Gastrodiae Rhizoma (天麻 tiān má): a review of biological activity and antidepressant mechanisms

Ahn, 2007, Anti-inflammatory and anti-angiogenic activities of Gastrodia elata Blume, J Ethnopharmacol, 110, 476, 10.1016/j.jep.2006.10.006 An, 2010, Protective effects of Gastrodia elata Blume on MPP+-induced cytotoxicity in human dopaminergic SH-SY5Y cells, J Ethnopharmacol, 130, 290, 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.006 An, 2003, Gastrodin decreases immunoreactivities of gamma-aminobutyric acid shunt enzymes in the hippocampus of seizure-sensitive gerbils, J Neurosci Res, 71, 534, 10.1002/jnr.10502 Andersson, 1995, Inhibition of kainic acid binding to glutamate receptors by extracts of Gastrodia, Phytochemistry, 38, 835, 10.1016/0031-9422(94)00771-K Aydemir, 2005, The effect of chronic antidepressant treatment on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in depressed patients: a preliminary study, Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry, 29, 261, 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.009 Baek, 1999, Isolation and identification of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase inhibitory compound from the rhizome of Gastrodia elata Blume, Arch Pharm Res, 22, 219, 10.1007/BF02976550 Bilici, 2001, Antioxidative enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in major depression: alterations by antidepressant treatments, J Affect Disord, 64, 43, 10.1016/S0165-0327(00)00199-3 Chen, 2008, The antidepressant effect of Gastrodia elata Bl. on the forced-swimming test in rats, Am J Chin Med, 36, 95, 10.1142/S0192415X08005618 Chen, 2009, Rhizomes of Gastrodia elata Bl. possess antidepressant-like effect via monoamine modulation in subchronic animal model, Am J Chin Med, 37, 1113, 10.1142/S0192415X09007533 Chen, 2011, Gastrodia elata Bl. Attenuated learning deficits induced by forced-swimming stress in the inhibitory avoidance task and Morris water maze, J Med Food, 14, 610, 10.1089/jmf.2010.1209 Choi, 2006, A new citryl glycoside from Gastrodia elata and its inhibitory activity on GABA transaminase, Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo), 54, 1720, 10.1248/cpb.54.1720 Delgado, 2004, How antidepressants help depression: mechanisms of action and clinical response, J Clin Psychiatry, 65, 25 Demyttenaere, 2003, Risk factors and predictors of compliance in depression, Eur Neuropsychopharmacol, 13, S69, 10.1016/S0924-977X(03)00095-6 Descamps, 2009, Experimental stroke protection induced by 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol is cancelled by bacitracin, Neurosci Res, 64, 137, 10.1016/j.neures.2009.02.005 Dias, 2003, Differential regulation of brain derived neurotrophic factor transcripts by antidepressant treatments in the adult rat brain, Neuropharmacology, 45, 553, 10.1016/S0028-3908(03)00198-9 Du, 2002, High activity-related allele of MAO-A gene associated with depressed suicide in males, Neuroreport, 13, 1195, 10.1097/00001756-200207020-00025 Earnheart, 2007, GABAergic control of adult hippocampal neurogenesis in relation to behavior indicative of trait anxiety and depression states, J Neurosci, 27, 3845, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3609-06.2007 Egashira, 1996, Effects of long-term treatment with dicyclic, tricyclic, tetracyclic, and noncyclic antidepressant drugs on monoamine oxidase activity in mouse brain, Gen Pharmacol, 27, 773, 10.1016/0306-3623(95)02126-4 Gerner, 1981, CSF GABA in normal subjects and patients with depression, schizophrenia, mania, and anorexia nervosa, Am J Psychiatry, 138, 1098, 10.1176/ajp.138.8.1098 Givalois, 2001, Immobilization stress rapidly and differentially modulates BDNF and TrkB mRNA expression in the pituitary gland of adult male rats, Neuroendocrinology, 74, 148, 10.1159/000054681 Gnerre, 2001, Interaction of psychotropic drugs with monoamine