Furosemide and Vitamin E

Pediatric Clinics of North America - Tập 33 - Trang 583-602 - 1986
Jacob V. Aranda1, Sylvain Chemtob2, Nicole Laudignon3, Betty I. Sasyniuk4
1Professor of Pediatrics, Pharmacology and Therapeutics; Director, Developmental Pharmacology and Perinatal Research Unit
2Fellow, Medical Research Council of Canada
3Research Fellow, Developmental Pharmacology and Research Unit
4Associate Professor of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine

Tài liệu tham khảo

Allen, 1981, Synergistic action of metolazone with “loop” diuretics, Br. Med. J., 282, 1873, 10.1136/bmj.282.6279.1873-a Anderton, 1971, Diuretics. I. Physiological and pharmacological considerations, Drugs, 1, 54, 10.2165/00003495-197101010-00004 Aranda, 1982, Epidemiologic aspects of drug utilization in a newborn intensive care unit, Sem. Perinatol., 6, 148 Aranda, 1983, Changing pattern of drug utilization in an intensive care unit, Am. J. Clin. Perinatol., 1, 43, 10.1055/s-2007-1000051 Aranda, 1980, Pharmacokinetics of diuretics and methylxanthines in the neonate, Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol., 28, 55, 10.1007/BF00561479 Arnold, 1984, Efficacy of metolazone and furosemide in children with furosemide-resistant edema, Pediatrics, 74, 872, 10.1542/peds.74.5.872 Avery, 1966, Transient tachypnea of the newborn, Am. J. Dis. Child., 111, 380, 10.1001/archpedi.1966.02090070078010 Bamford, 1981, Synergistic action of metolazone with “loop” diuretics, Br. Med. J., 283, 618, 10.1136/bmj.283.6291.618-b Belik, 1983, Furosemide therapy prior to spontaneous diuresis: Acute improvement in respiratory distress syndrome (RDS), Pediatr. Res., 17, 304A Bland, 1978, Decreased pulmonary transvascular fluid filtration in awake newborn lambs after intravenous furosemide, J. Clin. Invest., 62, 601, 10.1172/JCI109166 Brater, 1981, Resistance to diuretics: Emphasis on a pharmacological perspective, Drugs, 22, 477, 10.2165/00003495-198122060-00004 Brater, 1983, Pharmacodynamic considerations in the use of diuretics, Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol., 23, 45, 10.1146/annurev.pa.23.040183.000401 Bucciarelli, 1976, Persistence of fetal circulation: One manifestation of transient tachypnea of the newborn, Pediatrics, 58, 192, 10.1542/peds.58.2.192 Burg, 1973, Furosemide effect on isolated perfused tubules, Am. J. Physiol., 225, 119, 10.1152/ajplegacy.1973.225.1.119 Burg, 1976, Tubular chloride transport and the mode of action of some diuretics, Kidney Int., 9, 189, 10.1038/ki.1976.20 Chaplin, 1980, Posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus in the preterm infant, Pediatrics, 65, 901, 10.1542/peds.65.5.901 Cort, 1962, Renal function in the respiratory distress syndrome, Acta Paediatrica, 51, 313, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1962.tb06546.x Engelhardt, 1985, What is the objective of furosemide therapy in infants with chronic lung disease?, Pediatr. Res., 19, 402A, 10.1203/00006450-198504000-01773 Engle, 1983, Diuresis and respiratory distress syndrome: Physiologic mechanisms and therapeutic implications, J. Pediatrics, 102, 912, 10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80024-9 Ghose, 1981, Synergistic action of metolazone with “loop” diuretics, Br. Med. J., 282, 1432, 10.1136/bmj.282.6274.1432 Graff, 1985, The effect of furosemide on compliance (CDYN) in acute and chronic pulmonary failure, Pediatr. Res., 19, 404A, 10.1203/00006450-198504000-01787 Green, 1981, Furosemide use in premature infants and appearance of patent