Functional knee assessment with advanced imaging

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Kinematics and laxity of the knee joint after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: pre- and postoperative radiostereometric studies. Am J Sports Med. 2016;30(3):361–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12016076 Accessed February 21, 2016. Hofbauer M, Thorhauer ED, Abebe E, Bey M, Tashman S. Altered tibiofemoral kinematics in the affected knee and compensatory changes in the contralateral knee after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Am J Sports Med. 2014. doi:10.1177/0363546514549444. DeFrate LE. The 6 degrees of freedom kinematics of the knee after anterior cruciate ligament deficiency: an in vivo imaging analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2006;34(8):1240–6. doi:10.1177/0363546506287299. Zhu Z, Li G. An automatic 2D-3D image matching method for reproducing spatial knee joint positions using single or dual fluoroscopic images. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Eng. 2012;15(11):1245–56. doi:10.1080/10255842.2011.597387. Van de Velde SK, Bingham JT, Hosseini A, et al. Increased tibiofemoral cartilage contact deformation in patients with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;60(12):3693–702. doi:10.1002/art.24965. Wang L, Lin L, Feng Y. Clinical biomechanics anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction and cartilage contact forces—a 3D computational simulation. Clin Biomech. 2015;(in press)(10):6–11. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.08.007. Hosseini A, Li J-S, Gill TJ, Li G. Meniscus injuries alter the kinematics of knees with anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Orthop J Sport Med. 2014;2(8):2325967114547346. doi:10.1177/2325967114547346. Using dual flouroscopic imaging techniques combined with 3D-MRI for bone model reconstruction, this study observed the kinematic behavior of ACL-deficient knees with meniscus tears during stair ascending activities. This is a typical 2D–3D image matching method, and the study demonstrated that combined ACL/meniscus injury could alter the kinematics of ACL-injured knees in a different way compared with knees with isolated ACL tears. This can lead to future studies to specificify treatments for patients with combined ACL/meniscus injuries. Hosseini A, Van de Velde S, Gill TJ, Li G. Tibiofemoral cartilage contact biomechanics in patients after reconstruction of a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament. J Orthop Res. 2012;30(11):1781–8. doi:10.1002/jor.22122. Chen C-H, Li J-S, Hosseini A, Gadikota HR, Gill TJ, Li G. Anteroposterior stability of the knee during the stance phase of gait after anterior cruciate ligament deficiency. Gait Posture. 2012;35(3):467–71. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.11.009. Tsai T-Y, Lu T-W, Chen C-M, Kuo M-Y, Hsu H-C. A volumetric model-based 2D to 3D registration method for measuring kinematics of natural knees with single-plane fluoroscopy. Med Phys. 2010;37(3):1273–84. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20384265. Accessed February 21, 2016. Hoshino Y, Fu FH, Irrgang JJ, Tashman S. Can joint contact dynamics be restored by anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2013;471(9):2924–31. doi:10.1007/s11999-012-2761-1. This is another 2D–3D image matching method but this time using 3D-CT model and dynamic stereo x-ray, which allows short imaging times and high frame rates for more strenuous activities such as downhill running. Greater internal tibial rotation was associated with larger magnitude of sliding motion in the medial compartment during downhill running. The study also concluded that neither single bundle nor double bundle ACL reconstruction restored normal knee kinematics. Hoshino Y, Tashman S. Internal tibial rotation during in vivo, dynamic activity induces greater sliding of tibio-femoral joint contact on the medial compartment. 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Am J Roentgenol. 2016;206(1):151–4. doi:10.2214/AJR.15.14816. Yau WP, Fok AWM, Yee DKH. Tunnel positions in transportal versus transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a case-control magnetic resonance imaging study. Arthrosc - J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2013;29(6):1047–52. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.02.010. Noh JH, Roh YH, Yang BG, Yi SR, Lee SY. Femoral tunnel position on conventional magnetic resonance imaging after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction in young men: transtibial technique versus anteromedial portal technique. Arthroscopy. 2013;29(5):882–90. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2013.01.025. Schairer WW, Haughom BD, Morse LJ, Li X, Ma CB. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of knee kinematics after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with anteromedial and transtibial femoral tunnel drilling techniques. Arthrosc - J Arthrosc Relat Surg. 2011;27(12):1663–70. doi:10.1016/j.arthro.2011.06.032. Haughom B, Schairer W, Souza RB, Carpenter D, Ma CB, Li X. Abnormal tibiofemoral kinematics following ACL reconstruction are associated with early cartilage matrix degeneration measured by MRI T1rho. Knee. 2012;19(4):482–7. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2011.06.015. Kothari A, Haughom B, Subburaj K, Feeley B, Li X, Ma CB. Evaluating rotational kinematics of the knee in ACL reconstructed patients using 3.0 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Knee. 2012;19(5):648–51. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2011.12.001. Zaid M, Lansdown D, Su F, et al. Abnormal tibial position is correlated to early degenerative changes one year following ACL reconstruction. J Orthop Res. 2015;33(7):1079–86. doi:10.1002/jor.22867. This study links tibiofemoral biomechanics to cartilage matrix composition in ACL reconstructed knees. T1ρ and T2 relaxation times for cartilage were calculated using 3D FSE sequences and T1ρ/T2 weighted images, while biomechanical measurements were calculated by 3D reconstruction of segmented bones. The study demonstrates how biomechanics has direct impact on cartilage matrix composition. Scanlan SF, Donahue JP, Andriacchi TP. The in vivo relationship between anterior neutral tibial position and loss of knee extension after transtibial ACL reconstruction. Knee. 2014;21(1):74–9. doi:10.1016/j.knee.2013.06.003. Hemmerich A, Van Der Merwe W, Batterham M, Vaughan CL. Knee rotational laxity: an investigation of bilateral asymmetry for comparison with the contralateral uninjured knee. Clin Biomech. 2012;27(6):607–12. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2012.01.005. Lansdown DA, Zaid M, Pedoia V. Reproducibility measurements of three methods for calculating in vivo MR-based knee kinematics. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2015;42(2):533–8. doi:10.1002/jmri.24790. Pearle AD, Daniel BL, Bergman AG, et al. Joint motion in an open MR unit using MR tracking. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;10(1):8–14. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1522-2586(199907)10:1<8::AID-JMRI2>3.0.CO;2-2. Tashiro Y, Okazaki K, Miura H, et al. 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Prediction and validation of load-dependent behavior of the tibiofemoral and patellofemoral joints during movement. Ann Biomed Eng. 2015;43(11):2675–85. doi:10.1007/s10439-015-1326-3. This study combines information from both open and closed MRI scans and models the 3D reconstructed knee to a lower extremity model. By using simulations, the authors can measure joint biomechanics during movements, according to the muscle forces across the joints and surrounding soft tissue structures. These models may offer opportunities to calculate biomechanical parameters without having to acquire simultaneous images for various movements and tasks. Shefelbine SJ, Ma CB, Lee K-Y, et al. MRI analysis of in vivo meniscal and tibiofemoral kinematics in ACL-deficient and normal knees. J Orthop Res. 2006;24(6):1208–17. doi:10.1002/jor.20139. Narazaki S, Furumatsu T, Tanaka T, et al. Postoperative change in the length and extrusion of the medial meniscus after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. 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