oxidase in rat brain, J Pharm Pharmacol, 53, 1125, 10.1211/0022357011776513 Ha, 2000, 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde from Gastrodia elata B1. is active in the antioxidation and GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain, J Ethnopharmacol, 73, 329, 10.1016/S0378-8741(00)00313-5 Ha, 2001, In vitro effects of hydroxybenzaldehydes from Gastrodia elata and their analogues on GABAergic neurotransmission, and a structure-activity correlation, Planta Med, 67, 877, 10.1055/s-2001-18844 Haier, 1988, Biological vulnerability to depression: replication of MAO and evoked potentials as risk factors, Neuropsychobiology, 20, 62, 10.1159/000118474 Haque, 2008, Green tea catechins prevent cognitive deficits caused by Abeta(1-40) in rats, J Nutr Biochem, 136 Haque, 2006, Long-term administration of green tea catechins improves spatial cognition learning ability in rats, J Nutr, 136, 1043, 10.1093/jn/136.4.1043 Hashimoto, 2004, Critical role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in mood disorders, Brain Res Brain Res Rev, 45, 104, 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2004.02.003 Hayashi, 2002, Phenolic compounds from Gastrodia rhizome and relaxant effects of related compounds on isolated smooth muscle preparation, Phytochemistry, 59, 513, 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00008-0 Haynes, 2004, Chronic antidepressant medication attenuates dexamethasone-induced neuronal death and sublethal neuronal damage in the hippocampus and striatum, Brain Res, 1026, 157, 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.05.117 Heo, 2007, Anti-tumor activity of Gastrodia elata Blume is closely associated with a GTP-Ras-dependent pathway, Oncol Rep, 18, 849 Herken, 2001, Evidence that the activities of erythrocyte free radical scavenging enzymes and the products of lipid peroxidation are increased in different forms of schizophrenia, Mol Psychiatry, 6, 66, 10.1038/sj.mp.4000789 Hirschfeld, 2000, History and evolution of the monoamine hypothesis of depression, J Clin Psychiatry, 61, 4 Holt, 1996, Inhibition of rat brain monoamine oxidase enzymes by fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol, 354, 17, 10.1007/BF00168701 Honig, 1988, Amino acid levels in depression: a preliminary investigation, J Psychiatr Res, 22, 159, 10.1016/0022-3956(88)90001-5 Howren, 2009, Associations of depression with C-reactive protein, IL-1, and IL-6: a meta-analysis, Psychosom Med, 71, 171, 10.1097/PSY.0b013e3181907c1b Hsieh, 2000, Anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities of vanillyl alcohol in ferric chloride-induced epileptic seizures in Sprague-Dawley rats, Life Sci, 67, 1185, 10.1016/S0024-3205(00)00706-2 Hsieh, 2005, Gastrodia elata BL mediates the suppression of nNOS and microglia activation to protect against neuronal damage in kainic acid-treated rats, Am J Chin Med, 33, 599, 10.1142/S0192415X0500320X Hsieh, 2001, Anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging activities of Gastrodia elata Bl. in kainic acid-treated rats, Am J Chin Med, 29, 331, 10.1142/S0192415X01000356 Hsieh, 2007, Gastrodia elata modulated activator protein 1 via c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling pathway in kainic acid-induced epilepsy in rats, J Ethnopharmacol, 109, 241, 10.1016/j.jep.2006.07.024 Hsieh, 1999, Anticonvulsive and free radical scavenging actions of two herbs, Uncaria rhynchophylla (MIQ) Jack and Gastrodia elata Bl., in kainic acid-treated rats, Life Sci, 65, 2071, 10.1016/S0024-3205(99)00473-7 Hsieh, 2000, The ameliorating effects of the cognitive-enhancing Chinese herbs on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats, Phytother Res, 14, 375, 10.1002/1099-1573(200008)14:5<375::AID-PTR593>3.0.CO;2-5 Hsieh, 1997, Gastrodin and p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol facilitate