GFDL’s ESM2 Global Coupled Climate–Carbon Earth System Models. Part I: Physical Formulation and Baseline Simulation Characteristics

Journal of Climate - Tập 25 Số 19 - Trang 6646-6665 - 2012
John P. Dunne1, Jasmin G. John1, Alistair Adcroft2, Stephen M. Griffies1, Robert Hallberg1, Elena Shevliakova3, Ronald J. Stouffer1, William Cooke4, K. A. Dunne5, Matthew Harrison1, John P. Krasting6, Sergey Malyshev1, P. C. D. Milly5, Peter J. Phillipps1, Lori T. Sentman1, Bonita L. Samuels1, Michael J. Spelman4, Michael Winton1, Andrew T. Wittenberg1, Niki Zadeh4
1National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
2Program in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
3Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
4High Performance Technologies Group, DRC, and GFDL, Princeton, New Jersey
5U.S. Geological Survey, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey
6High Performance Technologies Group, DRC, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey

Tóm tắt

Abstract The physical climate formulation and simulation characteristics of two new global coupled carbon–climate Earth System Models, ESM2M and ESM2G, are described. These models demonstrate similar climate fidelity as the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory’s previous Climate Model version 2.1 (CM2.1) while incorporating explicit and consistent carbon dynamics. The two models differ exclusively in the physical ocean component; ESM2M uses Modular Ocean Model version 4p1 with vertical pressure layers while ESM2G uses Generalized Ocean Layer Dynamics with a bulk mixed layer and interior isopycnal layers. Differences in the ocean mean state include the thermocline depth being relatively deep in ESM2M and relatively shallow in ESM2G compared to observations. The crucial role of ocean dynamics on climate variability is highlighted in El Niño–Southern Oscillation being overly strong in ESM2M and overly weak in ESM2G relative to observations. Thus, while ESM2G might better represent climate changes relating to total heat content variability given its lack of long-term drift, gyre circulation, and ventilation in the North Pacific, tropical Atlantic, and Indian Oceans, and depth structure in the overturning and abyssal flows, ESM2M might better represent climate changes relating to surface circulation given its superior surface temperature, salinity, and height patterns, tropical Pacific circulation and variability, and Southern Ocean dynamics. The overall assessment is that neither model is fundamentally superior to the other, and that both models achieve sufficient fidelity to allow meaningful climate and earth system modeling applications. This affords the ability to assess the role of ocean configuration on earth system interactions in the context of two state-of-the-art coupled carbon–climate models.

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Journal of Climate

Tập 25 Số 19

6646-6665

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