ductus arteriosus, Arch. Dis. Child., 135, 239 Green, 1982, The use of diuretics in infants with the respiratory distress syndrome, Semin. Perinatol., 6, 172 Green, 1983, Furosemide promotes patent ductus arteriosus in premature infants with the respiratory distress syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med., 308, 743, 10.1056/NEJM198303313081303 Green, 1983, Diuresis and pulmonary function in premature infants with respiratory distress syndrome, J. Pediatr., 103, 618, 10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80601-5 Gross, 1983, Treatment tachypnea of the newborn: The relationship to preterm delivery and significant neonatal morbidity, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 146, 236, 10.1016/0002-9378(83)90742-1 Halliday, 1981, Transient tachypnea of the newborn: Two distinct clinical entities?, Arch. Dis. Child., 56, 322, 10.1136/adc.56.5.322 Heaf, 1982, Changes in pulmonary function during the diuretic phase of respiratory distress syndrome, J. Pediatr., 101, 103, 10.1016/S0022-3476(82)80196-0 Hufnagle, 1982, Renal calcifications: A complication of long-term furosemide therapy in preterm infants, Pediatrics, 70, 360, 10.1542/peds.70.3.360 Kao, 1983, Furosemide acutely decreases airways resistance in chronic bronchopulmonary dysplasia, J. Pediatr., 103, 624, 10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80602-7 Langman, 1981, The diuretic phase of respiratory distress syndrome and its relationship to oxygenation, J. Pediatr., 98, 462, 10.1016/S0022-3476(81)80723-8 Lauweryns, 1968, The pulmonary lymphatics in neonatal hyaline membrane disease, Pediatrics, 41, 917, 10.1542/peds.41.5.917 Marks, 1978, Furosemide in hyaline membrane disease, Pediatrics, 62, 785, 10.1542/peds.62.5.785 Moylan, 1975, Edema of the pulmonary interstitium in infants and children, Pediatrics, 55, 783, 10.1542/peds.55.6.783 Najak, 1983, Pulmonary effects of furosemide in preterm infants with lung disease, J. Pediatr., 102, 758, 10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80253-4 Oster, 1983, Combined therapy with thiazide-type and loop diuretic agents for resistant sodium retention, Ann. Intern. Med., 99, 405, 10.7326/0003-4819-99-3-405 Peterson, 1980, Pharmacology of furosemide in the premature newborn infant, J. Pediatr., 97, 139, 10.1016/S0022-3476(80)80154-5 Puschett, 1974, Comparative study of the effects of metolazone and other diuretics on potassium excretion, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther., 15, 397, 10.1002/cpt1974154397 Puschett, 1985, Edema formation and the physiologic basis for diuretic usage, 3 Rosan, 1975, Hyaline membrane disease and a related spectrum of neonatal pneumopathies, Vol 2, 15 Rose, 1976, Relationship of urinary furosemide excretion rate to natriuretic effect in experimental azotemia, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Therap., 199, 490 Savage, 1975, Furosemide in respiratory distress syndrome, Arch. Dis. Child., 50, 709, 10.1136/adc.50.9.709 Singhal, 1983, Furosemide improves lung compliance in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, Pediatr. Res., 17, 336A Tapia, 1983, Furosemide and lung function in neonates with chronic lung disease (CLD), Pediatr. Res., 17, 338A Tiswell, 1985, Effect of furosemide on the clinical course of transient tachypnea of the newborn, Pediatrics, 75, 908, 10.1542/peds.75.5.908 Torrado, 1974, Hypoxemia and renal function in newborns with respiratory distress syndrome, Helv. Pediatr. Acta, 29, 399 Venkataraman, 1983, Secondary