Galactosyltransferase—still up and running

Biochimie - Tập 85 - Trang 261-274 - 2003
E.G Berger1, J Rohrer1
1Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland,

Tài liệu tham khảo

Watkins, 1962, The synthesis of lactose by particulate enzyme preparations from guinea pig and bovine mammary glands, J. Biol. Chem, 237, 1432, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)83719-5 Brew, 1968, The role of alpha-lactalbumin and the A protein in lactose synthetase: a unique mechanism for the control of a biological reaction, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 59, 491, 10.1073/pnas.59.2.491 Brodbeck, 1967, The isolation and identification of the b protein of lactose synthetase as alpha-lactalbumin, J. Biol. Chem, 242, 1391, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)96104-1 Hill, 1975, Lactose synthetase, Adv. Enzymol, 43, 411 Burger, 1969, A difference in the architecture of the surface membrane of normal and virally transformed cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 62, 994, 10.1073/pnas.62.3.994 Weiser, 1972, Concanavalin A agglutination of intestinal cells from the human fetus, Science, 177, 525, 10.1126/science.177.4048.525 Roseman, 1970, The synthesis of complex carbohydrates by multiglycosyltransferase systems and their potential function in intercellular adhesion, Chem. Phys. Lipids, 5, 270, 10.1016/0009-3084(70)90024-1 Roth, 1971, Evidence for cell-surface glycosyltransferases. Their potential role in cellular recognition, J.Cell Biol., 51, 536, 10.1083/jcb.51.2.536 Den, 1970, Properties of some glycosyltransferases in embryonic chicken brain, J. Biol. Chem, 245, 6607, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62577-3 Webb, 1974, Cell contact dependence of surface galactosyltransferase activity as a function of the cell cycle, J. Cell Biol, 63, 796, 10.1083/jcb.63.3.796 Podolsky, 1974, Galactosyltransferase and concanavalin A agglutination of cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 71, 904, 10.1073/pnas.71.3.904 Shur, 1975, Cell surface glycosyltransferases, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 415, 473, 10.1016/0304-4157(75)90007-6 Shur, 1982, Cell surface glycosyltransferase activities during fertilization and early embryogenesis, 145 Ohman, 1973, Glycosyltransferases-cellular studies, birth defects, Original Article Ser, 9, 198 Cacan, 1976, New evidence for cell surface galactosyltransferase, FEBS Lett, 63, 102, 10.1016/0014-5793(76)80203-7 Verbert, 1976, Ectogalactosyltransferase. Presence of enzyme and acceptors on the rat lymphocyte cell surface, Eur. J. Biochem., 70, 49, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1976.tb10954.x Felner, 1997, Flow cytometric detection of the Golgi apparatus using antibodies to glycosyltransferases, Cytometry, 28, 50, 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19970501)28:1<50::AID-CYTO6>3.0.CO;2-L Gold, 1965, Specific carcinoembryonic antigens of the human digestive system, J. Exp. M, 122, 467, 10.1084/jem.122.3.467 Podolsky, 1975, Galactosyltransferase activities in human sera: detection of a cancer-associated isoenzyme, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 65, 545, 10.1016/S0006-291X(75)80181-1 Podolsky, 1977, Cancer-associated serum galactosyltransferase activity, J. Biol. Chem, 252, 1807, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40622-3 Berger, 1997, The Golgi apparatus: from discovery to contemporary studies, 1 Farquhar, 1981, The Golgi apparatus (complex)-(1954-81)-from artifact to center stage, J. Cell Biol., 91, 77s, 10.1083/jcb.91.3.77s Narimatsu, 1986, Cloning and sequencing of cDNA of bovine N-acetylglucosamine (beta1-4)-galactosyltransferase, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 4720, 10.1073/pnas.83.13.4720 Shaper, 1986, Bovine galactosyltransferase: identification of a clone by direct immunological screening of the cDNA expression library, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 83, 1573, 10.1073/pnas.83.6.1573 Mengle-Gaw, 1991, Genomic structure and expression of human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 176, 