Genetics, diagnosis and management of colorectal cancer (Review)

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Jasperson, 2010, Hereditary and familial colon cancer, Gastroenterology, 138, 2044, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.054

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Pino, 2010, The chromosomal instability pathway in colon cancer, Gastroenterology, 138, 2059, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.065

Boland, 2010, Microsatellite instability in colorectal cancer (Review), Gastroenterology, 138, 2073, 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.064

Colussi, 2013, Molecular pathways involved in colorectal cancer: implications for disease behavior and prevention, Int J Mol Sci, 14, 16365, 10.3390/ijms140816365

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Dejana, 2010, The role of wnt signaling in physiological and pathological angiogenesis, Circ Res, 107, 943, 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.110.223750

Planutis, 2014, A novel signaling pathway regulates colon cancer angiogenesis through Norrin, Sci Rep, 4, 5630, 10.1038/srep05630

Shaw, 2006, Ras, PI(3)K and mTOR signalling controls tumour cell growth, Nature, 441, 424, 10.1038/nature04869

Fresno Vara, 2004, PI3K/Akt signalling pathway and cancer, Cancer Treat Rev, 30, 193, 10.1016/j.ctrv.2003.07.007

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Porta, 2014, Targeting PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in cancer, Front Oncol, 4, 64, 10.3389/fonc.2014.00064

Lee, 2010, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase signaling mediates β-catenin activation in intestinal epithelial stem and progenitor cells in colitis, Gastroenterology, 139, 869, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.05.037

Simpson, 2001, PTEN: life as a tumor suppressor, Exp Cell Res, 264, 29, 10.1006/excr.2000.5130

Salmena, 2008, Tenets of PTEN tumor suppression, Cell, 133, 403, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.04.013

Manfredi, 2010, Hereditary hamartomatous polyposis syndromes: understanding the disease risks as children reach adulthood, Gastroenterol Hepatol (NY), 6, 185

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Galatola, 2012, Β catenin and cytokine pathway dysregulation in patients with manifestations of the 'PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome', BMC Med Genet, 13, 28, 10.1186/1471-2350-13-28

Alimonti, 2010, Subtle variations in Pten dose determine cancer susceptibility, Nat Genet, 42, 454, 10.1038/ng.556

Paparo, 2013, Differential expression of PTEN gene correlates with phenotypic heterogeneity in three cases of patients showing clinical manifestations of PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome, Hered Cancer Clin Pract, 11, 8, 10.1186/1897-4287-11-8

Malumbres, 2003, RAS oncogenes: the first 30 years, Nat Rev Cancer, 3, 459, 10.1038/nrc1097

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Shao, 2014, KRAS and YAP1 converge to regulate EMT and tumor survival, Cell, 158, 171, 10.1016/j.cell.2014.06.004

Chen, 2007, Nuclear factor-kappaB, an unappreciated tumor suppressor, Cancer Res, 67, 11093, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-1576

Perkins, 2004, NF-κB: tumor promoter or suppressor?, Trends Cell Biol, 14, 64, 10.1016/j.tcb.2003.12.004

Du, 2010, Cross-regulation between Wnt and NF-κB signaling pathways. For Immunopathol, Dis Therap, 1, 155

Hoesel, 2013, The complexity of NF-κB signaling in inflammation and cancer, Mol Cancer, 12, 1, 10.1186/1476-4598-12-86

Mccubrey, 2014, GSK-3 as potential target for therapeutic intervention in cancer, Oncotarget, 5, 2881, 10.18632/oncotarget.2037

Li, 2014, Lithium chloride suppresses colorectal cancer cell survival and proliferation through ROS/GSK-3β/NF-κb signaling pathway, Oxid Med Cell Longev, 2014, 241864, 10.1155/2014/241864

Mishra, 2010, Glycogen synthase kinase 3β: can it be a target for oral cancer, Mol Cancer, 9, 144, 10.1186/1476-4598-9-144

Loboda, 2011, EMT is the dominant program in human colon cancer, BMC Med Genomics, 4, 9, 10.1186/1755-8794-4-9

De Craene, 2013, Regulatory networks defining EMT during cancer initiation and progression, Nat Rev Cancer, 13, 97, 10.1038/nrc3447

Batlle, 2000, The transcription factor Snail is a repressor of E-cadherin gene expression in epithelial tumour cells, Nat Cell Biol, 2, 84, 10.1038/35000034