hyperparathyroidism and bone disease in infants receiving long-term furosemide therapy, Am. J. Dis. Child., 137, 1157 Whitington, 1980, Cholelithiasis in premature infants treated with parenteral nutrition and furosemide, J. Pediatr., 97, 647, 10.1016/S0022-3476(80)80033-3 Yeh, 1982, Furosemide prevents the renal side effects of indomethacin therapy in premature infants with patent ductus arteriosus, J. Pediatr., 102, 433, 10.1016/S0022-3476(82)80079-6 Yeh, 1984, Early furosemide therapy in premature infants (<2000 gm) with respiratory distress syndrome: A randomized controlled trial, J. Pediatr., 105, 603, 10.1016/S0022-3476(84)80431-X Abbasi, 1980, Effect of vitamin E by infusion in sick small premature infants at risk for BPD, Pediatr. Res., 14, 368 Abbasi, 1983, The need to monitor serum levels in premature infants, Pediatr. Res., 17, 301A Abrams, 1973, Vitamin E in neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, Arch. Dis. Child., 48, 721, 10.1136/adc.48.9.721 Anderson, 1974, Vitamin E in angina pectoris, Can. Med. Assoc. J., 110, 401 Avery, 1975, Nutrition, 839 Azizi, 1978, Abetalipoproteinemia treated with parenteral and oral vitamins A and E, and with medium chain triglycerides, Acta Paediatr. Scand., 67, 797, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1978.tb16264.x Barboriak, 1982, Vitamin E supplements and plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol, Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 77, 371, 10.1093/ajcp/77.3.371 Bell, 1979, Vitamin E absorption in small premature infant, Pediatrics, 63, 830, 10.1542/peds.63.6.830 Bell, 1981, The role of vitamin E in the nutrition of premature infants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 34, 414, 10.1093/ajcn/34.3.414 Bieri, 1975, Tocopherols and polyunsaturated fatty acids in human tissues, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 28, 717, 10.1093/ajcn/28.7.717 Bieri, 1976, Vitamin E, Vitam. Horm., 34, 31, 10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60072-2 Bieri, 1983, Medical uses of Vitamin E, N. Engl. J. Med., 308, 1063, 10.1056/NEJM198305053081805 Blanchette, 1980, A randomized control trial of vitamin E therapy in the prevention of anemia of low birth weight infants, Pediatr. Res., 14, 591 Bodenstein, 1984, Intravenous vitamin E and deaths in the intensive care unit (letter), Pediatrics, 73, 733, 10.1542/peds.73.5.733 Brin, 1974, Relationship between fatty acid composition of erythrocytes and susceptibility to Vitamin E deficiency, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 27, 945, 10.1093/ajcn/27.9.945 Brown, 1979, Increased risk of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in infants with patent ductus arteriosus, J. Pediatrics, 95, 865, 10.1016/S0022-3476(79)80454-0 Burton, 1981, Autoxidation of biological membranes. The antioxidant activity of Vitamin E and related chain-breaking phenolic antioxidants in vitro, J .Am. Chem. Soc, 103, 6472, 10.1021/ja00411a035 Butcher, 1981, Alpha tocopherol (vitamin E) content of lung, liver, and blood in the newborn rat and human infant: influence of hyperoxia, J. Pediatr., 98, 806, 10.1016/S0022-3476(81)80853-0 Chadd, 1970, A controlled trial of vitamin E therapy in infancy, Int. J. Vit. Res., 40, 610 Chiswick, 1983, Protective effect of vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopherol) against intraventricular hemorrhage in premature babies, Br. Med. J., 287, 81, 10.1136/bmj.287.6385.81 Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics, 1976, Commentary on