1269, 10.1016/0006-291X(91)90423-5 Amado, 1999, Identification and characterization of large galactosyltransferase gene families: galactosyltransferases for all functions, Biochim. Biophys. Acta - General Subjects, 1473, 35, 10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00168-3 Hennet, 2002, The galactosyltransferase family, Cell. Mol. Life Sci, 59, 1081, 10.1007/s00018-002-8489-4 Schanbacher, 1970, Galactosyltransferase acceptor specificity of the lactose synthetase a protein, J. Biol. Chem, 245, 5057, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)62817-0 Okajima, 1999, Human homolog of caenorhabditis elegans sqv-3 gene is galactosyltransferase i involved in the biosynthesis of the glycosaminoglycan-protein linkage region of proteoglycans, J. Biol. Chem, 274, 22915, 10.1074/jbc.274.33.22915 Almeida, 1999, Cloning and expression of a proteoglycan UDP-galactose:beta-xylose beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase I - A seventh member of the human beta 4-galactosyltransferase gene family, J. Biol. Chem, 274, 26165, 10.1074/jbc.274.37.26165 Nomura, 1998, Purification, cDNA cloning, and expression of UDP-Gal-glucosylceramide ß-1,4-galactosyltransferase from rat brain, J. Biol. Chem, 273, 13570, 10.1074/jbc.273.22.13570 Cuatrecasas, 1968, Selective enzyme purification by affinity chromatography, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 61, 636, 10.1073/pnas.61.2.636 Trayer, 1971, The purification and properties of the A protein of lactose synthetase, J. Biol. Chem, 246, 6666, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)34167-5 Andrews, 1970, Purification of lactose synthetase: a protein from human milk, and demonstration of its interaction with alpha-lactalbumin, FEBS Lett, 9, 297, 10.1016/0014-5793(70)80382-9 Barker, 1972, Agarose derivatives of uridine diphosphate and N-acetylglucosamine for the purification of a galactosyltransferase, J. Biol. Chem, 247, 7135, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)44605-X Berger, 1976, Affinity chromatography of soluble galactosyltransferases using an easily synthesized N-acetylglucosamine-agarose bead, Experientia, 32, 690, 10.1007/BF01919834 Gerber, 1979, The charge heterogeneity of soluble human galactosyltransferases isolated from milk, amniotic fluid and malignant ascites, Eur. J. Biochem, 93, 453, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1979.tb12843.x Geren, 1976, Hydrophobic chromatography of galactosyltransferase, Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 172, 149, 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90060-6 Appert, 1986, Isolation of galactosyltransferase from human milk and the determination of its N-terminal amino acid sequence, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 138, 224, 10.1016/0006-291X(86)90269-X Gastinel, 1999, Crystal structures of the bovine beta 4-galactosyltransferase catalytic domain and its complex with uridine diphosphogalactose, EMBO J, 18, 3546, 10.1093/emboj/18.13.3546 Ramakrishnan, 2001, Crystal structure of lactose synthase reveals a large conformational change in its catalytic component, the beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase-1, J. Mol. Biol, 310, 205, 10.1006/jmbi.2001.4757 Paulson, 1989, Glycosyltransferases. Structure, localization, and control of cell type-specific glycosylation, J. Biol. Chem, 264, 17615, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)84610-0 Lehman, 1975, Studies on the carbohydrate structure of bovine milk galactosyltransferase, FEBS Lett, 54, 65, 10.1016/0014-5793(75)81069-6 Fujita-Yamaguchi, 1981, Purification and characterization of human serum galactosyltransferase (lactose synthetase A protein), J. Biol. Chem, 256, 2701, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)69671-7 Endo, 1986, Structure identification of the complex-type asparagine-linked sugar chains of beta-galactosyltransferase purified from human milk, Carbohyd. Res, 150, 241, 10.1016/0008-6215(86)80020-9 Childs, 1986, Blood-group-related carbohydrate antigens are expressed on human milk galactosyltransferase and are immunogenic in