Genetics and conservation biology

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Richard Frankham1
1Key Centre for Biodiversity and Bioresources, Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, NSW 2109, Australia

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[2] Frankel, O.H.; Soulé, M.E. Conservation and Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1981

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[6] Crnokrak, P.; Roff, D.A. Inbreeding depression in the wild, Heredity, Volume 83 (1999), pp. 260-270

[7] Frankham, R. Inbreeding and extinction: A threshold effect, Conserv. Biol., Volume 9 (1995), pp. 792-799

[8] Frankham, R. Inbreeding and extinction: Island populations, Conserv. Biol., Volume 12 (1998), pp. 665-675

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[11] Reed, D.H.; Lowe, E.; Briscoe, D.A.; Frankham, R. Inbreeding and extinction: Effects of rate of inbreeding, Conserv. Genet. (2003)

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[18] B.W. Brook, D.W. Tonkyn, J.J. O'Grady, R. Frankham, Contribution of inbreeding to extinction risk in threatened species, Conserv. Ecol. 16 (2002), URL: http://www.consecol.org/vol16/iss11/art16

[19] Keller, L.F. Inbreeding and its fitness effects in an insular population of song sparrows (Melospiza melodia), Evolution, Volume 52 (1998), pp. 240-250

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[21] Frankham, R. Do island populations have lower genetic variation than mainland populations?, Heredity, Volume 78 (1997), pp. 311-327

[22] Frankham, R. Conservation genetics, Annu. Rev. Genet., Volume 29 (1995), pp. 305-327

[23] Haig, S.M.; Avise, J.C. Avian conservation genetics (Avise, J.C.; Hamrick, J.L., eds.), Conservation Genetics: Case Histories from Nature, Chapman & Hall, New York, 1996, pp. 160-189

[24] D. Spielman, Does inbreeding and a loss of genetic diversity decrease a population's ability to resist virulent disease?, Ph.D. thesis, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia, 2002

[25] Reed, D.H.; Frankham, R. Population fitness is correlated with genetic diversity, Conserv. Biol. (2003)

[26] Richards, A.J. Plant Breeding Systems, Chapman & Hall, London, 1997

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[29] Young, A.G.; Brown, A.H.D.; Murray, B.G.; Thrall, P.H.; Miller, C.H. Genetic erosion, restricted mating and reduced viability in fragmented populations of the endangered grassland herb Rutidosis leptorrhynchoides (Young, A.G.; Clarke, G.M., eds.), Genetics, Demography and Viability of Fragmented Populations, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000, pp. 335-359

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[35] Nunney, L.; Campbell, K.A. Assessing minimum viable population size: Demography meets population genetics, Trends Ecol. Evol., Volume 8 (1993), pp. 234-239

[36] Frankham, R. Effective population size/adult population size ratios in wildlife: A review, Genet. Res., Volume 66 (1995), pp. 95-107

[37] van Noordwijk, A.J. The interaction of inbreeding depression and environmental stochasticity in the risk of extinction of small populations (Loeschcke, V.; Tomiuk, J.; Jain, S.K., eds.), Conservation Genetics, Birkhäuser Verlag, Basel, Switzerland, 1994, pp. 131-146

[38] Tanaka, Y. Extinction of populations by inbreeding depression under stochastic environments, Popul. Ecol., Volume 42 (2000), pp. 55-62

[39] Hedrick, P.W. Purging inbreeding depression and the probability of extinction: Full-sib mating, Heredity, Volume 73 (1994), pp. 363-372

[40] Frankham, R.; Gilligan, D.M.; Morris, D.; Briscoe, D.A. Inbreeding and extinction: Effects of purging, Conserv. Genet., Volume 2 (2001), pp. 279-284

[41] Westemeier, R.L.; Brawn, J.D.; Simpson, S.A.; Esker, T.L.; Jansen, R.W.; Walk, J.W.; Kershner, E.L.; Bouzat, J.L.; Paige, K.N. Tracking the long-term decline and recovery of an isolated population, Science, Volume 282 (1998), pp. 1695-1698

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[43] Seymour, A.M.; Montgomery, M.E.; Costello, B.H.; Ihle, S.; Johnsson, G.; St John, B.; Taggart, D.; Houlden, B.A. High effective inbreeding coefficients correlate with morphological abnormalities in populations of South Australian koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus), Anim. Conserv., Volume 4 (2001), pp. 211-219

[44] Madsen, T.; Shine, R.; Olsson, M.; Wittzell, H. Restoration of an inbred adder population, Nature, Volume 402 (1999), pp. 34-35