breast-feeding and infant formulas, including proposed standards for formulas, Pediatrics, 57, 278, 10.1542/peds.57.2.278 Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics, 1977, Nutritional needs of low-birth weight infants, Pediatrics, 60, 519, 10.1542/peds.60.4.519 1985, Committee on Fetus and Newborn, American Academy of Pediatrics: Vitamin E and the prevention of retinopathy of prematurity, Pediatrics, 76, 315, 10.1542/peds.76.2.315 Corash, 1980, Vitamin E and the erythrocyte, 93, 340 Corrigan, 1979, Coagulation problems relating to vitamin E, Am. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol., 1, 169 Diplock, 1983, The role of Vitamin E in biological membranes, Ciba Foundation Symposium, 101, 45 Dju, 1952, Vitamin E (tocopherol) in human fetuses and placenta, Études Néonatales, 1, 49 Donovan, 1979, Effect of dietary fat and vitamin E on mouse lung lipids, J. Nutr., 109, 1856, 10.1093/jn/109.11.1856 Dyggae, 1963, Vitamin E to premature infants: Influence on serum bilirubin, hemoglobin and alkaline phosphatase, Acta Pediatr. (Stockholm)., 146, 48, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1963.tb05517.x Ehrenkrantz, 1978, Amelioration of bronchopulmonary dysplasia after vitamin E administration, N. Engl. J. Med., 299, 564, 10.1056/NEJM197809142991102 Ehrenkranz, 1979, Prevention of bronchopulmonary dysplasia with vitamin E administration during the acute stages of respiratory distress syndrome, J. Pediatr., 95, 873, 10.1016/S0022-3476(79)80457-6 Ehrenkranz, 1980, Vitamin E and the neonate, Am. J. Dis. Child., 134, 1157 Ehrlich, 1972, Inhibitory effects of vitamin E on collagen synthesis and wound repair, Ann. Surg., 175, 235, 10.1097/00000658-197202000-00013 Ellias, 1981, Association of spino-cerebellar disorders with cystic fibrosis or chronic childhood cholestasis and very low serum Vitamin E, Lancet, ii, 1319, 10.1016/S0140-6736(81)91342-8 Evans, 1922, On the existence of a hitherto unrecognized dietary factor essential for reproduction, Science, 56, 650, 10.1126/science.56.1458.650 Farrell, 1977, The occurrence and effects of human vitamin E deficiency: a study in patients with cystic fibrosis, J. Clin. Invest., 60, 233, 10.1172/JCI108760 Fermanian, 1976, Vitamin E versus placebo: a double blind comparative trial in the low birth weight infant in the seventh week of life. Nouv, Rev. Fr. Hematol., 16, 246 Filer, 1951, Absorption of α-tocopherol and tocopheryl esters by premature and full term infants and children in health and disease, Pediatrics, 8, 328, 10.1542/peds.8.3.328 Finer, 1982, Effect of intramuscular vitamin E on frequency and severity of retrolental fibroplasia. A controlled trial, Lancet, i, 1087, 10.1016/S0140-6736(82)92276-0 Finer, 1983, Vitamin E and retrolental fibroplasia. Improved visual outcome with early vitamin E, Ophthalmology, 90, 428, 10.1016/S0161-6420(83)34535-8 Finer, 1984, Vitamin E and necrotizing enterocolitis, Pediatrics, 73, 387, 10.1542/peds.73.3.387 Finer, 1983, Vitamin E and retrolental fibroplasia: prevention of serious ocular sequelae, Ciba Foundation Symposium, 101, 147 1981 Goldbloom, 1963, Studies of tocopherol requirements in health and disease, Pediatrics, 32, 36, 10.1542/peds.32.1.36 Goranson, 1973, Low plasma tocopherol levels in patients with gastrointestinal disorders. Scand, J. Gastroenterol., 8, 21 Graeber, 1977, The use of intramuscular vitamin E in the premature infant. Optimum dose and iron interaction, J. Pediatr., 90, 282, 10.1016/S0022-3476(77)80651-3 Gross, 1974, Vitamin E—dependent anemia