Gangs as contractors: the social organization of American Taiwanese youth gangs in Southern California

Albini Joseph (1997) The Mafia and the Devil: What They Have in Common. In: Ryan Patrick, Rush George (eds) Understanding Organized Crime in a Global Perspective: A Reader. Sage, Thousand Oaks Bolz J (1995) Chinese Organized Crime and Illegal Alien Trafficking: Human as a Commodity. Asian Aff 22:147–158 Bourdieu P (1977) Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge University Press, New York Burt RS (1980) Models of Network Structure. Annu Rev Sociol 6:79–141 Chin Ko-lin (1990) Chinese Subculture and Criminality: Non-Traditional Crime Groups in American. Greenwood Press, Westport Chin Ko-lin (1996) Chinatown Gangs: Extortion, Enterprise and Ethnicity. Oxford University Press, New York Chin Ko-lin (1999) Smuggling Chinese: Clandestine Immigration to the United States. Temple University Press, Philadelphia Chin Ko-lin (2000) The Social Organization of Chinese Human Smuggling. In: Kyle D, Koslowski R (eds) Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore Chin Ko-lin (2003) Hejin: Organized Crime, Business, and Politics in Taiwan. East Gate Books, Armonk Chu Yiu Kong (2000) The Triads as Business. Routledge Studies in Modern History of Asia, 6. Routledge, London Chu Yiu Kong (2002) Global Triads: Myth or Reality. In: Berdal M, Serrano M (eds) Transnational Organized Crime and International Security—Business as Usual? Lynne Rienner Publishers, Boulder Cressey D (1969) ‘The Functions and Structure of Criminal Syndicates’ In Ryan, Patrick and Rush, George, eds, Understanding Organized Crime in a Global Perspective: A Reader. Sage, Thousand Oaks Curtis GE, Elan SL, Hudson RA, Kollars NA (2002) Transnational Activities of Chinese Crime Organizations: A Report Prepared under an Interagency Agreement by the Federal Research Division, Library of Congress. Trends Organized Crime 7:19–57 Dacin MT, Vaentresca MJ, Beal BD (1999) The Embeddedness of Organizations: Dialogue and Directions. J Manage 25:37–356 DiMaggio P, Louch H (1998) Socially Embedded Consumer Transactions: For What Kinds of Purchases Do People Most Often Use Networks? Am Sociol Rev 63:619–637 DiMaggio PJ, Powell WW (1983) The Iron Cage Revisited: Institutional Isomorphism and Collective Rationality in Organizational Fields. Am Sociol Rev 48:147–160 Fagan J (1989) The Social Organization of Drug Use and Drug Dealing Among Urban Gangs. Criminology 27:633–667 Fagan J (1996) Gangs Drugs and Neighborhood Change. Sage, Thousand Oaks Finckenauer J, Chin K (2004) Asian Transnational Organized Crime and Its Impact on the United States: Developing a Transnational Crime Research Agenda. Final report submitted to the National Institute of Justice for Grant TDL#1700-215 Gambetta Diego (1993) The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection. Harvard University Press, Cambridge Granovetter Mark (1973) The Strength of Weak Ties. Am J Sociol 78:1360–1380 Granovetter M (1985) Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. Am J Sociol 91:481–510 Haller Mark (1997) Bureaucracy and the Mafia: An Alternative View. In: Ryan Patrick, Rush George (eds) Understanding Organized Crime in a Global Perspective: A Reader. Sage, Thousand Oaks Hagan J (1993) “The Social Embeddedness of Crime and Unemployment. Criminol 31:465–491 Homan T (2003) Testimony before House Committee on Immigration, Border Security, and Claims Committee on the Judiciary. U. S. Stat Department, Washington Joe Karen (1994) The New Criminal Conspiracy? Asian Gangs and Organized Crime in San Francisco. J Res Crime Delinquency 31:390–415 Kaplan David E (1992) Fires of the Dragon: Politics, Murder, and the Kuomintang. McMillian, New York Keene LL (1989) “Asian Organized Crime.” FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Washington D.C.: Federal Bureau of Investigations, Department of Justice Lee T (2003) The Triad Myth. Toronto Police Service, Toronto Levitt Steven D, Venkatesh Sudhir Alladi (2000) An Economic Analysis of a Drug- Selling Gang’s Finances. Q J Econ 115:755–789 Mahlmann Ning-Ning (2003) Chinese Criminal Enterprises from Asian Criminal Enterprise Program Overview: A Study of Current FBI Asian Criminal Enterprise Investigations