Cano, 2000, The transcription factor Snail controls epithelial-mesenchymal transitions by repressing E-cadherin expression, Nat Cell Biol, 2, 76, 10.1038/35000025

Li, 2014, Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states during cell fate conversions, Protein Cell, 5, 580, 10.1007/s13238-014-0064-x

Mani, 2008, The epithelial-mesenchymal transition generates cells with properties of stem cells, Cell, 133, 704, 10.1016/j.cell.2008.03.027

Giannelli, 2014, Transforming growth factor-β as a therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma, Cancer Res, 74, 1890, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-14-0243

Costabile, 2015, Lithium chloride induces mesenchymal to epithelial reverting transition in primary colon cancer cell cultures, Int J Oncol, 46, 1913, 10.3892/ijo.2015.2911

Jasperson, 2010, Hereditary and familial colon cancer, Gastroenterology, 138, 2044, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.054

Gallagher, 2010, Diagnosing hereditary colorectal cancer, Clin Colorectal Cancer, 9, 205, 10.3816/CCC.2010.n.030

Lucci-Cordisco, 2013, The growing complexity of the intestinal polyposis syndromes, Am J Med Genet A, 161A, 2777, 10.1002/ajmg.a.36253

De Rosa, 2013, Hereditary gastrointestinal polyposis: diagnosis, genetic test and risk assessment, Open J Genet, 3, 50, 10.4236/ojgen.2013.32A3008

Kolfschoten, 2012, Dutch surgical colorectal audit group: nonelective colon cancer resections in elderly patients: results from the dutch surgical colorectal audit, Dig Surg, 29, 412, 10.1159/000345614

Smothers, 2003, Emergency surgery for colon carcinoma, Dis Colon Rectum, 46, 24, 10.1007/s10350-004-6492-6

Kekelidze, 2013, Colorectal cancer: current imaging methods and future perspectives for the diagnosis, staging and therapeutic response evaluation, World J Gastroenterol, 19, 8502, 10.3748/wjg.v19.i46.8502

Leufkens, 2011, Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography for colon cancer staging: a systematic review, Scand J Gastroenterol, 46, 887, 10.3109/00365521.2011.574732

Mitry, 2010, Epidemiology, management and prognosis of colorectal cancer with lung metastases: a 30-year population-based study, Gut, 59, 1383, 10.1136/gut.2010.211557

Barret, 2013, Société Française d'endoscopie Digestive: factors associated with adenoma detection rate and diagnosis of polyps and colorectal cancer during colonoscopy in France: results of a prospective, nationwide survey, PLoS One, 8, e68947, 10.1371/journal.pone.0068947

Kaminski, 2010, Quality indicators for colonoscopy and the risk of interval cancer, N Engl J Med, 362, 1795, 10.1056/NEJMoa0907667

Zauber, 2012, Colonoscopic polypectomy and long-term prevention of colorectal-cancer deaths, N Engl J Med, 366, 687, 10.1056/NEJMoa1100370

Graser, 2009, Comparison of CT colonography, colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy and faecal occult blood tests for the detection of advanced adenoma in an average risk population, Gut, 58, 241, 10.1136/gut.2008.156448

Pickhardt, 2011, Colorectal cancer: CT colonography and colonoscopy for detection - systematic review and meta-analysis, Radiology, 259, 393, 10.1148/radiol.11101887

Pullens, 2013, CT-colonography after incomplete colonoscopy: What is the diagnostic yield?, Dis Colon Rectum, 56, 593, 10.1097/DCR.0b013e3182781668

Atkin, 2013, SIGGAR investigators: computed tomographic colonography versus colonoscopy for investigation of patients with symptoms suggestive of colorectal cancer (SIGGAR): a multicentre randomised trial, Lancet, 381, 1194, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62186-2

Edge, 2010, The American Joint Committee on cancer: the 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual and the future of TNM, Ann Surg Oncol, 17, 1471, 10.1245/s10434-010-0985-4

Bipat, 2012, Imaging modalities for the staging of patients with colorectal cancer, Neth J Med, 70, 26

Floriani, 2010, Performance of imaging modalities in diagnosis of liver metastases from colorectal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis, J Magn Reson Imaging, 31, 19, 10.1002/jmri.22010