in the premature infant, J. Pediatr., 85, 753, 10.1016/S0022-3476(74)80335-5 Gross, 1977, Vitamin E and neonatal hemolysis, Pediatrics, 59, 995, 10.1542/peds.59.6.995 Gross, 1979, Vitamin E and neonatal bilirubinemia, Pediatrics, 64, 321, 10.1542/peds.64.3.321 Guggenheim, 1982, Progressive neuromuscular disease in children with chronic cholestasis and vitamin E deficiency: diagnosis and treatment with alpha-tocopherol, J. Pediatrics, 100, 51, 10.1016/S0022-3476(82)80234-5 Guggenheim, 1983, Vitamin E deficiency and neurologic disease in children with cholestasis: A prospective study, J. Pediatr., 102, 577, 10.1016/S0022-3476(83)80189-9 Haeger, 1973, Walking distance and arterial flow during long term treatment of intermittent claudication with α-tocopherol, Vasa, 2, 280 Harding, 1982, Spino-cerebellar degeneration secondary to chronic intestinal malabsorption. A vitamin E deficiency syndrome, Ann. Neurol., 12, 419, 10.1002/ana.410120503 Harris, 1963, Quantitative consideration of the effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid content of the diet upon the requirements for vitamin E, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 13, 385, 10.1093/ajcn/13.6.385 Hashim, 1968, Tocopherol in infants fed diets rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 21, 7, 10.1093/ajcn/21.1.7 Hassan, 1966, Syndrome in premature infants associated with low plasma vitamin E levels and high polyunsaturated fatty acid diet, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 19, 147, 10.1093/ajcn/19.3.147 Hillman, 1976, Tocopherol excess in man: Creatinuria associated with prolonged ingestion, Inflammation, 1, 333 Hittner, 1981, Retrolental fibroplasia: efficacy of vitamin E in a double-blind clinical study of preterm infants, N. Engl. J. Med., 305, 1366, 10.1056/NEJM198112033052301 Hittner, 1984, Retrolental fibroplasia and vitamin E in the preterm infant. Comparison of oral versus intramuscular: oral administration, Pediatrics, 73, 238, 10.1542/peds.73.2.238 Howard, 1963, The inhibited antioxidation of styrene. Part III—The relative inhibiting efficiencies of ortho alkyl-phenols, Can. J. Chem., 41, 2800, 10.1139/v63-411 Howard, 1982, Reversible neurological symptoms caused by Vitamin E deficiency in a patient with short bowel syndrome, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 36, 1243, 10.1093/ajcn/36.6.1243 Jansson, 1978, Vitamin E requirements of preterm infants, Acta Pediatr. Scand., 67, 459, 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1978.tb16354.x Johnson, 1974, The premature infant, Vitamin E deficiency and retrolental fibroplasia, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 27, 1158, 10.1093/ajcn/27.10.1158 Johnson, 1985, Relationship of prolonged pharmacologic serum levels of vitamin E to incidence of sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis in infants with birthweight 1500 grams or less, Pediatrics, 75, 619, 10.1542/peds.75.4.619 Kann, 1964, Oxygen toxicity and vitamin E, Aerosp. Med., 35, 840 Kayden, 1965, The role of Vitamin E deficiency in the abnormal autohemolysis of acanthocvtosis, Trans. Assoc. Am. Phvs., 78, 334 Lemons, 1985, Vitamin E—how much is too much?, Pediatrics, 76, 625, 10.1542/peds.76.4.625 Lorch, 1985, Unusual syndrome among premature infants: association with a new intravenous vitamin E product, Pediatrics, 75, 598, 10.1542/peds.75.3.598 Lundstrom, 1977, At what age does iron supplementation become necessary in low-birth-weight infants?, J. Pediatr., 91, 878, 10.1016/S0022-3476(77)80881-0 