Future options for cultivated Nordic peat soils: Can land management and rewetting control greenhouse gas emissions?

Berglund, 2012, Klimagasemission vid dyrking av torvjord, 51 Berglund, 2014 Berglund, 1989, 23 Berglund, 1996, 49 Berglund, 2011, 72 EC, 1992 EC, 2003 EC, 2006 EC, 2011 Elder, 2008, Tillage effects on physical properties of agricultural organic soils of north central Ohio, Soil Till. Res., 98, 208, 10.1016/j.still.2007.12.002 Elsgaard, 2012, Net ecosystem exchange of CO2 and carbon balance for eight temperate organic soils under agricultural management, Agric. Ecosys. Environ., 162, 52, 10.1016/j.agee.2012.09.001 Gorham, 1991, Northern Peatlands–Role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming, Ecol. Appl., 1, 182, 10.2307/1941811 Hájek, 2010, Cell-wall polysaccharides play an important role in decay resistance of Sphagnum and actively depressed decomposition in vitro, Biogeochemistry, 103, 45, 10.1007/s10533-010-9444-3 Haasnoot, 2013, Dynamic adaptive policy pathways: a method for crafting robust decisions for a deeply uncertain world, Global Environ. Change, 23, 485, 10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2012.12.006 Ingram, 1978, Soil layers in mires: function and terminology, J. Soil Sci., 29, 224, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1978.tb02053.x Johnson, 2010, Greenhouse gas emission from contrasting management scenarios in the northern corn belt, Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 74, 396, 10.2136/sssaj2009.0008 Kandel, 2012, Measurement and modelling of CO2 flux from a drained fen peatland cultivated with reed canary grass and spring barley, Global Change Biol. Bioenergy, 5, 548, 10.1111/gcbb.12020 Kasimir-Klemedtsson, 1997, Greenhouse gas emissions from farmed organic soils: a review, Soil Use Manage., 13, 245, 10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00595.x Kasimir-Klemedtsson, 2009, Methane and nitrous oxide fluxes from a farmed Swedish Histosol, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 60, 321, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2009.01124.x Kettunen, 2005, Elevated CO2 concentration and nitrogen fertilisation effects on N2O and CH4 fluxes and biomass production of Phleum pratense on farmed peat soil, Soil Biol. Biochem., 37, 739, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.09.010 Kløve, 2009, 28 Kværner, 2008, Generation and regulation of summer runoff in a boreal flat fen, J. Hydrol., 360, 15, 10.1016/j.jhydrol.2008.07.009 Lohila, 2003, Soil and total ecosystem respiration in agricultural fields: effect of soil and crop type, Plant Soil, 251, 303, 10.1023/A:1023004205844 Lohila, 2004, Annual CO2 exchange of a peat field growing spring barley or perennial forage grass, J. Geophys. Res.-Atmos., 109 Lohila, 2011, Greenhouse gas flux measurements in a forestry-drained peatland indicate a large carbon sink, Biogeosciences, 8, 3202, 10.5194/bg-8-3203-2011 Maljanen, 2001, CO2 exchange in an organic field growing barley or grass in eastern Finland, Global Chang. Biol., 7, 679, 10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00437.x Maljanen, 2003, Nitrous oxide emissions from boreal organic soil under different land-use, Soil Biol. Biochem., 35, 689, 10.1016/S0038-0717(03)00085-3 Maljanen, 2004, Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide and methane dynamics in boreal organic agricultural soils with different soil characteristics, Soil Biol. Biochem., 36, 1801, 10.1016/j.soilbio.2004.05.003 Maljanen, 2010, Greenhouse gas balances of managed peatlands in the Nordic countries −present knowledge and gaps, Biogeoscience, 7, 2711, 10.5194/bg-7-2711-2010 Maljanen, 2012, Afforestation does not necessarily reduce nitrous oxide emissions from managed boreal peat soils, Biogeochemistry, 108, 199, 10.1007/s10533-011-9591-1 Maljanen, 2013, Atmospheric impact of abandoned boreal organic