Gender differentiated economic responses to crises in developing countries: insights for COVID-19 recovery policies
Tóm tắt
COVID-19 has wide-ranging and long-term implications for individual and household outcomes. Policymakers expect that the economic impact of COVID-19, channeled through labor markets, will disproportionately fall on women and girls, relative to men and boys. Surprisingly, little evidence exists for informing gender-sensitive COVID-19 recovery policies. This study examines the existence of gender-differentiated dynamic responses of labor market and other household welfare outcomes to GDP contractions using historical country level panel data for South/South-East Asia and West Africa. The econometric results reveal large gender differences in economic outcomes post crisis and provide insights for designing gender-sensitive COVID-19 recovery policies.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abiad, A. et al. (2018). The impact of trade conflict on developing Asia. Asian Development Bank Economics Working Paper Series 566.
Arellano, M., & Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: monte carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. Review of Economic Studies, 58, 277–297.
Aslanbeigui, N., & Summerfield, G. (2000). The Asian crisis, gender, and the international financial architecture. Feminist Economist, 6(3), 81–103.
Bali, S., Dhatt, R., Lal, A. et al. (2020). Off the back burner: diverse and genderinclusive decision-making for COVID-19 response and recovery. BMJ Global Health, 5, 1–3.
Baltagi, B. H. (2005). Econometric analysis of panel data. New York: Wiley.
Boniol, M., McIsaac, M., Wuliji, L., Diallo, K., Campbell, J. (2019). Gender equity in the health workforce: analysis of 104 countries. Health Workforce Working paper 1.
Buera, F., Fattal-Jaef, R., Neumeyer, P.A., & Shin, Y. (2020). The economic ripple effects of COVID-19. World Bank.
Cerra, V., & Saxena, C. S. (2008). Growth dynamics: the myth of economic recovery. American Economic Review, 98.1, 439–57.
Cerutti, M. (2000). Economic reform, structural adjustment, and female labor force participation in Buenos Aires, Argentina. World Development, 28(5), 879–91.
Cumming, O., & Cairncross, S. (2016). Can water, sanitation and hygiene help eliminate stunting? Current evidence and policy implications. Maternal & Child Nutrition, 12(Suppl 1), 91–105. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12258.
Datt, G., & Ravallion, M. (2011). Has India’s economic growth become more pro-poor in the wake of economic reforms? The World Bank Economic Review, 25(2), 157–189.
Davies, S. E., & Bennett, B. (2016). A gendered human rights analysis of Ebola and Zika: locating gender in global health emergencies. International Affairs, 92, 1041–60.
Dearden, K. A., Schott, W., & Crookston, B. T., et al. (2017). Children with access to improved sanitation but not improved water are at lower risk of stunting compared to children without access: a cohort study in Ethiopia, India, Peru, and Vietnam. BMC Public Health, 17, 110.
Ferrant, G., et al. (2014). Unpaid care work: the missing link in the analysis of gender gaps in labour outcomes. OECD.
Hennig, B. D. (2019). Inequalities of gender: education, work, and politics. Political Insight, 10(2), 20–21.
Human development report (2019). Beyond income, beyond averages, beyond today: inequalities in human development in the 21st century. Conceição, Pedro. United Nations Development Programme.
IMF (2020). World economic outlook, April 2020: the great lockdown. IMF.
IFPRI (2020). Gender-sensitive social protection: a critical component of the COVID-19 response in low-and middle-income countries. IFPRI. https://ebrary.ifpri.org/digital/collection/p15738coll2/id/133701.
Kim, H., & Voos, P. B. (2007). The korean economic crisis and working women. Journal of Contemporary Asia, 37(2), 190–208.
Korkoyah, D. T. Jr., & Wreh, F. F. (2015). Ebola impact revealed: an assessment of the differing impact of the outbreak on the women and men in Liberia.
Lee, K., & Cho, K. (2005). Female labor force participation during economic crises in Argentina and the Republic of Korea. International Labor Review, 144(4), 423–49.
Lim, J. (2000). The effects of the East Asian crisis on the employment of women and men: the Philippine Case. World Development, 28(7), 1285–1306.
Loayza, N.V., & Pennings, S. (2020). Macroeconomic policy in the time of COVID-19: a primer for developing countries. World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/33540.
Mueller, H. (2012). Growth dynamics: the myth of economic recovery: comment. American Economic Review, 102(7), 3774–77.
OECD (2020a). Women at the core of the fight against COVID-19 crisis. OECD. https://read.oecd-ilibrary.org/view/.
OECD (2020b). COVID-19 and the food and agriculture sector: issues and policy responses. OECD. http://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/.
Romer, C. D., & Romer, D. H. (1989). Does monetary policy matter? A new test in the spirit of Friedman and Schwartz. NBER Macroeconomics Annual, 4, 121–70.
Sabarwal, S., Sinha, N., & Buvinic, M. (2011). How do women weather economic shocks? What we know. Economic premise, 46, 1–6. Poverty Reduction And Economic Management (PREM) Network, World Bank.
Smith, J. (2019). Overcoming the tyranny of the urgent: integrating gender into disease outbreak preparedness and response. Gender & Development, 27, 355–69.
Smith, J., Duncan Thomas, T., Frankenberg, E., Beegle, K., & Teruel, G. (2002). Wages, employment, and economic shocks: evidence from Indonesia. Journal of Population Economics, 15(1), 161–93.
Triggs, A. & Karas, H. (2020). The triple economic shock of COVID-19 and priorities for an emergency G-20 leaders meeting. Brookings.
UN Women (2020). Secretary-General’s policy brief: the impact of COVID-19 on women. UN Women. https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/04/.
UNESCO (2020). United Nations World Water Development Report. UNESCO. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/water/wwap/wwdr/.
Wenham, C., Smith, J., & Morgan, R., et al. (2020). COVID-19: the gendered impacts of the outbreak. Lancet, 395, 846–8.
World Health Organization (2019). Water, sanitation, hygiene and health: a primer for health professionals. World Health Organization.
World Bank, LISGIS, & Gallup (2015). The socio-economic impact of Ebola in Liberia: results from a high frequency cell phone survey. Round 4. World Bank, LISGIS, & Gallup. http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/socio-economic-impacts-ebola-liberia.
World Bank (2020a). Gender dimensions of the COVID-19 pandemic. World Bank. https://documents.worldbank.org/.
World Bank (2020b). Poverty and distributional impacts of COVID-19: potential channels of impact and mitigating policies. World Bank. http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/980491587133615932/.
