Functional disability in patients with low back pain: the mediator role of suffering and beliefs about pain control in patients receiving physical and chiropractic treatment

GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators, 2016, Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015, Lancet, 388, 1545, 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6 Hoy, 2010, The epidemiology of low back pain, Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol, 24, 769, 10.1016/j.berh.2010.10.002 Kamper, 2016, Musculoskeletal pain in children and adolescents, Braz J Phys Ther, 20, 275, 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0149 Manchikanti, 2014, Epidemiology of low back pain in adults, Neuromodulation, 17, 3, 10.1111/ner.12018 Hoy, 2014, The global burden of low back pain: estimates from the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study, Ann Rheum Dis, 73, 968, 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204428 Hart, 1995, Physician office visits for low back pain. Frequency, clinical evaluation, and treatment patterns from a U.S. national survey, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 20, 11, 10.1097/00007632-199501000-00003 Foster, 2008, Illness perceptions of low back pain in primary care, what are they, do they change and are they associated with outcome?, Pain, 136, 177, 10.1016/j.pain.2007.12.007 Bhargava, 2006, Physical therapy for low back pain, Curr Orthop Pract, 17, 99 Poitras, 2005, Management of work-related low back pain: a population-based survey of physical therapists, Phys Ther, 85, 1168, 10.1093/ptj/85.11.1168 Beattie, 2016, The evolving role of physical therapists in the long-term management of chronic low back pain: longitudinal care using assisted self-management strategies, Braz J Phys Ther, 20, 580, 10.1590/bjpt-rbf.2014.0180 Globe, 2016, Clinical practice guideline: chiropractic care for low back pain, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 39, 1, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2015.10.006 Hawk, 2012, Consensus process to develop a best-practice document on the role of chiropractic care in health promotion, disease prevention, and wellness, J Manipulative Physiol Ther, 35, 556, 10.1016/j.jmpt.2012.05.002 Dubois, 2014, Neuromuscular adaptations predict functional incapacity independently of clinical pain and psychological factors in patients with chronic non-specific low back pain, J Electromyogr Kinesiol, 24, 550, 10.1016/j.jelekin.2014.04.012 Salvetti, 2012, [Disability related to chronic low back pain: prevalence and associated factors], Rev Esc Enferm USP, 46 (SPE), 16, 10.1590/S0080-62342012000700003 Horng, 2005, Predicting health related quality of life in patients with low back pain, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 30, 551, 10.1097/01.brs.0000154623.20778.f0 Oliveira, 2012, Patients in treatment for chronic low back pain have higher externalised beliefs: a cross-sectional study, Rev Bras Fisioter, 16, 35, 10.1590/S1413-35552012000100007 Sengul, 2010, The relationship between health locus of control and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain, Turk Neurosurg, 20, 180 Baird, 2016, The relationship between pain beliefs and physical and mental health outcome measures in chronic low back pain: direct and indirect effects, Healthcare (Basel), 4 Ellegaard, 2012, Stress is dominant in patients with depression and chronic low back pain. A qualitative study of psychotherapeutic interventions for patients with non-specific LBP of 3–12 months’ duration, BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 13, 166, 10.1186/1471-2474-13-166 Hung, 2015, Depression: an important factor associated with incapacity among patients with chronic low back pain, Int J Psychiatry Med, 49, 187, 10.1177/0091217415573937 Mok, 2008, Anxiety, depression and pain intensity in patients with low back pain who are admitted to acute care hospitals, J Clin Nurs, 17, 1471, 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02037.x Pincus, 2002, A systematic review of psychological factors as predictors of chronicity/disability in prospective cohorts of low back pain, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 27, E109, 10.1097/00007632-200203010-00017 Von Korff, 2007, Frequency and priority of pain patients’ health care use, Clin J Pain, 23, 400, 10.1097/AJP.0b013e31804ac020 Hall, 2011, Symptoms of depression and stress mediate the effect of pain on disability, Pain, 152, 1044, 10.1016/j.pain.2011.01.014 Lee, 2016, Does changing pain-related knowledge reduce pain and improve function through changes in catastrophizing?, Pain, 157, 922, 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000472 Haas, 2004, Dose–response for chiropractic care of chronic low back pain, Spine J, 4, 574, 10.1016/j.spinee.2004.02.008 Skevington, 1990, A standardised scale to measure beliefs about controlling pain (BPCQ): a preliminary study, Psychol Health, 4, 221, 10.1080/08870449008400392 Gameiro, 1999 Fairbank, 1980, The Oswestry low back pain disability questionnaire, Physiotherapy, 66, 271 Zigmond, 1983, The hospital anxiety and depression scale, Acta Psychiatr Scand, 67, 361, 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x Hayes, 2009, Beyond Baron and Kenny: statistical mediation analysis in the new millennium, Commun Monogr, 76, 408, 10.1080/03637750903310360 Ferreira, 2014, The mediator role of psychological morbidity in patients with chronic low back pain in differentiated treatments, J Health Psychol, 19, 1197, 10.1177/1359105313488970 Bean, 2014, Relationships between psychological factors, pain, and disability in complex regional pain syndrome and low back pain, Clin J Pain, 30, 647, 10.1097/AJP.0000000000000007 Melton, 2016, Structural equation model of disability in low back pain, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 41, 1621, 10.1097/BRS.0000000000001563 Marčić, 2014, How severe is depression in low back pain patients, Acta Clin Croat, 53, 267 de Heer, 2014, The association of depression and anxiety with pain: a study from NESDA, PLoS ONE, 9, e106907, 10.1371/journal.pone.0106907 Linton, 2011, Impact of psychological factors in the experience of pain, Phys Ther, 91, 700, 10.2522/ptj.20100330 Grotle, 2005, Clinical course and prognostic factors in acute low back pain: patients consulting primary care for the first time, Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 30, 976, 10.1097/01.brs.0000158972.34102.6f Keedy, 2014, Health locus of control and self-efficacy predict back pain rehabilitation outcomes, Iowa Orthop J, 34, 158 Perreault, 2006, Does patient–physiotherapist agreement influence the outcome of low back pain? A prospective cohort study, BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 7, 1, 10.1186/1471-2474-7-76 Tillement, 2003