newborn boys, Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 1519, 10.1289/ehp.9924 Stoker, 2005, In vivo and in vitro anti-androgenic effects of DE-71, a commercial polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) mixture, Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 207, 78, 10.1016/j.taap.2005.05.010 Lilienthal, 2006, Effects of developmental exposure to 2,2'4,4',5-pentabromodiphenyl ether (PBDE-99) on sex steroids, sexual development, and sexually dimorphic behavior in rats, Environmental Health Perspectives, 114, 194, 10.1289/ehp.8391 Song, 2008, Effects of fifteen PBDE metabolites, DE71, DE79 and TBBPA on steroidogenesis in the H295R cell line, Chemosphere, 71, 1888, 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.01.032 Jensen, 2008, Emerging endocrine disrupters: perfluoroalkylated substances, International Journal of Andrology, 31, 161, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00870.x Fei, 2009, Maternal levels of perfluorinated chemicals and subfecundity, Human Reproduction, 24, 1200, 10.1093/humrep/den490 Joensen, 2009, Do perfluoroalkyl compounds impair human semen quality?, Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 923, 10.1289/ehp.0800517 Damgaard, 2008, Risk factors for congenital cryptorchidism in a prospective birth cohort study, PLoS One, 3, e3051, 10.1371/journal.pone.0003051 Morales-Suarez-Varela, 2006, Smoking habits, nicotine use, and congenital malformations, Obstetrics and gynecology, 107, 51, 10.1097/01.AOG.0000194079.66834.d5 Biggs, 2002, Maternal, delivery, and perinatal characteristics associated with cryptorchidism: a population-based case-control study among births in Washington State, Epidemiology, 13, 197, 10.1097/00001648-200203000-00015 Thorup, 2006, The incidence of bilateral cryptorchidism is increased and the fertility potential is reduced in sons born to mothers who have smoked during pregnancy, The Journal of Urology, 176, 734, 10.1016/j.juro.2006.03.042 Jensen, 2004, Association of in utero exposure to maternal smoking with reduced semen quality and testis size in adulthood: a cross-sectional study of 1,770 young men from the general population in five European countries, American Journal of Epidemiology, 159, 49, 10.1093/aje/kwh002 Jensen, 2005, Lower sperm counts following prenatal tobacco exposure, Human Reproduction, 20, 2559, 10.1093/humrep/dei110 Storgaard, 2003, Does smoking during pregnancy affect sonś sperm counts?, Epidemiology, 14, 278, 10.1097/01.EDE.0000059922.73864.3E Fowler, 2008, Maternal smoking during pregnancy specifically reduces human fetal desert hedgehog gene expression during testis development, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 93, 619, 10.1210/jc.2007-1860 Brokken, 2009, Antiandrogen exposure in utero disrupts expression of desert hedgehog and insulin-like factor 3 in the developing fetal rat testis, Endocrinology, 150, 445, 10.1210/en.2008-0230 Lackmann, 2000, Parental smoking and neonatal serum levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and hexachlorobenzene, Pediatric Research, 47, 598, 10.1203/00006450-200005000-00007 Mongraw-Chaffin, 2008, Maternal smoking, alcohol consumption, and caffeine consumption during pregnancy in relation to a son's risk of persistent cryptorchidism: a prospective study in the Child Health and Development Studies cohort, 1959–1967, American Journal of Epidemiology, 167, 257, 10.1093/aje/kwm311 Damgaard, 2007, Cryptorchidism and maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy, Environmental Health Perspectives, 115, 272, 10.1289/ehp.9608 Berkowitz, 1996, Risk factors for cryptorchidism: a nested case-control study, Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 10, 39, 10.1111/j.1365-3016.1996.tb00024.x Møller, 1997, Testicular cancer and cryptorchidism in relation to prenatal factors: case-control studies in Denmark, Cancer Causes & Control, 8, 904, 10.1023/A:1018472530653 Henriksen, 2004, Alcohol consumption at the time of conception and spontaneous abortion, American Journal of Epidemiology, 160, 661, 10.1093/aje/kwh259 Kortenkamp, 2008, Low dose mixture effects of endocrine disrupters: implications for risk assessment and epidemiology, International Journal of Andrology, 31, 233, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2007.00862.x Christiansen, 2008, Combined exposure to anti-androgens causes markedly increased frequencies of hypospadias in the rat, International Journal of Andrology, 31, 241, 10.1111/j.1365-2605.2008.00866.x Buck Louis, 2008, Environmental factors and puberty timing: expert panel research needs, Pediatrics, 3, S192, 10.1542/peds.1813E Hotchkiss, 2008, Fifteen years after "Wingspread"–environmental endocrine disrupters and human and wildlife health: where we are today and where we need to go, Toxicological Sciences, 105, 235, 10.1093/toxsci/kfn030 Buemann, 1961, Incidence of undescended testis in the newborn, Acta Chirurgica Scandinavica, 289 Virtanen, 2006, Mild gestational diabetes as a risk factor for congenital cryptorchidism, The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 91, 4862, 10.1210/jc.2006-1420