Fulani cattle productivity and management in the Kachia Grazing Reserve, Nigeria
Tóm tắt
Kachia Grazing Reserve (KGR) in northern Nigeria was home to some 10,000 Fulani pastoralists and their 40,000 cattle in June 2011. This study examines productivity and management of cattle belonging to livestock keepers within the reserve before and after a mass immigration event when 3,000 refugees moved into the reserve with their cattle to escape inter-community violence during May 2011. Data, on livestock management strategies (transhumance) and production parameters (herd size, composition, fertility, dynamics), were collected in March, June and October 2011. Cattle productivity in KGR is geared to supporting Fulani households while maintaining herd wealth. High offtake of young animals, especially the selling of heifers, was an unusual finding and may indicate that KGR pastoralists have been restricting their herd size voluntarily as well as limiting milk production to household requirements. This is probably due to the absence of a commercial milk market and a higher reliance on the sale of young stock to meet cash needs. Despite the widespread perception that grazing reserves are promoting sedentarisation of Fulani pastoralists and curbing transhumance, the inhabitants of the KGR were observed to practise wide-ranging transhumance both during wet and dry seasons driven by the limited availability of grazing. Some households selected a sub-sample of animals for transhumance rather than sending their whole herd, and some maintained cattle on alternative land-holdings outside the reserve. KGR households described modifying their usual transhumance practices in response to the mass immigration event and insecurity. Nevertheless, the herd demography results from this study are broadly similar to data obtained from other studies over the past 40 years, indicating that productivity and management practices have remained relatively unchanged.
Tài liệu tham khảo
Abaelu, J.N. 1973. Economics of livestock production in Nigeria. Proceedings of the Agricultural Society of Nigeria 10: 33–39.
Akpa, G.N., C. Alphonsus, and A. Abdulkareem. 2012. Evaluation of herd structure of white Fulani cattle holdings in Zaria, Nigeria. Scientific Research and Essays 7(42): 3605–3608.
Alausa, O.K., and A. Awoseyi. 1976. Brucellosis: The situation in Western Nigeria. Tropical and Geographical Medicine 28: 54–59.
Amanor, K.S. 1995. Dynamics of herd structures and herding strategies in West Africa: A study of market integration and ecological adaptation. Africa 65(3): 351–394.
Awogbade, M.O. 1987. Grazing reserves in Nigeria. Commission on Nomadic Peoples 23: 18–30.
Azuwike, O.D., and E. Enwerem. 2010. Nigeria’s changing environment and pastoral nomadism: Redistribution of pains and gains. Berlin: Free University of Berlin. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/docs/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/FUDOCS_derivate_000000001383/Azuwike-NIGERIAS_CHANGING_ENVIRONMENT_AND_PASTORAL_NOMADISM-329.pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2016.
Baxter, P.T.W. 2001. Immediate problems: A view from a distance. In African pastoralism: Conflict, institutions and government, ed. M.A.M. Salih, T. Dietz, and A.G.M. Ahmed. London: Pluto.
Bennett, S., T. Woods, W.M. Liyanage, and D.L. Smith. 1991. A simplified general method for cluster-sample surveys of health in developing countries. World Health Statistics Quarterly 44(3): 98–106.
Blench, R. 1984. Livestock and land use in Southern Gongola State, Nigeria. Volume II. Main text. Oxford: Resources Inventory and Management (RIM).
Blench, R. 1996. Aspects of resource conflict in semi-arid Africa. Overseas Development Institute (ODI) Natural Resource Perspectives no. 16. London: ODI. https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/odi-assets/publications-opinion-files/2959.pdf. Accessed 20 Oct 2016.
Bonfiglioli, A.M. 1993. Agro-pastoralism in Chad as a strategy for survival; an essay on the relationship between anthropology and statistics. World Bank Technical Paper no 21. Washington: World Bank.
Bourn, D., R. Reid, D. Rogers, B. Snow, and W. Wint. 2001. Environmental change and the autonomous control of tsetse and trypanosomosis in sub-Saharan Africa. Review commissioned by UK Department of International Development’s Rural Livelihoods Animal Health Programme. Oxford: Environmental Research Group Oxford.