rabbits, Biochem. J, 238, 605, 10.1042/bj2380605 Davey, 1983, The analysis of soluble galactosyltransferase isoenzyme patterns using high resolution agarose isoelectricfocusing, Biochem. Int, 6, 643 Magee, 1974, Multiple forms of galactosyltransferase from bovine milk, Biochemistry, 13, 99, 10.1021/bi00698a016 Prieels, 1975, Heterogeneity of human milk beta, Eur. J. Biochem, 1, 525, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1975.tb21031.x Malissard, 1996, Recombinant soluble beta-1,4-galactosyltransferases expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae - purification, characterization and comparison with human enzyme, Eur. J. Biochem, 239, 340, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.0340u.x Strous, 1987, Golgi galactosyltransferase contains serine-linked phosphate, Eur. J. Biochem, 169, 307, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13613.x Engvall, 1971, Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Quantitative assay of immunoglobulin G, Immunochemistry, 8, 871 Berger, 1981, Immunohistochemical localization of galactosyltransferase in human fibroblasts and HeLa cells, J. Histochem. Cytochem, 29, 364, 10.1177/29.3.6787115 Uejima, 1992, Complementary DNA cloning for galactosyltransferase associated with tumor and determination of antigenic epitopes recognized by specific monoclonal antibodies, Cancer Res, 52, 6158 Keusch, 1998, Antibody recognition of epitopes on wild-type and mutant beta-(1→4)-galactosyltransferase-1, Carbohyd. Res, 313, 37, 10.1016/S0008-6215(98)00247-X Amano, 1991, Structures of mucin-type sugar chains of the galactosyltransferase purified from human milk. Occurrence of the ABO and Lewis blood group determinants, J. Biol. Chem, 266, 11461, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98981-7 Watzele, 1991, Immunocytochemical localization of the Golgi apparatus using protein-specific antibodies to galactosyltransferase, Eur. J. Cell Biol, 56, 451 Powell, 1976, Affinity labeling of bovine colostrum galactosyltransferase with a uridine 5→-diphosphate derivative, Biochemistry, 15, 3499, 10.1021/bi00661a016 Clymer, 1976, Ultraviolet photoinactivation of galactosyltransferase. Protection bysubstrates, Biochemistry, 15, 1093, 10.1021/bi00650a022 Brew, 1975, Cross-linking of the components of lactose synthetase with dimethylpimelimidate, J. Biol. Chem, 250, 1434, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)41832-2 Yadav, 1991, Structure and function in galactosyltransferase. Sequence locations of alpha-lactalbumin binding site, thiol groups, and disulfide bond, J. Biol. Chem, 266, 698, 10.1016/S0021-9258(17)35227-4 Zu, 1995, Use of site-directed mutagenesis to identify the galactosyltransferase binding sites for UDP-galactose, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun, 206, 362, 10.1006/bbrc.1995.1050 Ramakrishnan, 2002, Crystal structure of beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase complex with UDP-Gal reveals an oligosaccharide acceptor binding site, J. Mol. Biol, 318, 491, 10.1016/S0022-2836(02)00020-7 Beyer, 2001, Glycosyltransferases and their use in assessing oligosaccharide structure and structure-function relationships, Adv. Enzymol, 52, 23 Hart, 1989, Glycosylation in the nucleus and cytoplasm, Annu. Rev. Biochem., 58, 840, 10.1146/annurev.bi.58.070189.004205 Hart, 1997, Dynamic O-linked glycosylation of nuclear and cytoskeletal proteins, Annu. Rev. Biochem, 66, 315, 10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.315 Hanover, 2001, Glycan-dependent signaling: O-linked N-acetylglucosamine, FASEB J, 15, 1865, 10.1096/fj.01-0094rev Lucocq, 1987, Detection of terminal N-linked N-acetylglucosamine residues in the Golgi apparatus using galactosyltransferase and endoglucosaminidase F/peptide N-glycosidase F: adaptation of a biochemical approach to electron microscopy, J. Histochem. Cytochem, 35, 67, 10.1177/35.1.2432113 Abeijon, 1990, Topography of initiation of N-glycosylation reactions, J. Biol. Chem, 265, 14691, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)77357-2 Chatterjee, 1991, Molecular cloning of human beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase and expression of catalytic activity of the fusion protein in Escherichia coli, Int. J. Biochem, 23, 695, 10.1016/0020-711X(91)90040-T Nakazawa, 1993, Kinetic study of human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase expressed in E. coli, J. Biochem, 113, 747, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a124115 Malissard, 2001, Improving the solubility of the catalytic domain of human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase 1 through rationally designed amino-acid replacements, Eur. J. Biochem, 268, 4352, 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.02357.x Krezdorn, 1993, Purification and characterization of recombinant human beta 1-4 galactosyltransferase expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Eur. J. Biochem, 212, 113, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1993.tb17640.x Schwientek, 1994, Efficient intra- and extra-cellular production of human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is mediated by yeast secretion leaders, Gene, 145, 299, 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90024-8 Malissard, 2000, Expression of functional soluble forms of human beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I, alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase and alpha-1,3-fucosyltransferase VI in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 267, 169, 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1946 Zhou, 2000, Secretion and purification of recombinant beta1-4 galactosyltransferase from insect cells using pFmel-protA, a novel transposition-based baculovirus transfer vector, Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 374, 3, 10.1006/abbi.1999.1622 Nakazawa, 1991, Characterization of a murine beta 1-4 galactosyltransferase expressed in COS-1 cells, Eur. J. Biochem, 196, 363, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1991.tb15825.x Masibay, 1989, Expression of bovine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase cDNA in COS-7 cells, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 86, 5733, 10.1073/pnas.86.15.5733 Zigova, 1999, Fed-batch production of a soluble beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase with saccharomyces cerevisiae, Enzyme Microb. Technol, 25, 201, 10.1016/S0141-0229(99)00027-7 Wong, 1982, Enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of N-acetyllactosamine with in situ regeneration of uridine 5→-diphosphate glucose and uridine 5→-diphosphate galactose, J. Org. Chem, 47, 5416, 10.1021/jo00148a045 Chatterjee, 1978, Correlation of UDP-galactose glycoprotein:galactosyltransferase levels in the sera with the clinical status of ovarian cancer patients, Cancer Lett, 5, 239, 10.1016/S0304-3835(78)80020-2 Goldhirsch, 1988, Brunner, Ovarian cancer and tumor markers: Sialic acid, galactosyltransferase and CA-125, Oncology, 45, 281, 10.1159/000226623 Sichel, 1994, Biological markers and ovarian carcinomas: galactosyltransferase, CA 125, isoenzymes of amylase and alkaline phosphatase, Clin. Chim. Acta, 227, 87, 10.1016/0009-8981(94)90138-4 Roth, 1982, Immunocytochemical localization of galactosyltransferase in hela cells: Codistribution with thiamine pyrophosphatase in trans-Golgi cisternae, J. Cell Biol, 93, 223, 10.1083/jcb.93.1.223 Davey, 1986, Serum galactosyltransferase as a prognostic marker in patients with solid tumors, Cancer Res, 46, 5973 Uemura, 1990, An enzyme immunoassay for galactosyltransferase isoenzyme II and its clinical application to cancer diagnosis, Clin. Chem, 36, 598, 10.1093/clinchem/36.4.598 Parekh, 1985, Association of rheumatoid arthritis and primary osteoarthritis with changes in the glycosylation pattern of total serum IgG, Nature, 316, 452, 10.1038/316452a0 Alavi, 1995, Evaluation of beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase in rheumatoid arthritis and its role in the glycosylation network associated with this disease, Glycoconj. J, 12, 206, 10.1007/BF00731321 Keusch, 1998, B lymphocyte galactosyltransferase protein levels in normal individuals and in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, Glycoconj. J, 