memory consolidation and retrieval, but not acquisition, on the passive avoidance task in rats, J Ethnopharmacol, 56, 45, 10.1016/S0378-8741(96)01501-2 Huang, 2007, Neuroprotective principles from Gastrodia elata, J Nat Prod, 70, 571, 10.1021/np0605182 Huang, 2004, Gastrodia elata prevents rat pheochromocytoma cells from serum-deprived apoptosis: the role of the MAPK family, Life Sci, 75, 1649, 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.05.008 Huang, 2009, Herbal formula SYJN protect PC12 cells from neurotoxicity induced by corticosterone, J Ethnopharmacol, 125, 456, 10.1016/j.jep.2009.07.018 Huang, 2006, The protective effects of phenolic constituents from Gastrodia elata on the cytotoxicity induced by KCl and glutamate, Arch Pharm Res, 29, 963, 10.1007/BF02969279 Hwang, 2009, Anti-inflammatory effect of Gastrodia elata rhizome in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, Am J Chin Med, 37, 395, 10.1142/S0192415X09006916 Jang, 2010, Anti-asthmatic activity of phenolic compounds from the roots of Gastrodia elata Bl, Int Immunopharmacol, 10, 147, 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.10.009 Johnson, 2006, Effect of different doses of corticosterone on depression-like behavior and HPA axis responses to a novel stressor, Behav Brain Res, 168, 280, 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.11.019 Jung, 2006, Anxiolytic-like effects of Gastrodia elata and its phenolic constituents in mice, Biol Pharm Bull, 29, 261, 10.1248/bpb.29.261 Jung, 2007, Protective effects of several components of Gastrodia elata on lipid peroxidation in gerbil brain homogenates, Phytother Res, 21, 960, 10.1002/ptr.2193 Juruena, 2006, Different responses to dexamethasone and prednisolone in the same depressed patients, Psychopharmacology (Berl), 189, 225, 10.1007/s00213-006-0555-4 Küçükibrahimoğlu, 2009, The change in plasma GABA, glutamine and glutamate levels in fluoxetine- or S-citalopram-treated female patients with major depression, Eur J Clin Pharmacol, 65, 571, 10.1007/s00228-009-0650-7 Kam, 2011, p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol prevents brain injury and behavioral impairment by activating Nrf2, PDI, and neurotrophic factor genes in a rat model of brain ischemia, Mol Cells, 31, 209, 10.1007/s10059-011-0028-4 Kandel, 2000, Disorder of mood: depression, mania, and anxiety disorders, 1209 Karege, 2002, Decreased serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in major depressed patients, Psychiatry Res, 109, 143, 10.1016/S0165-1781(02)00005-7 Kenis, 2002, Effects of antidepressants on the production of cytokines, Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 5, 401, 10.1017/S1461145702003164 Khanzode, 2003, Oxidative damage and major depression: the potential antioxidant action of selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, Redox Rep, 8, 365, 10.1179/135100003225003393 Kim, 2007, Alzheimer’s disease drug discovery from herbs: neuroprotectivity from beta-amyloid (1-42) insult, J Altern Complement Med, 13, 333, 10.1089/acm.2006.6107 Kim, 2007, Vanillin, 4-hydroxybenzyl aldehyde and 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol prevent hippocampal CA1 cell death following global ischemia, Brain Res, 1181, 130, 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.08.066 Kim, 2003, Ethyl ether fraction of Gastrodia elata Blume protects amyloid beta peptide-induced cell death, J Ethnopharmacol, 84, 95, 10.1016/S0378-8741(02)00290-8 Kim, 2001, Ether fraction of methanol extracts of Gastrodia elata, a traditional medicinal herb, protects against kainic acid-induced neuronal damage in the mouse hippocampus, Neurosci Lett, 314, 65, 10.1016/S0304-3940(01)02296-0 Kim, 2011, Neuroprotective Effects of Vanillyl Alcohol in Gastrodia elata Blume Through Suppression of Oxidative Stress and Anti-Apoptotic Activity in Toxin-Induced