Fuelwood and desertification: Sahel orthodoxies discussed on the basis of field data from the Gourma region in Mali

Geoforum - Tập 24 - Trang 397-409 - 1993
Tor A. Benjaminsen1
1Department of Geography, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1042, Blindera, 0316 Oslo, Norway

Tài liệu tham khảo

Andersen, 1993, Land use intensification and landscape ecological changes in Budondo Sub-County, Uganda Benjaminsen, 1991, Dégradation des ressources naturelles dans une région sahélienne. Etude de cas sur l'évolution de la densité ligneuse dans le Gourma malien à partir de photographies aériennes Bie, 1988, Desertification: ecological or economic imbalance? Bonnet-Madin, 1979 Caude, 1977 Cirad-Ctft (France), Direction Nation-Ale, 1990 Cline-Cole, 1990 Cline-Cole, 1990, On fuelwood consumption, population, dynamics and deforestation in Africa, Wld Dev., 18, 513 De Waal, 1989 Dewees, 1989, The woodfuel crisis reconsidered: observations on the dynamics of abundance and scarcity, Wld Dev., 17, 1159 Direction Nationale Des Eaux Et Forets (DNEF), Republique Du Mali, 1985, Plan national de lutte contre la désertification et l'avancée du désert, 1985–2000 Eckholm, 1977, Spreading Deserts—the Hand of Man Eckholm, 1984 Ellis, 1984, Aspects of energy consumption in a pastoral ecosystem: wood use by the South Turkana Foley, 1987 Giri, 1983 Goudie, 1990 Hammer Digernes, 1977, Wood for fuel. Energy crisis implying desertification. The case of Bara, The Sudan Hammer Digernes, 1978 Hammer Digernes, 1979, Fuelwood crisis causing unfortunate land use—and the other way around, Norsk geogr. Tidskr., 33, 23, 10.1080/00291957908552045 Harrison, 1987 Hellden, 1991, Desertification—time for an assessment?, Ambio, 20 Hiernaux, 1989, Dynamique de la végétation sahélienne après la sécheresse. Un bilan du suivi des sites pastoraux du Gourma en 1988 Hiernaux, 1990, Dynamique de la végétation sahélienne après sécheresse. Un bilan du suivi des sites pastoraux du Gourma en 1989 Hill, 1985 Le Houerou, 1989 Independent Commission on Inter-National Humanitarian Issues (ICIHI), 1986 International Union for The Conser-Vation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), 1980 IUCN, 1989, The IUCN Sahel Studies, 1989, Information kit Power, 1988 Jensen, 1984, Wood use by the Amboseli Maasai Koenig, 1986, Alternative views of “The energy problem”: why Malian villagers have other priorities, Hum. Org., 45, 170, 10.17730/humo.45.2.j412v3701u4tq512 Olsson, 1985 Pearce, 1992, Mirage of the shifting sands, New Scient., 1851, 38 Sanogo, 1990, Zooforé: Friend or Enemy of the Forests? The Viewpoint of the Son of a Malian Peasant Soumare, 1985, Improved stoves in Mali Timberlake, 1985 Transenerg, 1985 Traore, 1989 UNDP-World Bank, 1992, République du Mali. Stratégie pour l'énergie domestique. Février 1992 Von Maydell, 1983 Wilson, 1980, Fuelwood consumption in a central Malian town and its effects on browse availability World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED), 1987