From natalizumab to fingolimod in eight weeks — Immunological, clinical, and radiological data in quest of the optimal switch

Polman, 2006, A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of natalizumab for relapsing multiple sclerosis, N. Engl. J. Med., 354, 899, 10.1056/NEJMoa044397 von Andrian, 2003, Alpha4 integrins as therapeutic targets in autoimmune disease, N. Engl. J. Med., 348, 68, 10.1056/NEJMe020157 Yednock, 1992, Prevention of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by antibodies against alpha 4 beta 1 integrin, Nature, 356, 63, 10.1038/356063a0 Killestein, 2010, Natalizumab drug holiday in multiple sclerosis: poorly tolerated, Ann. Neurol., 68, 392, 10.1002/ana.22074 Kappos, 2015, Switching from natalizumab to fingolimod: a randomized, placebo-controlled study in RRMS, Neurology, 85, 29, 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001706 Brinkmann, 2009, FTY720 (fingolimod) in multiple sclerosis: therapeutic effects in the immune and the central nervous system, Br. J. Pharmacol., 158, 1173, 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00451.x Cohen, 2014, Switching from natalizumab to fingolimod in multiple sclerosis: a French prospective study, JAMA Neurol., 71, 436, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.6240 Havla, 2013, Fingolimod reduces recurrence of disease activity after natalizumab withdrawal in multiple sclerosis, J. Neurol., 260, 1382, 10.1007/s00415-012-6808-8 Hoepner, 2014, Predictors for multiple sclerosis relapses after switching from natalizumab to fingolimod, Mult. Scler., 10.1177/1352458514533398 Kappos, 2010, A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis, N. Engl. J. Med., 362, 387, 10.1056/NEJMoa0909494 Iaffaldano, 2015, Fingolimod versus interferon beta/glatiramer acetate after natalizumab suspension in multiple sclerosis, Brain, 138, 3275, 10.1093/brain/awv260 Kompetenznetz Multiple Sklerose KKNMS, 2012, Diagnose und Therapie der Multiplen Sklerose. Leitlinien für Diagnostik und Therapie in der Neurologie, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Neurologie Kahan, 2003, Pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and safety of multiple doses of FTY720 in stable renal transplant patients: a multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled, phase I study, Transplantation, 76, 1079, 10.1097/01.TP.0000084822.01372.AC Bianco, 2014, Moving to fingolimod from natalizumab in multiple sclerosis: the ENIGM is not solved, JAMA Neurol., 71, 924, 10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.1135 de Seze, 2013, Reduction of the washout time between natalizumab and fingolimod, Mult. Scler., 19, 1248, 10.1177/1352458513490551 Stangel, 2014, Multiple sclerosis: natalizumab to fingolimod–the washout whitewash, Nat. Rev. Neurol., 10, 311, 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.82 Stuve, 2012, Time to talk about timing—when to start, stop and change anti-migratory drugs in MS, Mult. Scler., 18, 1514, 10.1177/1352458512464283 Fragoso, 2016, Alternatives for reducing relapse rate when switching from natalizumab to fingolimod in multiple sclerosis, Expert. Rev. Clin. Pharmacol., 1 Klotz, 2015, Assessment of immune functions and MRI disease activity in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis patients switching from natalizumab to fingolimod (ToFingo-Successor), BMC Neurol., 15, 96, 10.1186/s12883-015-0354-9 Cobo-Calvo, 2016, Leukocyte adhesion molecule dynamics after natalizumab withdrawal in multiple sclerosis, Clin. Immunol., 171, 18, 10.1016/j.clim.2016.08.003 Cohen, 2010, Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis, N. Engl. J. Med., 362, 402, 10.1056/NEJMoa0907839 Giovannoni, 2015, Is it time to target no evident disease activity (NEDA) in multiple sclerosis?, Mult. Scler. Relat. Disord., 4, 329, 10.1016/j.msard.2015.04.006 Rispens, 2011, Measurement of serum levels of natalizumab, an immunoglobulin G4 therapeutic monoclonal antibody, Anal. Biochem., 411, 271, 10.1016/j.ab.2011.01.001 Rispens, 2012, Natalizumab remains detectable in patients with multiple sclerosis long after treatment is stopped, Mult. Scler., 18, 899, 10.1177/1352458511431073 Harrer, 2012, Flow cytometry and drug monitoring of natalizumab saturation of immune cells in multiple sclerosis, Laboratoriumsmedizin-J. Lab. Med., 36, 377 Wipfler, 2014, Natalizumab saturation: biomarker for individual treatment holiday after natalizumab withdrawal?, Acta Neurol. Scand., 129, e12, 10.1111/ane.12182 Harrer, 2015, Adaptive immune responses in a multiple sclerosis patient with acute varicella-zoster virus reactivation during treatment with fingolimod, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 16, 21832, 10.3390/ijms160921832 Khatri, 2009, Effect of plasma exchange in accelerating natalizumab clearance and restoring leukocyte function, Neurology, 72, 402, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000341766.59028.9d Baldi, 2014, Previous treatment influences fingolimod efficacy in relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis: results from an observational study, Curr. Med. Res. Opin., 30, 1849, 10.1185/03007995.2014.921144 Cohen, 2011, Mechanisms of fingolimod's efficacy and adverse effects in multiple sclerosis, Ann. Neurol., 69, 759, 10.1002/ana.22426 Henault, 2013, Basis for fluctuations in lymphocyte counts in fingolimod-treated patients with multiple sclerosis, Neurology, 81, 1768, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000435564.92609.2c Mehling, 2008, FTY720 therapy exerts differential effects on T cell subsets in multiple sclerosis, Neurology, 71, 1261, 10.1212/01.wnl.0000327609.57688.ea Sugita, 2010, FTY720 regulates bone marrow egress of eosinophils and modulates late-phase skin reaction in mice, Am. J. Pathol., 177, 1881, 10.2353/ajpath.2010.100119