Dopaminergic MN9D Cells, Molecules, 16, 5349, 10.3390/molecules16075349 Kim, 2006, Neuroprotective effect of some plant extracts in cultured CT105-induced PC12 cells, Biol Pharm Bull, 29, 2021, 10.1248/bpb.29.2021 Kim, 2006, Seed Germination of Gastrodia elata Using Symbiotic Fungi, Mycena osmundicola, Mycobiology, 34, 79, 10.4489/MYCO.2006.34.2.079 Kolla, 2005, Amitriptyline and fluoxetine protect PC12 cells from cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide, J Psychiatry Neurosci, 30, 196 Kunugi, 2010, Interface between hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and brain-derived neurotrophic factor in depression, Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 64, 447, 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2010.02135.x Lee, 2006, Anti-inflammatory action of phenolic compounds from Gastrodia elata root, Arch Pharm Res, 29, 849, 10.1007/BF02973905 Lee, 2009, Effect of Gastrodia elata on tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced matrix metalloproteinase activity in endothelial cells, J Nat Med, 63, 463, 10.1007/s11418-009-0352-6 Lee, 2007, Two new benzofurans from Gastrodia elata and their DNA topoisomerases I and II inhibitory activities, Planta Med, 73, 1287, 10.1055/s-2007-981619 Lee, 1999, Inhibitory effects of constituents of Gastrodia elata Bl. on glutamate-induced apoptosis in IMR-32 human neuroblastoma cells, Arch Pharm Res, 22, 404, 10.1007/BF02979066 Li, 2009, Effects of unpredictable chronic stress on behavior and brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in CA3 subfield and dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in different aged rats, Chin Med J (Engl), 122, 1564 Li, 2004, The cytoprotective effect of inulin-type hexasaccharide extracted from Morinda officinalis on PC12 cells against the lesion induced by corticosterone, Life Sci, 75, 1531, 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.02.029 Liu, 1992, Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities of Gastrodia elata Bl. and Uncaria rhynchophylla (Miq.) Jacks, Neuropharmacology, 31, 1287, 10.1016/0028-3908(92)90058-W Liu, 1993, Antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities of p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol and vanillin: effects on free radicals, brain peroxidation and degradation of benzoate, deoxyribose, amino acids and DNA, Neuropharmacology, 32, 659, 10.1016/0028-3908(93)90079-I Luscher, 2011, The GABAergic deficit hypothesis of major depressive disorder, Mol Psychiatry, 16, 383, 10.1038/mp.2010.120 Müller, 2008, COX-2 inhibition in schizophrenia and major depression, Curr Pharm Des, 14, 1452, 10.2174/138161208784480243 Manji, 2001, The cellular neurobiology of depression, Nat Med, 7, 541, 10.1038/87865 Marmigère, 2003, Rapid induction of BDNF expression in the hippocampus during immobilization stress challenge in adult rats, Hippocampus, 13, 646, 10.1002/hipo.10109 Marques, 2009, Glucocorticoid dysregulations and their clinical correlates. From receptors to therapeutics, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1179, 1, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04987.x Mathers, 2008 McNally, 2008, Inflammation, glutamate, and glia in depression: a literature review, CNS Spectr, 13, 501, 10.1017/S1092852900016734 Miller, 2009, Inflammation and its discontents: the role of cytokines in the pathophysiology of major depression, Biol Psychiatry, 65, 732, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.029 Motivala, 2005, Inflammatory markers and sleep disturbance in major depression, Psychosom Med, 67, 187, 10.1097/01.psy.0000149259.72488.09 Naert, 2011, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis adaptation processes in a depressive-like state induced by chronic restraint stress, Mol Cell Neurosci, 46, 55, 10.1016/j.mcn.2010.08.006 O’Toole, 1997, Psychobiology