Fundamental Justice Is the Issue: Extending Full Equality of the Law to Women and Children
Tóm tắt
The legal doctrines that are in place to protect women and children against male sexual aggression actually operate to minimize the use of the system for redress, and to reduce the impact of the process when it is used. Because the courts are the only means of legal recourse available to women and children who have been sexually assaulted, any failure by the courts to ensure just outcomes actually serves to reinforce male sexual violence. The solution requires that we stop confusing the social conditions under which this form of violence occurs with the criteria used by courts for treating a crime as “not serious.” The key players in the courts can act as powerful forces for instrumental change.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Canadian Sentence Commission (1987). Sentencing Reform: A Canadian Approach. Ottawa: Department of Justice.
Coates, L., Bavelas, J. B., & Gibson, J. (1994). Anomalous language in sexual assault trial judgements. Discourse and Society, 5, 189–206.
Copi, I. M. (1968). Introduction to logic (3rd ed.). New York: The Macmillan Company.
Fivush, R., & Hammond, N. R. (1990). Autobiographical memory across the preschool years: Toward reconceptualizing childhood amnesia. In R. Fivush & J. A. Hudson (Eds.), Knowing and remembering in young children (pp. 223–248). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Flin, R., Boon, J., Knox, A., & Bull, R. (1992). Children's memories following a five-month delay. British Journal of Psychology, 83, 323–336.
Frohman, L. (1991). Discrediting victim's allegations of sexual assault: Prosecutorial accounts of case rejections. Social Problems, 38(2), 213–226.
Gregory, J., & Lees, S. (1994). In search of gender justice: Sexual assault and the criminal justice system. Feminist Review, 48, 80–93.
Gregory, J., & Lees, S. (1996). Attrition in rape and sexual assault cases. The British Journal of Criminology, 36(1), 1–17.
Hammond, N. R., & Fivush, R. (1991). Memories of Mickey Mouse: Young children recount their trip to Disney World. Cognitive Development, 6, 433–448.
Kerstetter, W. A., & Van-Winkle, B. (1990). Who decides? A study of the complainant's decision to prosecute in rape cases. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 17(3), 268–283.
Levin, I., & Simons, H. (1986). The nature of children's and adults' concepts of time speed, and distance and their sequence in development: Analysis via circular motion. In I. Levin (Ed.), Stage and structure: Reopening the debate, pp. 77–105. New Jersey: Ablex Publishing Corp.
Lonsway, K. A., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (1994). Rape myths: In review. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 18(2), 133–164.
Matoesian, G. (1993). Reproducing rape: Domination through talk in the courtroom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Park, L. (2000). The child witness of sexual abuse: Recognizing developmental differences and creating a forum for eliciting accurate testimony. Ph.D. Dissertation, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, CA.
Park, L., & Renner, K. E. (1998). The failure to acknowledge differences in developmental capabilities leads to unjust outcomes for child witnesses in sexual abuse cases. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 17, 5–19.
Parriag, A., & Renner, K. E. (1998). Do current criminal justice practices lead to unjust outcomes for adult victims of sexual assault? http://www.carleton.ca/~erenner/nsap.html.
Parriag, A., Renner, K. E., & Alksnis, C. (1998). Is logic optional in the courtroom? An examination of adult sexual assault trials. http://www.carleton.ca/~erenner/nsap.html.
Peterson, C. (1996). The preschool child witness: Errors in accounts of traumatic injury. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 28, 36–42.
Renner, K. E., Alksnis, C., & Park, L. (1997). The standard of social justice as a research process. Canadian Psychology, 38, 91–102.
Renner, K. E., Wackett, C., & Ganderton, S. (1988). The social nature of sexual assault. Canadian Psychology, 29(3), 163–354.
Renner, K. E., & Yurchesyn, K. (1994). Sexual Robbery: The missing concept in the search for an appropriate legal metaphor for sexual aggression. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 26, 41–51.
Roberts, J. V. (1990). Sentencing patterns in cases of sexual assault, Report No. 3. Sexual Assault Legislation in Canada: An Evaluation. Ottawa: Department of Justice.
Roberts, J. V., Grossman, M. G., & Gebotys, R. J. (1996). Rape reform in Canada: Public knowledge and Opinion. Journal of Family Violence, 11(2), 133–148.
Russell, M. (1989). A feminist analysis of the criminal trial process. Canadian Journal of Women and the Law, 3, 552–562.
Saywitz, K. (1995). Memory and testimony in the child witness. In M. Zaragoza, J. Graham, G. Hall, R, Hirschman, & Y. Ben-Porath (Eds.), Memory and testimony in the child witness (pp. 113–140). London: Sage Publications.
Schuman, J. P., Bala, N., & Lee, K. (1999). Developmentally appropriate questions for child witnesses. Queen's Law Journal, 25, 251–302.
Sheehy, E. (1996). Legalizing justice for all women: Canadian women's struggle for democratic rape law reforms. The Australian Feminist Law Journal, 6, 87–113.
Solicitor General of Canada (1984). Reported and unreported crime. Canadian Urban Victimization Survey Bulletin, Report No. 2, Author.
Spencer, C. (1987). The Second Victimization. In L. L. Crites, & W. L. Hepperle, (Eds.), Women, the courts and equality. Sage yearbooks in women's policy studies, Vol 11, pp. 54–73. Sage Publications, Inc., Newbury Park, CA., US.
Statistics Canada. (1993). The violence against women survey. Ottawa: Author.
Walker, A. G. (1999). Handbook on questioning children: A linguistic perspective (2nd Ed.). Washington, DC: American Bar Association.
Warner, A., & Renner, K. E. (1981). The bureaucratic and adversary models of the criminal courts: The criminal sentencing process. Windsor Yearbook of Access to Justice, 1, 81–93.
Yurchesyn, K., Keith, A., & Renner, K. E. (1992). Contrasting perspectives on the nature of sexual assault provided by a service for sexual assault victims and by the law courts. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 24, 71–85.