Mason, 1947, Interrelationships of dietary fat and tocopherols, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc, 24, 240, 10.1007/BF02593203 McClung, 1980, Prospective evaluation of vitamin E therapy in premature infants with hyaline membrane disease (HMD), Pediatr. Res., 14, 604 McCord, 1968, The reduction of cytochrome by milk xanthine oxidase, J. Biol. Chem., 243, 5753, 10.1016/S0021-9258(18)91929-0 McCord, 1985, Oxygen-derived free radicals in postischemic tissue injury, N. Engl. J. Med., 312, 159, 10.1056/NEJM198501173120305 Melhorn, 1971, Vitamin E-dependent anemia in the premature infant: II. Relationships between gestational age and absorption of Vitamin E, J. Pediatr., 79, 581, 10.1016/S0022-3476(71)80303-7 Milner, 1981, RLF in 1500 gram neonates: part of a randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of vitamin E, Vol. 2, 703 Molennaar, 1980, Role in function in and ultrastructure of cellular membranes Moroz, 1976, Inhibition of plasma-mediated fibrinolysis by vitamin E, Nature, 259, 235, 10.1038/259235a0 Muller, 1974, The relative importance of the factors involved in the absorption of Vitamin E in children, Gut, 15, 966, 10.1136/gut.15.12.966 Muller, 1976, Studies on the intestinal hydrolysis of tocopheryl esters, Int. J. Vitam. Nutr. Res., 46, 207 Muller, 1977, Long-term management of abetalipo-proteinemia: possible role for Vitamin E, Arch. Dis. Child., 252, 209, 10.1136/adc.52.3.209 Myers, 1984, Pharmacology of intravenous vitamin E in the very low birth weight (VLBW) newborn, Pediatr. Res., 18, 157A, 10.1203/00006450-198404001-00382 Nathan, 1980, The macrophage as an effector cell, N. Engl. J. Med., 303, 622, 10.1056/NEJM198009113031106 Nitowsky, 1956, Studies on tocopherol deficiency in infants and children. IV—the effect of alpha-tocopherol on creatinuria in patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and biliary atresia, Bull. Johns Hopkins Hosp., 98, 361 Olson, 1973, Vitamin E and its relation to heart disease, Circulation, 48, 179, 10.1161/01.CIR.48.1.179 Oski, 1967, Vitamin E deficiency: a previously unrecognized cause of hemolytic anemia in the premature infant, J. Pediatr., 70, 211, 10.1016/S0022-3476(67)80416-5 Owens, 1949, Retrolental fibroplasia in premature infants. II. Studies on the prophylaxis of the disease. The use of alphatocopheryl acetate, Am. J. Ophthalmol., 32, 1631, 10.1016/S0002-9394(49)90802-8 Panos, 1968, Vitamin E and linoleic acid in the feeding of premature infants, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 21, 15, 10.1093/ajcn/21.1.15 Phelps, 1979, Toxicity of pharmacologic parenteral doses of vitamin E in the neoantal kitten, Pediatr. Res., 13, 372 Phelps, 1981, Local and systemic reactions to the parenteral administration of vitamin E, Dev. Pharmacol. Ther., 2, 156, 10.1159/000481027 Phelps, 1982, Vitamin E and retrolental fibroplasia in 1982, Pediatrics, 70, 420, 10.1542/peds.70.3.420 Phelps, 1982, Neonatal oxygen toxicity—is it preventable?, Pediatr. Clin. North Am., 29, 1233, 10.1016/S0031-3955(16)34257-2 Phelps, 1984, Vitamin E and CNS hemorrhage, Pediatrics, 74, 1113, 10.1542/peds.74.6.1113 Phelps, 1984, Safety of intravascular tocopherol in a randomized double blind trial in premature infants, Pediatr. Res., 18, 158A, 10.1203/00006450-198404001-00391 Phelps, 1984, E-Ferol: What happened and what now?, Pediatrics, 74, 1114, 10.1542/peds.74.6.1114 Phelps, 1985, Effect of I.V. tocopherol (Vit. E) on retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), Pediatr. Res., 19, 357A, 