in the United States, Washington, D.C.: Federal Bureau of Investigations, Department of Justice Mark GY (1997) Oakland Chinatown's first youth gang: The Suey Sing Boys. Free Inq Creat Sociol 25:41–50 Meyer JW, Rowan B (1977) Institutionalized Organizations: Formal Structure as Myth and Ceremony. Am J Sociol 83:340–363 Mizruchi, Mark S, Stearns, Linda B (2001) Getting Deals Done: The Use of Social Networks in Bank Decision-Making. Am Sociol Rev 66:647–671 Naylor RT (2004) Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance, and the Underworld Economy. Cornell University Press Ouchi WG (1980) Markets, Bureaucracies, and Clans. Adm Sci Q 25:129–141 Passas N (1999) Informal Value Transfer Systems and Criminal Organizations: A Study into So-Called Underground Banking Networks. The Hague, The Netherlands: Ministry of Justice Pih Kay Kei-Ho, De La Rosa Mario, Rugh Douglas, Mao Kuoray (2008) Different Strokes for Different Gangs? An Analysis of Capital Among Latino and Asian Gang Members. Sociol Perspect 51(3):473–494 Pih Kay Kei-ho, Mao KuoRay (2005) Golden Parachutes and Gangbanging: Taiwanese Gangs in Suburban Southern California. J Gang Res 12:59–72 Podolny JM, Page KL (1998) Network Forms of Organization. Annu Rev Sociol 24:57–76 Polanyi K (1944) The Great Transformation. Beacon, Boston Powell WW (1990) Neither Market nor Hierarchy” Network Forms of Organization. Res Organ Behav 12:295–339 President’s Commission on Organized Crime (1984) Record of Hearing III: October 23–25, 1984. New York, NY. In Organized Crime of Asian Origin. Edited by President’s Commission on Organized Crime. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office Song John Huey-Long, Dombrink J (1994) Asian Emerging Crime Groups: Examining the Definition of Organized Crime. Crim Justice Rev 19:228–243 Tsunokai G (2005) Beyond the Lenses of the Model Minority Myth: A Descriptive Portrait of Asian Gangs. J Gang Res 12:37–58 Tsunokai GT, Kposowa AJ (2002) Asian Gangs in the United States: The Current State of Research Literature. Crime Law Soc Change 37:37–50 U.S. Senate, Committee on the Judiciary, and the Caucus on International Narcotics Control (1992) U.S. International Drug Policy—Asian Gangs, Heroin, and the Drug Trade, United States Senate, One Hundred First Congress, second session, August 21, 1991, S.Hrg. 101–1285, Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office U.S. Senate, Committee on Governmental Affairs. Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations (1993) Asian Organized Crime: Hearing before the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Second Congress, first session, October 3, November 5-6, 1991, S.Hrg. 102–940 U.S., Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office United States Department of State (2003) Official Fears Terrorism, Human Smugglers May Join Forces. U. S. Department of State, International Information Programs, Washington Van Duyne Petrus (2003) Medieval Thinking and the Organized Crime Economy. In: Viano Emilio (ed) Transnational Organized Crime: Myth, Power, and Profit. Carolina Academic Press, Durham Venkatesh SA, Levitt SD (2000) ’Are We a Family or a Business?’ History and Disjuncture in the Urban American Street Gang. Theory Soc 29:427–462 Weber Max (1921) Economy and Society. University of California Press, Berkeley The White House (1998) International Crime Control Strategy. The White House, Washington Williams Phil (1994) Transnational Criminal Organisations and International Security. Survival 36:96–113 Williamson OE (1975) Markets and Hierarchies: Analysis and Antitrust Implications. Free Press, New York Woodiwiss Michael (2003) Transnational Organized Crime: The Strange Career of an American Concept. In: Beare Margaret (ed) Critical Reflections on Transnational Organized Crime, Money Laundering, and Corruption. University of Toronto Press, Toronto Zacker LG (1987) Institutional Theories of Organization. Annu Rev Sociol 13:443–464 Zhang S, Chin Ko-lin (2002) Enter the Dragon: Inside Chinese Human Smuggling Organizations. Criminology 40:737–767 Zhang S, Chin Ko-lin (2003) The Declining Significance of Triad Societies in Transnational Illegal Activities: A Structural Deficiency Perspective. Br J Criminol 43:469–488