Catley, A. 2006. Use of participatory epidemiology to compare the clinical veterinary knowledge of pastoralists and veterinarians in East Africa. Tropical Animal Health and Production 38(3): 171–184.
Catley, A., R.G. Alders, and J.L. Wood. 2012. Participatory epidemiology: approaches, methods, experiences. Veterinary Journal 191(2): 151–160. doi:10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.03.010.
Chambers, R. 1994. The origins and practice of participatory rural appraisal. World Development 22(7): 953–969. doi:10.1016/0305-750X(94)90141-4.
Coulomb, J., H. Serres, and G. Tacher. 1980. L’Elevage en pays saheliens. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
Dahl, G., and A. Hjort. 1976. Having herds: Pastoral herd growth and household economy. Stockholm studies in social anthropology. Stockholm: University of Stockholm.
Demiruren, A.S. 1974. The improvement of nomadic and transhumant animal production systems. Rome: FAO.
Ducrotoy, M.J. 2015. Livelihoods of Fulani pastoralists and burden of bacterial zoonoses in the Kachia grazing reserve, Nigeria. PhD Thesis, University of Edinburgh.
Fricke, W. 1979. Cattle husbandry in Nigeria: A study of its ecological conditions and social-geographical differentiations. In Heidelberger Geographischen Arbeiten. Heidelberg: Geographisches Institut der Universitaet.
Grunnet, N.T. 1962. An ethnographic-ecological survey of the relationships between the Dinka and their cattle. Folk 4: 5–20.
Herskovits, M.J. 1952. Economic anthropology: A study in comparative economics. New York: Knopf.
Hogg, R. 1986. The new pastoralism: Poverty and dependency in northern Kenya. Africa 56: 319–33.
Ingawa, S.A., G. Tarawali, and R. von Kaufmann. 1989. Grazing reserves in Nigeria: Problems, prospects and policy implications. African Livestock Policy Analysis Network Paper No. 22. Addis Ababa: ILCA.
Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). 2009a. Nigeria: Government steps in to curb farmer-nomad clashes. Humanitarian news and analysis
Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). 2009b. Nigeria: Impunity for perpetrators of sectarian violence. Humanitarian news and analysis
Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). 2009c. Nigeria: Nomad-farmer clashes increase as pasture shrinks. Humanitarian news and analysis
Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). 2010a. Inaction paves way for more bloodshed, observers say. Humanitarian news and analysis
Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). 2010b. Nigeria: Educating the nomads. Humanitarian news and analysis
Integrated Regional Information Networks (IRIN). 2010c. Nigeria: More mass graves dug in Jos. Humanitarian news and analysis
Jabbar, M.A., L. Reynolds, and P.A. Francis. 1995. Sedentarisation of cattle farmers in the derived savannah region of south-west Nigeria: Results of a survey. Tropical Animal Health and Production 27: 55–64.
Joshi, N.R., E.A. McLaughlin, and R. Phillips. 1957. Types and breeds of African cattle. FAO Agricultural Studies no. 37.. Rome: FAO.
Majekodunmi, A.O., A. Fajinmi, C. Dongkum, K. Picozzi, E. MacLeod, M.V. Thrusfield, A.P. Shaw, and S.C. Welburn. 2013. Social factors affecting seasonal variation in bovine trypanosomiasis on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. Parasites and Vectors 6: 293. doi:10.1186/1756-3305-6-293.
Majekodunmi, A.O., A. Fajinmi, C. Dongkum, A.P.M. Shaw, and S.C. Welburn. 2014. Pastoral livelihoods of the Fulani on the Jos Plateau of Nigeria. Pastoralism: Research Policy Practice 4 (20). doi: 10.1186/s13570-014-0020-7
Markakis, J., and Minority Rights Group International. 2004. Pastoralism on the margin. London: Minority Rights Group International.
Mortimore, M., and W.M. Adams. 1998. Farming intensification and its implications for pastoralism in northern Nigeria. In Prospects for pastoralism in West Africa, ed. I. Hoffman. Giessen: Tropeninstitut.
Moritz, M., B. Kyle, K.C. Nolan, S. Patrick, M.F. Shaffer, and G. Thampy. 2009. Too many people and too few livestock in West Africa? An evaluation of Sandford’s thesis. Journal of Development Studies 45(7): 1–21.