15, 1093, 10.1023/A:1006957711557 Jeddi, 1996, Agalactosyl IgG and beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase gene expression in rheumatoid arthritis patients and in the arthritis-prone MRL lpr/lpr mouse, Immunology, 87, 654, 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.474593.x Ghosh, 1997, Chronic ethanol induced impairment of hepatic glycosylation machinery in rat is independent of dietary carbohydrate, Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res, 21, 76, 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1997.tb03731.x Hansske, 2002, Deficiency of UDP-galactose: N-acetylglucosamine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase I causes the congenital disorder of glycosylation type IId, J. Clin. Invest., 109, 725, 10.1172/JCI14010 Michele, 2002, Post-translational disruption of dystroglycan-ligand interactions in congenital muscular dystrophies, Nature, 418, 417, 10.1038/nature00837 Yoshida, 2001, Muscular dystrophy and neuronal migration disorder caused by mutations in a glycosyltransferase, POMGnT1, Dev. Cell, 1, 717, 10.1016/S1534-5807(01)00070-3 Whur, 1969, Radioautographic visualization of the incorporation of galactose-3H and mannose-3H by rat thyroids in vitro in relation to the stages of thyroglobulin synthesis, J. Cell Biol, 43, 289, 10.1083/jcb.43.2.289 Poort, 1977, In situ localization of galactosyltransferase in surface mucous cells of the rat stomach, J. Histochem. Cytochem, 25, 57, 10.1177/25.1.13122 Geuze, 1985, Possible pathways for lysosomal enzyme delivery, J. Cell Biol, 101, 2253, 10.1083/jcb.101.6.2253 Berger, 2002, Ectopic localizations of Golgi glycosyltransferases, Glycobiology, 12 Taatjes, 1992, Immunocytochemical localization of beta 1,4 galactosyltransferase in epithelial cells from bovine tissues using monoclonal antibodies, Glycobiology, 2, 579, 10.1093/glycob/2.6.579 Youakim, 1994, Localization of the long form of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase to the plasma membrane and Golgi complex of 3T3 and F9 cells by immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 10913, 10.1073/pnas.91.23.10913 Wassler, 2000, Clustering of cell surface beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase I induces transient tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and loss of stress fibers, J. Cell Sci, 113, 237, 10.1242/jcs.113.2.237 Strous, 1982, Biosynthesis, intracellular transport and release of the Golgi enzyme galactosyltransferase (lactose synthetase A protein) in HeLa cells, J. Biol. Chem, 257, 7623, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)34425-9 Colley, 1997, Golgi localization of glycosyltransferases - more questions than answers, Glycobiology, 7, 1, 10.1093/glycob/7.1.1-b Munro, 1995, An investigation of the role of transmembrane domains in Golgi protein retention, EMBO J, 14, 4695, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1995.tb00151.x Aoki, 1992, Golgi retention of a trans-Golgi membrane protein, galactosyltransferase, requires cysteine and histidine residues within the membrane-anchoring domain, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA), 89, 4319, 10.1073/pnas.89.10.4319 Masibay, 1993, Mutational analysis of the Golgi retention signal of bovine beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase, J. Biol. Chem, 268, 9908, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)98431-0 Nilsson, 1991, The membrane spanning domain of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase specifies trans Golgi localization, EMBO J, 10, 3567, 10.1002/j.1460-2075.1991.tb04923.x Teasdale, 1992, The signal for Golgi retention of bovine beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase is in the transmembrane domain, J. Biol. Chem., 267, 4084, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50633-0 Yamaguchi, 1995, Golgi retention mechanism of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase-membrane-spanning domain-dependent homodimerization and association with alpha- and beta-tubulins, J. Biol. Chem, 270, 12170, 10.1074/jbc.270.20.12170 Evans, 