Gender role orientation, ethical and interpersonal conflicts, and conflict handling styles of female managers
Tóm tắt
This study examines the influences of socialization and structural variables on relations among gender role orientations, interpersonal and ethical conflicts, and conflict handling styles. The data were collected from 134 female federal and provincial government supervisors and managers (Mage 40.1). Results of multivariate analyses of variance indicated that managers with high-instrumental traits are likely to indicate that they would use a dominating conflict handling style, and androgynous managers (high-expressive and high-instrumental traits) are more likely to indicate that they would use an integrating style. Managers did not report that they would use different conflict handling styles for ethical and interpersonal conflicts. Moreover, nonsignificant interaction effects indicated that the nature of the conflict did not moderate the gender role orientation and conflict handling style relationship.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Arkkelin, D., & Simmons, R. (1985). The “good manager”: Sex-typed, androgynous, or likable?Sex Roles, 12 1187–1198.
Baxter, L. A., & Shepherd, T. L. (1978). Gender role identity, sex of other, and affective relationship as determinants of interpersonal conflict management styles.Sex Roles, 4 813–825.
Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42 155–162.
Bem, S. L. (1977). On the utility of alternate procedures for assessing psychological androgyny.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31 634–643.
Bem, S. L. (1981).Bem sex role inventory: Professional manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Bieger, G. R. (1988). Bem sex role inventory. In D. J. Keyser & R. C. Sweetland (Eds.),Test critiques (Vol. III, pp. 51–57). Kansas City, MO: Test Corporation of America.
Brenner, O. C., Tomkiewicz, J., & Schein, V. E. (1989). The relationship between sex role stereotypes and requisite management characteristics revisited.Academy of Management Journal, 32 662–669.
Broverman, I. K., Vogel, S. R., Broverman, D. M., Clarkson, F. E., & Rosenkrantz, P. S. (1972). Sex-role stereotypes: A current appraisal.Journal of Social Issues, 28 59–78.
Falbo, T. (1982). PAQ types and power strategies used in intimate relationships.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 6 399–405.
Gever, S. (1988). Gender differences in interpersonal conflict (Doctoral dissertation, Temple University).Dissertation Abstracts International, 49, 2884B.
Gilligan, C. (1982).In a different voice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hall, J. A., & Taylor, M. C. (1985). Psychological androgyny and the masculinity × femininity interaction.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49 429–435.
Henning, M., & Jardim, A. (1977).The managerial woman. New York: Pocket Books.
Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model.Academy of Management Review, 2 366–395.
Kanter, R. M. (1977).Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
Kipnis, D., Schmidt, S., & Wilkinson, I. (1980). Intraorganizational influence tactics: Exploration in getting one's way.Journal of Applied Psychology, 65 440–452.
Korabik, K., & Ayman, R. (1987, August).Androgyny and leadership: A conceptual synthesis. A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association, New York.
Kurtines, W. M. (1986). Moral behavior as rule governed behavior Person and situation effects on moral decision making.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50 784–791.
Long, B. C. (1990). Relation between coping strategies, sex-typed traits, and environmental characteristics: A comparison of male and female managers.Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37 185–194.
Lyons, N. P. (1988). Two perspectives: On self, relationships, and morality. In C. Gilligan (Ed.),Mapping the moral domain: A contribution to women's thinking to psychological theory and education. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Mainiero, L. A. (1986). Coping with powerlessness: The relationship of gender and job dependency to empowerment-strategy usage.Administrative Science Quarterly, 31 633–653.
Marshall, J. (1993). Patterns of cultural awareness: Coping strategies for women managers. In B. C. Long & S. E. Kahn (Eds.),Women, work, and coping: A multidisciplinary approach. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.
Miller, J. B. (1991). Women's and men's scripts for interpersonal conflict.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 15 15–29.
Mischel, W. (1966). A social-learning view of sex-differences in behavior. In E. E. Maccoby (Ed.),The development of sex differences. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Orlofsky, J. L., & Stake, J. E. (1981). Psychological masculinity and femininity: Relationship to striving and self-concept in the achievement and interpersonal domains.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 6 218–233.
Ragins, B. R., & Sundstrom, E. (1990). Gender and perceived power in manager-subordinate relations.Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63 273–287.
Rahim, A. (1983a).Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory I & II: Forms A, B, & C. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Rahim, A. (1983b).Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory I & II: Professional manual. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Rahim, A., & Magner, N. (1994). Convergent and discriminant validity of the Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory-II.Psychological Reports, 74 35–38.
Shevelson, R. J. (1988).Statistical reasoning for behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon.
Shockley-Zalabak, P. (1981). The effects of sex differences on the preference for utilization of conflict styles of managers in a work setting: An exploratory study.Public Personnel Management Journal, 10 289–295.
Spence, J. T., & Helmreich, R. L. (1980). Masculine instrumentality and feminine expressiveness: Their relationships with sex role attitudes and behaviors.Psychology of Women Quarterly, 5 147–163.
Taylor, M. C., & Hall, J. A. (1982). Psychological androgyny: Theories, methods, and conclusions.Psychological Bulletin, 92 347–366.
Thornton, G. C. (1989). Review of the Rahim organizational conflict inventories. In J. C. Conoley & J. J. Kramer (Eds.),The tenth mental measurement yearbook. Lincoln: The University of Nebraska Press.
Utley, M. E., Richardson, D. R., & Pilkington, C. J. (1989). Personality and interpersonal conflict management.Personality and Individual Differences, 10 287–293.
Whittle, B. E. (1984). Sex role orientation and self-esteem: A critical meta-analytic review.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44 765–778.
Yelsma, P., & Brown, C. T. (1985). Gender roles, biological sex, and predisposition to conflict management.Sex Roles, 12 731–747.