10.1203/00006450-198504000-01505 Poland, 1977, Effect of vitamin E deficiency in pulmonary oxygen toxicity, Pediatr. Res., 11, 577A, 10.1203/00006450-197704000-01245 Puklin, 1982, Influence on retrolental fibroplasia of intramuscular Vitamin E during respiratory distress syndrome, Ophthalmology, 89, 96, 10.1016/S0161-6420(82)34830-7 Qualife, 1949, Chemical estimation of Vitamin E in tissue and the tocopherol content of some normal human tissues, J. Biol. Chem., 180, 243 Richards, 1957, Physiologic hyperbilirubinemia and hemolysis of erythrocytes to hydrogen peroxide solution in the newborn: investigation of a possible relationship, Pediatrics, 20, 92, 10.1542/peds.20.1.92 Ritchie, 1968, Edema and hemolytic anemia in premature infants: a vitamin E deficiency syndrome, N. Engl. J. Med., 279, 1185, 10.1056/NEJM196811282792202 Rosemblum, 1981, A progressive, disabling, neurologic syndrome in children with chronic liver disease: A possible result of Vitamin E deficiency, N. Engl. J. Med., 304, 503, 10.1056/NEJM198102263040902 Saldanha, 1982, The effect of Vitamin E prophylaxis on the incidence and severity of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, J. Pediatr., 101, 89, 10.1016/S0022-3476(82)80193-5 Sartain, 1967, The effect of vitamin E on the early anemia of prematurity, South Med. J., 60, 1371 Shute, 1948, The influence of Vitamin E on vascular disease, Surg. Gynecol. Obstet., 86, 1 Sobel, 1982, Vitamin E in retrolental fibroplasia, N. Engl. J. Med., 306, 867 Speer, 1984, Intraventricular hemorrhage and vitamin E in the very low birth weight infant: evidence for efficacy of early intramuscular vitamin E administration, Pediatrics, 74, 1107, 10.1542/peds.74.6.1107 Stern, 1979, The role of respirators in the etiology and pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, J. Pediatrics, 95, 867, 10.1016/S0022-3476(79)80455-2 Stuart, 1979, Vitamin E and platelet function, Am. J. Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol., 1, 77, 10.1097/00043426-197923000-00006 Stuart, 1982, Vitamin E deficiency: its effects on platelet-vascular interaction in various pathologic states, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci., 393, 277, 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1982.tb31268.x Taghizadeh, 1976, Pathogenesis of bronchopulmonry dysplasia following hyaline membrane disease, Am. J. Pathol., 82, 241 Taylor, 1953, The effects of vitamin E deficiency on oxygen toxicity in the rat, J. Physiol. (London), 121, 49 Toppel, 1962, Vitamin E as the biological lipid antioxidant, Vitam. Horm., 20, 493, 10.1016/S0083-6729(08)60732-3 Watts, 1985, Failure of Vitamin E to prevent RLF, Clin. Invest. Med., 8, A176 Wender, 1981, Vitamin E affects lung biochemical and morphologic response to hyperoxia in the newborn rabbit, Pediatr. Res., 15, 262, 10.1203/00006450-198103000-00013 Williams, 1975, Role of dietary iron and fat on Vitamin E deficiency anemia of infancy, N. Engl. J. Med., 292, 887, 10.1056/NEJM197504242921704 Willson, 1983, Free radical protection: why vitamin E, not vitamin C, B-carotene or glutathione?, Ciba Foundation Symposium, 101, 19 Witting, 1974, Vitamin E—polyunsaturated lipid relationship in diet and tissues, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 27, 952, 10.1093/ajcn/27.9.952 Zipursky, 1979, The effect of vitamin E supplementation on blood coagulation tests in premature infants, Pediatr. Res., 13, 444 Zipursky, 1984, Vitamin E deficiency anemia in newborn infants, Clin. Perinatol, 11, 393, 10.1016/S0095-5108(18)30925-4