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Bằng chứng từ fMRI về sự suy giảm khả năng truy xuất và sinh ra từ ngữ trong quá trình lão hóa bình thường
Tóm tắt
Nghiên cứu fMRI này nhằm khám phá ảnh hưởng của quá trình lão hóa bình thường đối với sự truy xuất và tạo từ ngữ. Câu hỏi đặt ra là liệu sự suy giảm trong sản xuất từ vựng có được xác định bởi một cơ chế trực tiếp liên quan đến các hoạt động ngôn ngữ, hay là do tác động gián tiếp từ sự suy giảm các chức năng điều hành. Thật vậy, giả thuyết chính là lão hóa bình thường không dẫn đến mất mát kiến thức từ vựng, mà chỉ có sự chậm lại tổng thể trong các cơ chế truy xuất liên quan đến quá trình xử lý từ vựng, do sự suy giảm có thể của các chức năng điều hành. Chúng tôi đã sử dụng ba nhiệm vụ (lưu loát ngôn ngữ, đặt tên đối tượng và phân loại ngữ nghĩa). Hai nhóm người tham gia đã được kiểm tra (Trẻ, Y và Cao tuổi, A), không có suy giảm nhận thức và tâm thần và cho thấy mức độ từ vựng tương tự. Kiểm tra thần kinh tâm lý cho thấy những người tham gia lớn tuổi có điểm số chức năng điều hành thấp hơn, tốc độ xử lý lâu hơn và có xu hướng có điểm số lưu loát ngôn ngữ thấp hơn. Ngoài ra, những người tham gia lớn tuổi cho thấy điểm số cao hơn cho các quá trình tự động ngôn ngữ và thông tin đã học quá mức. Về mặt dữ liệu hành vi, những người tham gia lớn tuổi thực hiện chính xác như những người trẻ tuổi, nhưng họ chậm hơn đáng kể đối với nhiệm vụ phân loại ngữ nghĩa và ít lưu loát hơn cho nhiệm vụ lưu loát ngôn ngữ. Phân tích fMRI chức năng gợi ý rằng người lớn tuổi không đơn thuần kích hoạt ít vùng não hơn liên quan đến sản xuất từ ngữ, mà thực sự thể hiện một mẫu kích hoạt bất thường. Những tương quan đáng kể giữa tín hiệu BOLD (Mức độ oxy trong máu phụ thuộc) của các vùng liên quan đến lão hóa (A > Y) và điểm số nhận thức gợi ý rằng mẫu kích hoạt bất thường này có thể tiết lộ một số cơ chế bù trừ (a) để vượt qua sự chậm lại trong việc truy xuất, do sự suy giảm của các chức năng điều hành và tốc độ xử lý và (b) để ức chế các quá trình tự động ngôn ngữ. Tín hiệu BOLD được đo trong một số vùng phụ thuộc tuổi tác khác không tương quan với điểm số hành vi và thần kinh tâm lý, và sự quá kích hoạt của những vùng không tương quan này sẽ đơn giản tiết lộ sự không phân hóa xảy ra trong quá trình lão hóa. Tổng thể, kết quả của chúng tôi gợi ý rằng lão hóa bình thường liên quan đến việc truy cập khó khăn hơn vào các hoạt động và biểu diễn lexicon-ngữ nghĩa do sự chậm lại trong các chức năng điều hành, mà không có bất kỳ sự mất mát khái niệm nào.
Từ khóa
#lão hóa bình thường #truy xuất từ ngữ #sinh ra từ ngữ #fMRI #chức năng điều hànhTài liệu tham khảo
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