and psychopharmacotherapy of unipolar major depression: a review, Arch Psychiatr Nurs, 11, 304, 10.1016/S0883-9417(97)80003-9 Ouyang, 2005, Effects of timosaponins on learning and memory abilities of rats with dementia induced by lateral cerebral ventricular injection of amyloid beta-peptide, Di Yi Jun Yi Da Xue Xue Bao, 25, 121 Pariante, 2009, Risk factors for development of depression and psychosis. Glucocorticoid receptors and pituitary implications for treatment with antidepressant and glucocorticoids, Ann N Y Acad Sci, 1179, 144, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04978.x Pariante, 2008, The HPA axis in major depression: classical theories and new developments, Trends Neurosci, 31, 464, 10.1016/j.tins.2008.06.006 Park, 2011, Gastrodia elata Blume water extracts improve insulin resistance by decreasing body fat in diet-induced obese rats: vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde are the bioactive candidates, Eur J Nutr, 50, 107, 10.1007/s00394-010-0120-0 Petty, 1995, GABA and mood disorders: a brief review and hypothesis, J Affect Disord, 34, 275, 10.1016/0165-0327(95)00025-I Pollak, 2002, Cytokine-induced changes in mood and behaviour: implications for ‘depression due to a general medical condition’, immunotherapy and antidepressive treatment, Int J Neuropsychopharmacol, 5, 389, 10.1017/S1461145702003152 Pyo, 2004, Phenolic and furan type compounds isolated from Gastrodia elata and their anti-platelet effects, Arch Pharm Res, 27, 381, 10.1007/BF02980077 Qiu, 2007, Structure elucidation and sulfated derivatives preparation of two alpha-D-glucans from Gastrodia elata Bl. and their anti-dengue virus bioactivities, Carbohydr Res, 342, 2230, 10.1016/j.carres.2007.06.021 Rage, 2002, Immobilization stress rapidly modulates BDNF mRNA expression in the hypothalamus of adult male rats, Neuroscience, 112, 309, 10.1016/S0306-4522(02)00072-6 Ravikumar, 2000, Isoprenoid pathway and free radical generation and damage in neuropsychiatric disorders, Indian J Exp Biol, 38, 438 Reichenberg, 2001, Cytokine-associated emotional and cognitive disturbances in humans, Arch Gen Psychiatry, 58, 445, 10.1001/archpsyc.58.5.445 Sapolsky, 2000, The possibility of neurotoxicity in the hippocampus in major depression: a primer on neuron death, Biol Psychiatry, 48, 755, 10.1016/S0006-3223(00)00971-9 Saylam, 2006, Reduced hippocampal volume in drug-free depressed patients, Surg Radiol Anat, 28, 82, 10.1007/s00276-005-0050-3 Sekizaki, 2008, Identification of Armillaria nabsnona in gastrodia tubers, Biol Pharm Bull, 31, 1410, 10.1248/bpb.31.1410 Sheline, 1999, Depression duration but not age predicts hippocampal volume loss in medically healthy women with recurrent major depression, J Neurosci, 19, 5034, 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.19-12-05034.1999 Shelton, 2007, The molecular neurobiology of depression, Psychiatr Clin North Am, 30, 1, 10.1016/j.psc.2006.12.005 Shen, 2010, gamma-Aminobutyric acid-type A receptor deficits cause hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity and antidepressant drug sensitivity reminiscent of melancholic forms of depression, Biol Psychiatry, 68, 512, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.04.024 Shin, 2010, Parishin C attenuates phencyclidine-induced schizophrenia-like psychosis in mice: involvements of 5-HT1A receptor, J Pharmacol Sci, 113, 404, 10.1254/jphs.10040SC Shuchang, 2008, Protective effects of gastrodia elata on aluminium-chloride-induced learning impairments and alterations of amino acid neurotransmitter release in adult rats, Restor Neurol Neurosci, 26, 467 Small, 1998, Treatment of Alzheimer’s disease: current approaches and promising developments, Am J Med, 104, 32s, 10.1016/S0002-9343(98)00027-8 Tapia-Arancibia, 2004, Physiology of BDNF: focus on hypothalamic function, Front Neuroendocrinol, 25, 