Mukasa-Mugerwa, E. 1989. A review of reproductive performance of female Bos indicus (zebu) cattle. ILCA Monograph 6. Addis Ababa: ILCA.
Otchere, E.O. 1982. Productivity of traditional managed white Fulani (Bunaji) cattle in the subhumid zone of Nigeria: Herd size, structures and reproductive characters. ILCA Working Paper. Kaduna: ILCA. https://cgspace.cgiar.org/handle/10568/4413. Accessed 20 Oct 2016.
Oxby, C. 1982. Progress in the settlement of the nomadic herders in the subhumid savannahs of Africa: A study of experiences and administrative arguments for settlement of nomadic herders with special reference to tsetse-freed areas in Nigeria and Upper Volta. Rome: FAO.
Oxby, C. 1984. Settlement schemes for herders in the subhumid tropics of West Africa: Issues of land rights and ethnicity. Development Policy Review 2: 217–233.
Oyedipe, E.O., D.I.K. Osori, O. Akerejola, and D. Saror. 1982. Effect of level of nutrition on onset of puberty and conception rates of zebu heifers. Theriogenology 18: 525–539.
Pullan, N.B. 1979. Productivity of White Fulani cattle on the Jos plateau, Nigeria I. Herd structures and reproductive performance. Tropical Animal Health and Production 11(4): 231–238.
Pullan, N.B., and R.J. Grindle. 1980. Productivity of White Fulani cattle on the Jos Plateau, Nigeria. IV: Economic factors. Tropical Animal Health and Production 12: 161–170.
Resource Inventory and Management (RIM). 1992. Nigerian livestock resources. Four volume report to the Federal Government of Nigeria by RIM Limited: I. Executive summary and atlas; II. National synthesis; III. State reports; IV. Urban reports and commercially managed livestock survey report. Oxford: Environmental Research Group Oxford.
Sieff, D.F. 1995. The effects of resource availability on the subsistence strategies of Datoga pastoralists of north west Tanzania. PhD Thesis, University of Oxford
Suleiman, H. 1986. Development of grazing reserves and settlement of pastoralists. Paper presented at the Seminar on Second National Livestock Development Projects held at a Durbar Hotel, Kaduna, Nigeria from 9th to 10th December, 1986.
Sutter, J.W. 1987. Cattle and inequality: Herd size differences and pastoral production among the Fulani of northeastern Senegal. International African Institute 57(2): 196–218.
Swift, J. 1981. Rapid appraisal and cost-effective participatory research in dry pastoral areas of West Africa. Agricultural Administration 8: 485–492.
Thrusfield, M. 2007. Veterinary epidemiology, revised, 3rd ed. Oxford: Blackwell Science.
van Raay, H.G.T. 1975. Rural planning in a savanna region. Rotterdam: Rotterdam University Press.
von Kaufmann, R., S. Chater, and R. Blench. 1986. Livestock systems research in Nigeria’s subhumid zone: Proceedings of the second ILCA/National Animal Production Research Institute (NAPRI) Symposium held in Kaduna, Nigeria 29 October - 2 November, 1984. Addis Ababa: ILCA.
Wagenaar, K.T., A. Diallo, and A.R. Sayers. 1986. Productivity of transhumant Fulani cattle in the inner Niger delta of Mali. In Research Report 13, 1-54. Addis Ababa: ILCA.
Waters-Bayer, A., and E. Taylor-Powell. 1984a. Livestock systems research in Nigeria’s sub-humid zone- Paper 3: Population and land use in the subhumid zone of Nigeria. Paper presented at the Proceedings of the second ILCA/NAPRI symposium, Kaduna, Nigeria, 29 October - 2 November 1984. Addis Ababa: ILCA.
Waters-Bayer, A., and E. Taylor-Powell. 1984b. Livestock systems research in Nigeria’s sub-humid zone- Paper 11: Settlement and land-use by Fulani pastoralists in case study areas. Paper presented at the proceedings of the second ILCA/NAPRI symposium, Kaduna, Nigeria, 29 October - 2 November 1984. Addis Ababa: ILCA.
Williamson, G., and W.J.A. Payne. 1965. Animal husbandry. London: Longmans.