From smoldering to flaming fire: Different modes of transition

Fire Safety Journal - Tập 121 - Trang 103292 - 2021
Bjarne C. Hagen1, Anita K. Meyer1
1Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bjørnsonsgt. 45, N-5528 Haugesund, Norway

Tài liệu tham khảo

Eckhoff, 2003, 719 Rein, 2009, Smouldering combustion phenomena in science and technology, International Review of Chemical Engineering, 1, 3 Ogle, 2014, Explosion from a smoldering silo fire, Process Saf. Prog., 33, 94, 10.1002/prs.11628 Russo, 2017, Silo explosion from smoldering combustion: a case study, Can. J. Chem. Eng., 95, 1721, 10.1002/cjce.22815 Ohlemiller, 1990, Forced smolder propagation and the transition to flaming in cellulosic insulation, Combust. Flame, 81, 354, 10.1016/0010-2180(90)90031-L Tse, 1996, Controlling mechanisms in the transition from smoldering to flaming of flexible polyurethane foam, Symposium (International) on Combustion, 26, 1505, 10.1016/S0082-0784(96)80372-9 Anderson, 2000, Downward smolder of polyurethane foam: ignition signatures, Fire Saf. J., 35, 131, 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00016-3 Wang, 2018, An experimental investigation on the effect of wind speed on cotton combustion, Procedia Engineering, 211, 788, 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.076 Alexopoulos, 1988, The transition from smoldering to flaming combustion, Fire Mater., 13, 37, 10.1002/fam.810130106 Hagen, 2011, Onset of smoldering in cotton: effects of density, Fire Saf. J., 46, 73, 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.09.001 Wang, 2018, Effects of bulk densities and inlet airflow velocities on forward smoldering propagation properties of flexible polyurethane foam, Procedia Engineering, 211, 762, 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.12.073 Hadden, 2014, Radiant ignition of polyurethane foam: the effect of sample size, Fire Technol., 50, 673, 10.1007/s10694-012-0257-x Hagen, 2015, Transition from smoldering to flaming fire in short cotton samples with asymmetrical boundary conditions, Fire Saf. J., 71, 69, 10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.11.004 Morgan, 2020, Studying smoldering to flaming transition in polyurethane furniture subassemblies: effects of fabrics, flame retardants, and material type, Fire Mater. Stoliarov, 2017 Torero, 1995, Natural convection smolder of polyurethane foam, upward propagation, Fire Saf. J., 24, 35, 10.1016/0379-7112(94)00030-J Wakelyn, 2002, Evaluation of the flammability of cotton bales, Fire Mater., 26, 183, 10.1002/fam.795 Santoso, 2019, Review of the transition from smouldering to flaming combustion in wildfires, Front. Mech. Eng., 5 Christensen, 2020, 361 Ohlemiller, 1980, Cellulosic insulation material. II. Effect of additives on some smolder characteristics, Combust. Sci. Technol., 24, 139, 10.1080/00102208008952432 Bowes, 1962, Ignition of combustible dusts on hot surfaces, Br. J. Appl. Phys., 13, 105, 10.1088/0508-3443/13/3/307 Ohlemiller, 1981, Cellulosic insulation material. III. Effects of heat-flow geometry on smolder initiation, Combust. Sci. Technol., 26, 89, 10.1080/00102208108946950 Holman, 1992, vol. XX, 713 DiBlasi, 1993, Modeling and simulation of combustion processes of charring and non-charring solid fuels, Prog. Energy Combust. Sci., 19, 71, 10.1016/0360-1285(93)90022-7 Tye, 1974, Heat transmission in cellulosic fiber insulation materials, J. Test. Eval., 2, 176, 10.1520/JTE10095J Sullivan, 2012, Thermal decomposition and combustion chemistry of cellulosic biomass, Atmos. Environ., 47, 133, 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.11.022 Babrauskas, 2003 Chao, 2001, Transition from smoldering to flaming combustion of horizontally oriented flexible polyurethane foam with natural convection, Combust. Flame, 127, 2252, 10.1016/S0010-2180(01)00326-1 Drysdale, 1981 Liebe, 2015 Babrauskas, 1997, Upholstered furniture transition from smoldering to flaming, J. Forensic Sci., 42, 1029, 10.1520/JFS14256J