1993, Dominant negative mutation in cell surface beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase inhibits cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, J. Cell Biol, 120, 1045, 10.1083/jcb.120.4.1045 Russo, 1992, Beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase: A short NH2-terminal fragment that includes the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domain is sufficient for Golgi retention, J. Biol. Chem, 267, 9241, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)50414-8 Nilsson, 1993, Kin recognition. A model for the retention of Golgi enzymes, FEBS Lett, 330, 1, 10.1016/0014-5793(93)80906-B Bretscher, 1993, Cholesterol and theGolgi apparatus, Science, 261, 1280, 10.1126/science.8362242 Slusarewicz, 1994, Isolation of a matrix that binds medial Golgi enzymes, J. Cell Biol, 124, 405, 10.1083/jcb.124.4.405 Munro, 1995, A comparison of the transmembrane domains of Golgi and plasma membrane proteins, Biochem. Soc. Trans, 23, 527, 10.1042/bst0230527 Lippincott-Schwartz, 2001, Studying protein dynamics in living cells, Nature Rev. Mol. Cell Biol, 2, 444, 10.1038/35073068 Lippincott-Schwartz, 1998, Unravelling Golgi membrane traffic with green fluorescent protein chimeras, Trends Cell Biol, 8, 16, 10.1016/S0962-8924(97)01199-9 Cole, 1996, Diffusional mobility of Golgi proteins in membranes of living cells, Science, 273, 797, 10.1126/science.273.5276.797 Dinter, 1998, Golgi disturbing agents, Histochem. Cell Biol., 109, 571, 10.1007/s004180050256 Mollenhauer, 1990, Alteration of intracellular traffic by monensin; Mechanism, specificity and relationship to toxicity, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1031, 225, 10.1016/0304-4157(90)90008-Z Riddell, 2002, Structure, conformation and mechanism in the membrane transport of alkali metal ions by ionophoric antibiotics, Chirality, 14, 121, 10.1002/chir.10052 Tartakoff, 1977, Plasma cell immunoglobulin secretion: arrest is accompanied by alterations of the Golgi complex, J. Exp. M, 146, 1332, 10.1084/jem.146.5.1332 Bransburgzabary, 1996, Utilization of monensin for detection of microdomains in cholesterol containing membrane, Biochim. Biophys. Acta - Biomembranes, 1285, 146, 10.1016/S0005-2736(96)00148-4 Berger, 1993, Double immunofluorescent staining of alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase and beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase in monensin-treated cells: evidence for different Golgi compartments?, J. Cell. Biochem., 52, 275, 10.1002/jcb.240520304 Borsig, 1999, Alpha 1,3-fucosyltransferase VI is expressed in HepG2 cells and codistributed with beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase I in the Golgi apparatus and monensin-induced swollen vesicles, Glycobiology, 9, 1273, 10.1093/glycob/9.11.1273 Puri, 2002, Cycling of early Golgi proteins via the cell surface and endosomes upon lumenal pH disruption, Traffic, 3, 641, 10.1034/j.1600-0854.2002.30906.x Berger, 2001, Colocalization of beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase with mannose-6-phosphate receptor in monensin-induced TGN-derived structures, Histochem. Cell Biol, 115, 157, 10.1007/s004180000231 Lippincott-Schwartz, 1990, Microtubule-dependent retrograde transport of proteins into the ER in the presence of Brefeldin A suggests an ER recycling pathway, Cell, 60, 821, 10.1016/0092-8674(90)90096-W Peyroche, 1999, Brefeldin A acts to stabilize an abortive ARF-GDP-Sec7 domain protein complex: involvement of specific residues of the Sec7 domain, Mol. Cell, 3, 275, 10.1016/S1097-2765(00)80455-4 Sciaky, 1997, Golgi tubule traffic and the effects of brefeldin a visualized in living cells, J. Cell Biol, 139, 1137, 10.1083/jcb.139.5.1137 Zaal, 1999, Golgi membranes are absorbed into and re-emerge from the ER during mitosis, Cell, 99, 589, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81548-2 Lucocq, 1989, Mitotic Golgi fragments in HeLa cells and their role in the reassembly pathway, J. Cell Biol, 109, 463, 10.1083/jcb.109.2.463 Asano, 1997, Growth retardation and early death of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase knockout mice with augmented proliferation and abnormal differentiation of epithelial cells, EMBO J, 16, 1850, 10.1093/emboj/16.8.1850 Li, 1997, Targeted mutation in beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase leads to pituitary insufficiency and neonatal lethality, Develop. Biol, 181, 257, 10.1006/dbio.1996.8444 Nixon, 2001, Galactosyltransferase function during mammalian fertilization, Cells Tissues Organs, 168, 46, 10.1159/000016805 Furukawa, 1999, Beta-1,4-galactosylation of N-glycans is a complex process, Biochim. Biophys. Acta - General Subjects, 1473, 54, 10.1016/S0304-4165(99)00169-5 Bella, 1977, Human plasma uridine diphosphategalactose glycoprotein galactosyltransferase, Biochem. J, 167, 621, 10.1042/bj1670621 Navaratnam, 1988, Purification, properties and cation activation of galactosyltransferase from lactating-rat mammary Golgi membranes, Eur. J. Biochem, 171, 623, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13833.x Fraser, 1976, Studies on the purification and properties of UDP-galactose glycoprotein galactosyltransferase from rat liver and serum, Biochem. J, 156, 347, 10.1042/bj1560347 Weiser, 1987, Distribution, purification and characterization of rat intestinalUDPgalactose: N-acetylglucosaminyl (beta-1,4) galactosyltransferase, Biochim. Biophys. Acta - General subjects, 924, 323, 10.1016/0304-4165(87)90030-4 Kawano, 1992, Characterization of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase purified from rat liver microsomes, J. Biochem, 111, 568, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a123798 Powell, 1974, The preparation and characterization of two forms of bovine galactosyl transferase, Eur. J. Biochem, 48, 217, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1974.tb03759.x Turco, 1976, The molecular and catalytic properties of galactosyltransferase from foetal calf serum, Arch. Biochem. Biophys, 176, 352, 10.1016/0003-9861(76)90174-0 Elices, 1988, Ehrlich ascites tumor cell UDP-gal: N-acetyl-D-glucosamine beta (1,4)-galactosyltransferase. Purification, characterization and topography of the acceptor-binding site, J. Biol. Chem, 263, 3354, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)69079-9 Suganuma, 1987, Purification and properties of N-acetylglucosaminide beta-1,4 galactosyltransferase from embryonal carcinoma cells, J. Biochem. (Tokyo), 102, 665, 10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a122102 Berger, 1986, Monoclonal antibodies to soluble, human milk galactosyltransferase (lactose synthase A protein), Carbohyd. Res, 149, 23, 10.1016/S0008-6215(00)90366-5 Nguyen, 1994, Expressing murine beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase in hela cells produces a cell surface galactosyltransferase-dependent phenotype, J. Biol. Chem, 269, 28000, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)46887-1 Uehara, 1997, Molecular cloning and characterization of beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase expressed in mouse testis, Eur. J. Biochem, 244, 706, 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.00706.x Chatterjee, 1984, Murine monoclonal antibodies against galactosyltransferase from the ascites of ovarian cancer patients, Cancer Res, 44, 5725 Kawano, 1994, A protein-specific monoclonal antibody to rat liver beta-1,4-galactosyltransferase and its application to immunohistochemistry, J. Histochem. Cytochem, 42, 363, 10.1177/42.3.8308253 Ulrich, 1986, Monoclonal antibodies to bovine UDP-galactosyltransferase. Characterization, cross-reactivity and utilization as structural probes, J. Biol. Chem, 261, 7975, 10.1016/S0021-9258(19)57498-1 Shaper, 1985, Cell surface galactosyltransferase: immunochemical localization, J. Cell. Biochem, 28, 229, 10.1002/jcb.240280305 Henikoff, 1992, Amino acid substitution matrices from protein blocks, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89, 10915, 10.1073/pnas.89.22.10915 Coutinho, 1999, Carbohydrate-active enzymes: an integrated database approach, 3 Perrimon, 2000, Specificities of heparan sulphate proteoglycans in developmental processes, Nature, 404, 725, 10.1038/35008000