agricultural soils depends on hydrological conditions, Boreal Environ. Res., 18, 250 Martikainen, 1993, Effect of a lowered water table on nitrous oxide fluxes from northern peatlands, Nature, 366, 51, 10.1038/366051a0 Myllys, 2004, Viljeltyjen turve-ja multamaiden pinta-ala ja alueellinen jakauma Suomessa, Suo, 55, 53 Norberg, 2016, Nitrous oxide and methane fluxes during the growing season from cultivated peat soils, peaty marl and gyttja clay under different cropping systems, Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Sec. B-Soil Plant Sci., 66, 602 Ojanen, 2010, Soil-atmosphere CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes in boreal forestry-drained peatlands, Forest Ecol. Manage., 260, 411, 10.1016/j.foreco.2010.04.036 Pahkakangas, S., Ö. Berglund, M. Lundblad and E. Karltun 2016. Markanvändning på organogena jordar i Sverige – en översikt av markanvändningen inom jord- och skogsbruk samt förändringar i markanvändning under perioden 1983–2014. Editor A. Mårtensson. Uppsala, SLU, Inst. f. mark och miljö, Rapport 21: 49 pp. ISBN 978-91-576-9445-4. Palmborg, 2013, Carbon dioxide emissions from reed canary grass during two growing seasons after restoration of an abandoned agricultural peat soil, Acta Agric. Scandinavica Sec. A Ramsar, 1971. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat. Ramsar (Iran), 2 February 1971. UN Treaty Series No. 14583. As amended by the Paris Protocol, 3 December 1982, and Regina Amendments, 28 May 1987. Regina, 2010, Greenhouse gas fluxes in varying soils types under conventional and no-tillage practices, Soil Till. Res., 109, 144, 10.1016/j.still.2010.05.009 Regina, 2004, Fluxes of N2O from farmed peat soils in Finland, Eur. J. Soil Sci., 55, 591, 10.1111/j.1365-2389.2004.00622.x Reicosky, 2008, Tillage and wind effects on soil CO2 concentrations in muck soils, Soil Till. Res., 99, 221, 10.1016/j.still.2008.02.006 Repo, 2009, Large N2O emissions from cryoturbated peat soil in tundra, Nat. Geosci., 2, 189, 10.1038/ngeo434 Robroek, 2009, Sphagnum re-introduction in degraded peatlands: the effects of aggregation, species identity and water table, Basic Appl. Ecol., 10, 697, 10.1016/j.baae.2009.04.005 Runefeldt, L., 2010. Svensk mosskultur. Odling, torvanvändning och landskapets förändring 1750–2000. Kungl. Skogs- och lantbruksakademien. Stockholm. Skogs- och lantbrukshistoriska meddelanden nr 41. p 483- 498. 2nd edition. ISSN 1402-0386, ISBN 978-91-85205-97-4. Saarinen, 2013, Impact of peatland forestry on runoff water quality in areas with sulphide-bearing sediments- how to avoid acid surges, For. Ecol. Man., 293, 17, 10.1016/j.foreco.2012.12.029 Saarnio, 2007, Annual CO2 and CH4 fluxes of pristine boreal mires as a background for the lifecycle analyses of peat energy, Boreal Environ. Res., 12, 101 Schrier-Uijl, 2014, Agricultural peatlands; towards a greenhouse gas sink −a synthesis of a Dutch landscape study, Biogeosciences, 11, 4559, 10.5194/bg-11-4559-2014 Shurpali, 2010, Atmospheric impact of bioenergy based on perennial crop (reed canary grass, Phalaris arundinaceae, L.) cultivation on a drained boreal organic soil, GCB Bioenergy, 2, 130 Smith, P., D. Martino, Z., Cai, D., Gwary, H., Janzen, P., Kumar, B., McCarl, S., Ogle, F. O’Mara, C., Rice, B., Scholes, O. Sirotenko, 2007. Agriculture. In Climate Change 2007: Mitigation. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [B. Metz, O.R., Davidson, P.R., Bosch, R., Dave, L.A. Meyer (eds)], Cambridge University Press Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA. Turunen, 2002, Estimating carbon accumulation rates of undrained mires in Finland −application to boreal and subarctic regions, Holocene, 12, 79, 10.1191/0959683602hl522rp Van Beek, 2010, Emissions of N2O from fertilized and grazed grassland on organic soil in relation to groundwater level, Nutri. Cycl. Agroecosyst., 86, 331, 10.1007/s10705-009-9295-2