77, 10.1016/j.yfrne.2004.04.001 Tata, 2010, The effects of chronic glucocorticoid exposure on dendritic length, synapse numbers and glial volume in animal models: implications for hippocampal volume reductions in depression, Physiol Behav, 99, 186, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.09.008 Tata, 2006, Synapse loss from chronically elevated glucocorticoids: relationship to neuropil volume and cell number in hippocampal area CA3, J Comp Neurol, 498, 363, 10.1002/cne.21071 Teong, 2011, Gastrodia elata decreases isoprenaline potency and enhances spontaneous phasic activity in the rat detrusor, Int J Physiol Pathophysiol Pharmacol, 3, 29 Thase, 2005, Mood disorders: neurobiology, 1594 Tong, 2010, WSS45, a sulfated alpha-D-glucan, strongly interferes with Dengue 2 virus infection in vitro, Acta Pharmacol Sin, 31, 585, 10.1038/aps.2010.29 Vaiva, 2004, Low posttrauma GABA plasma levels as a predictive factor in the development of acute posttraumatic stress disorder, Biol Psychiatry, 55, 250, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2003.08.009 Wu, 1996, Effects of Gastrodia elata and its active constituents on scopolamine-induced amnesia in rats, Planta Med, 62, 317, 10.1055/s-2006-957892 Wu, 1996, p-Hydroxybenzyl alcohol attenuates learning deficits in the inhibitory avoidance task: involvement of serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, Chin J Physiol, 39, 265 Xu, 2000, Retrospect on the research of the cultivation of Gastrodia elata Bl, a rare traditional Chinese medicine, Chin Med J (Engl), 113, 686 Xu, 2007, Protective effects of gastrodin on hypoxia-induced toxicity in primary cultures of rat cortical neurons, Planta Med, 73, 650, 10.1055/s-2007-981523 Yan, 1997, Expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor protein in the adult rat central nervous system, Neuroscience, 78, 431, 10.1016/S0306-4522(96)00613-6 Yao, 2001, Oxidative damage and schizophrenia: an overview of the evidence and its therapeutic implications, CNS Drugs, 15, 287, 10.2165/00023210-200115040-00004 Yaron, 1999, Fluoxetine and amitriptyline inhibit nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, and hyaluronic acid production in human synovial cells and synovial tissue cultures, Arthritis Rheum, 42, 2561, 10.1002/1529-0131(199912)42:12<2561::AID-ANR8>3.0.CO;2-U Yong, 2009, Protective effects of gastrodin on lead-induced synaptic plasticity deficits in rat hippocampus, Planta Med, 75, 1112, 10.1055/s-0029-1185452 Yu, 2005, Gastrodia elata blume and an active component, p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol reduce focal ischemic brain injury through antioxidant related gene expressions, Biol Pharm Bull, 28, 1016, 10.1248/bpb.28.1016 Yu, 2010, Neuroprotective effect of 4-hydroxybenzyl alcohol against transient focal cerebral ischemia via anti-apoptosis in rats, Brain Res, 1308, 167, 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.10.037 Zeng, 2006, A study of the neuroprotective effect of the phenolic glucoside gastrodin during cerebral ischemia in vivo and in vitro, Planta Med, 72, 1359, 10.1055/s-2006-951709 Zeng, 2007, A microdialysis study of effects of gastrodin on neurochemical changes in the ischemic/reperfused rat cerebral hippocampus, Biol Pharm Bull, 30, 801, 10.1248/bpb.30.801 Zhang, 1999, Desipramine and fluoxetine antagonized 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine-induced lesion on rat hippocampal and cortical neurons, Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao, 20, 889 Zhou, 2006, Antidepressant-like activity of the Gastrodia elata ethanol extract in mice, Fitoterapia, 77, 592, 10.1016/j.fitote.2006.06.016 Zhu, 2006, Antidepressant-like effect of saponins extracted from Chaihu-jia-longgu-muli-tang and its possible mechanism, Life Sci, 79, 749, 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.02.015