Niekel, 2010, Diagnostic imaging of colorectal liver metastases with CT, MR imaging, FDG PET, and/or FDG PET/CT: a meta-analysis of prospective studies including patients who have not previously undergone treatment, Radiology, 257, 674, 10.1148/radiol.10100729

Dighe, 2010, Accuracy of multidetector computed tomography in identifying poor prognostic factors in colonic cancer, Br J Surg, 97, 1407, 10.1002/bjs.7096

Dighe, 2010, Diagnostic precision of CT in local staging of colon cancers: A meta-analysis, Clin Radiol, 65, 708, 10.1016/j.crad.2010.01.024

Schmoll, 2012, ESMO consensus guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. A personalized approach to clinical decision making, Ann Oncol, 23, 2479, 10.1093/annonc/mds236

Glimelius, 2011, Mesorectal fascia instead of circumferential resection margin in preoperative staging of rectal cancer, J Clin Oncol, 29, 2142, 10.1200/JCO.2010.34.4473

Van de Velde, 2013, European registration of cancer care: EURECCA colorectal: multidisciplinary mission statement on better care for patients with colon and rectal cancer in Europe, Eur J Cancer, 49, 2784, 10.1016/j.ejca.2013.04.032

Torkzad, 2010, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in rectal cancer: a comprehensive review, Insights Imaging, 1, 245, 10.1007/s13244-010-0037-4

Poston, 2011, Guideline development group: diagnosis and management of colorectal cancer: summary of NICE guidance, BMJ, 343, d6751, 10.1136/bmj.d6751

Swartling, 2013, Stage and size using magnetic resonance imaging and endosonography in neoadjuvantly-treated rectal cancer, World J Gastroenterol, 19, 3263, 10.3748/wjg.v19.i21.3263

Hohenberger, 2009, Standardized surgery for colonic cancer: complete mesocolic excision and central ligation - technical notes and outcome, Colorectal Dis, 11, 354, 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2008.01735.x

Sehgal, 2014, Historical development of mesenteric anatomy provides a universally applicable anatomic paradigm for complete/total mesocolic excision, Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf), 2, 245, 10.1093/gastro/gou046

Søndenaa, 2014, The rationale behind complete mesocolic excision (CME) and a central vascular ligation for colon cancer in open and laparoscopic surgery: proceedings of a consensus conference, Int J Colorectal Dis, 29, 419, 10.1007/s00384-013-1818-2

Siani, 2014, Stage I-IIIC right colonic cancer treated with complete mesocolic excision and central vascular ligation: quality of surgical specimen and long term oncologic outcome according to the plane of surgery, Minerva Chir, 69, 199

Sagar, 2011, Colorectal stents for the management of malignant colonic obstructions, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 11, CD007378

Fuccio, 2014, Risk factors for stent-related adverse events in patients with obstructive colorectal cancer: are we missing something?, Gastrointest Endosc, 80, 742, 10.1016/j.gie.2014.04.026

Fuccio, 2014, KRASTENT Study Group: influence of K-ras status and anti-tumour treatments on complications due to colorectal self-expandable metallic stents: a retrospective multicentre study, Dig Liver Dis, 46, 561, 10.1016/j.dld.2014.02.006

Yang, 2013, Single-incision laparoscopic colectomy versus conventional multiport laparoscopic colectomy: a meta-analysis of comparative studies, Int J Colorectal Dis, 28, 89, 10.1007/s00384-012-1537-0

Mynster, 2012, Preliminary results after single-port laparoscopic colonic surgery, Dan Med J, 59, A4551

Huscher, 2012, Standard laparoscopic versus single-incision laparoscopic colectomy for cancer: early results of a randomized prospective study, Am J Surg, 204, 115, 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2011.09.005

Wolthuis, 2012, Outcomes for case-matched single-port colectomy are comparable with conventional laparoscopic colectomy, Colorectal Dis, 14, 634, 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02721.x

Ramos-Valadez, 2012, Single-incision versus conventional laparoscopic sigmoid colectomy: a case-matched series, Surg Endosc, 26, 96, 10.1007/s00464-011-1833-8

Tyler, 2013, Outcomes and costs associated with robotic colectomy in the minimally invasive era, Dis Colon Rectum, 56, 458, 10.1097/DCR.0b013e31827085ec

Baek, 2013, Robotic surgery: colon and rectum, Cancer J, 19, 140, 10.1097/PPO.0b013e31828ba0fd

Glimelius, 2011, Mesorectal fascia instead of circumferential resection margin in preoperative staging of rectal cancer, J Clin Oncol, 29, 2142, 10.1200/JCO.2010.34.4473

Sgourakis, 2011, Transanal endoscopic microsurgery for T1 and T2 rectal cancers: a meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis of outcomes, Am Surg, 77, 761, 10.1177/000313481107700635

Guerrieri, 2014, Treatment of rectal cancer by transanal endoscopic microsurgery: experience with 425 patients, World J Gastroenterol, 20, 9556, 10.3748/wjg.v20.i28.9556

Matz, 2012, Use of a SILS port in transanal endoscopic microsurgery in the setting of a community hospital, J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A, 22, 93, 10.1089/lap.2011.0408

Atallah, 2010, Transanal minimally invasive surgery: a giant leap forward, Surg Endosc, 24, 2200, 10.1007/s00464-010-0927-z

Guillou, 2005, MRC CLASICC trial group: short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic-assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial, Lancet, 365, 1718, 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66545-2

Jayne, 2010, Five-year follow-up of the Medical Research Council CLASICC trial of laparoscopically assisted versus open surgery for colorectal cancer, Br J Surg, 97, 1638, 10.1002/bjs.7160

Kang, 2010, Open versus laparoscopic surgery for mid or low rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (COREAN trial): short-term outcomes of an open-label randomised controlled trial, Lancet Oncol, 11, 637, 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70131-5

van der Pas, 2013, Colorectal cancer laparoscopic or open resection II (COLOR II) study group: laparoscopic versus open surgery for rectal cancer (COLOR II): short-term outcomes of a randomised, phase 3 trial, Lancet Oncol, 14, 210, 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70016-0

Yang, 2012, Robot-assisted versus conventional laparoscopic surgery for colorectal disease, focusing on rectal cancer: a meta-analysis, Ann Surg Oncol, 19, 3727, 10.1245/s10434-012-2429-9

Lin, 2011, Meta-analysis of robotic and laparoscopic surgery for treatment of rectal cancer, World J Gastroenterol, 17, 5214, 10.3748/wjg.v17.i47.5214

Park, 2011, S052: a comparison of robot-assisted, laparoscopic, and open surgery in the treatment of rectal cancer, Surg Endosc, 25, 240, 10.1007/s00464-010-1166-z

Kim, 2012, Open versus robot-assisted sphincter-saving operations in rectal cancer patients: techniques and comparison of outcomes between groups of 100 matched patients, Int J Med Robot, 8, 468, 10.1002/rcs.1452

Kim, 2012, A comparative study of voiding and sexual function after total mesorectal excision with autonomic nerve preservation for rectal cancer: laparoscopic versus robotic surgery, Ann Surg Oncol, 19, 2485, 10.1245/s10434-012-2262-1

D'Annibale, 2013, Total mesorectal excision: a comparison of oncological and functional outcomes between robotic and laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer, Surg Endosc, 27, 1887, 10.1007/s00464-012-2731-4

Luca, 2013, Impact of robotic surgery on sexual and urinary functions after fully robotic nerve-sparing total mesorectal excision for rectal cancer, Ann Surg, 257, 672, 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318269d03b

Collinson, 2012, An international, multicentre, prospective, randomised, controlled, unblinded, parallel-group trial of robotic-assisted versus standard laparoscopic surgery for the curative treatment of rectal cancer, Int J Colorectal Dis, 27, 233, 10.1007/s00384-011-1313-6

Memon, 2012, Robotic versus laparoscopic proctectomy for rectal cancer: a meta-analysis, Ann Surg Oncol, 19, 2095, 10.1245/s10434-012-2270-1

Trastulli, 2012, Robotic resection compared with laparoscopic rectal resection for cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of short-term outcome, Colorectal Dis, 14, e134, 10.1111/j.1463-1318.2011.02907.x

Valentini, 2009, Scientific committee: multidisciplinary rectal cancer management: 2nd European rectal cancer consensus conference (EURECA-CC2), Radiother Oncol, 92, 148, 10.1016/j.radonc.2009.06.027

Sauer, 2012, Preoperative versus postoperative chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: results of the German CAO/ARO/AIO-94 randomized phase III trial after a median follow-up of 11 years, J Clin Oncol, 30, 1926, 10.1200/JCO.2011.40.1836

Schmoll, 2012, ESMO Consensus Guidelines for management of patients with colon and rectal cancer. A personalized approach to clinical decision making, Ann Oncol, 23, 2479, 10.1093/annonc/mds236

Pettersson, 2013, Impaired postoperative leucocyte counts after preoperative radiotherapy for rectal cancer in the Stockholm III trial, Br J Surg, 100, 969, 10.1002/bjs.9117

Pettersson, 2010, Interim analysis of the Stockholm III trial of preoperative radiotherapy regimens for rectal cancer, Br J Surg, 97, 580, 10.1002/bjs.6914

Bujko, 2006, Long-term results of a randomized trial comparing preoperative short-course radiotherapy with preoperative conventionally fractionated chemoradiation for rectal cancer, Br J Surg, 93, 1215, 10.1002/bjs.5506

Ngan, 2012, Randomized trial of short-course radiotherapy versus long-course chemoradiation comparing rates of local recurrence in patients with T3 rectal cancer: trans-tasman radiation oncology group trial 01.04, J Clin Oncol, 30, 3827, 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.9597

Siegel, 2009, Preoperative short-course radiotherapy versus combined radiochemotherapy in locally advanced rectal cancer: a multi-centre prospectively randomised study of the Berlin Cancer Society, BMC Cancer, 9, 50, 10.1186/1471-2407-9-50

Hofheinz, 2012, Chemoradiotherapy with capecitabine versus fluorouracil for locally advanced rectal cancer: a randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial, Lancet Oncol, 13, 579, 10.1016/S1470-2045(12)70116-X

Avallone, 2011, Oxaliplatin plus dual inhibition of thymidilate synthase during preoperative pelvic radiotherapy for locally advanced rectal carcinoma: long-term outcome, Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys, 79, 670, 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.12.007

Gunderson, 2010, Revised TN categorization for colon cancer based on national survival outcomes data, J Clin Oncol, 28, 264, 10.1200/JCO.2009.24.0952

Bombard, 2013, Translating genomics in cancer care, J Natl Compr Canc Netw, 11, 1343, 10.6004/jnccn.2013.0158

Ross, 2011, Whole cancer genome sequencing by next-generation methods, Am J Clin Pathol, 136, 527, 10.1309/AJCPR1SVT1VHUGXW

Ribic, 2003, Tumor microsatellite-instability status as a predictor of benefit from fluorouracil-based adjuvant chemotherapy for colon cancer, N Engl J Med, 349, 247, 10.1056/NEJMoa022289

Bertagnolli, 2009, Microsatellite instability predicts improved response to adjuvant therapy with irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin in stage III colon cancer: cancer and leukemia group B protocol 89803, J Clin Oncol, 27, 1814, 10.1200/JCO.2008.18.2071

Des Guetz, 2009, Does microsatellite instability predict the efficacy of adjuvant chemotherapy in colorectal cancer? A systematic review with meta-analysis, Eur J Cancer, 45, 1890, 10.1016/j.ejca.2009.04.018

Sargent, 2010, Defective mismatch repair as a predictive marker for lack of efficacy of fluorouracil-based adjuvant therapy in colon cancer, J Clin Oncol, 28, 3219, 10.1200/JCO.2009.27.1825

Downward, 2003, Targeting RAS signalling pathways in cancer therapy, Nat Rev Cancer, 3, 11, 10.1038/nrc969

Tveit, 2012, Phase III trial of cetuximab with continuous or intermittent fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (Nordic FLOX) versus FLOX alone in first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer: the NORDIC-VII study, J Clin Oncol, 30, 1755, 10.1200/JCO.2011.38.0915

Peeters, 2010, Randomized phase III study of panitumumab with fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan (FOLFIRI) compared with FOLFIRI alone as second-line treatment in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, J Clin Oncol, 28, 4706, 10.1200/JCO.2009.27.6055

Van Cutsem, 2009, Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer, N Engl J Med, 360, 1408, 10.1056/NEJMoa0805019

Bazan, 2002, Specific codon 13 K-ras mutations are predictive of clinical outcome in colorectal cancer patients, whereas codon 12 K-ras mutations are associated with mucinous histotype, Ann Oncol, 13, 1438, 10.1093/annonc/mdf226