From Molecular Biology to Clinical Trials: Toward Personalized Colorectal Cancer Therapy

Clinical Colorectal Cancer - Tập 15 - Trang 104-115 - 2016
Sabina Palma1, Ariel O. Zwenger2, María V. Croce1, Martín C. Abba1, Ezequiel Lacunza1
1CINIBA, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
2Servicio de Oncología, Hospital Provincial Neuquén, Neuquén, Argentina

Tài liệu tham khảo

Fearon, 2011, Molecular genetics of colorectal cancer, Annu Rev Pathol, 6, 479, 10.1146/annurev-pathol-011110-130235 Cancer Genome Atlas Network, 2012, Comprehensive molecular characterization of human colon and rectal cancer, Nature, 487, 330, 10.1038/nature11252 Tahara, 2014, Colorectal carcinomas with CpG island methylator phenotype 1 frequently contain mutations in chromatin regulators, Gastroenterology, 146, 530, 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.10.060 Haan, 2014, Genomic landscape of metastatic colorectal cancer, Nat Commun, 5, 5457, 10.1038/ncomms6457 Diaz, 2012, The molecular evolution of acquired resistance to targeted EGFR blockade in colorectal cancers, Nature, 486, 537, 10.1038/nature11219 Logan, 2004, The Wnt signaling pathway in development and disease, Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, 20, 781, 10.1146/annurev.cellbio.20.010403.113126 MacDonald, 2009, Wnt/beta-catenin signaling: components, mechanisms, and diseases, Dev Cell, 17, 9, 10.1016/j.devcel.2009.06.016 Segditsas, 2006, Colorectal cancer and genetic alterations in the Wnt pathway, Oncogene, 25, 7531, 10.1038/sj.onc.1210059 Song, 2015, Development of small molecules targeting the Wnt signaling pathway in cancer stem cells for the treatment of colorectal cancer, Clin Colorectal Cancer, 14, 133, 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.02.001 Miyabayashi, 2007, Wnt/β-catenin/CBP signaling maintains long-term murine embryonic stem cell pluripotency, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 104, 5668, 10.1073/pnas.0701331104 Huang, 2009, Tankyrase inhibition stabilizes axin and antagonizes Wnt signalling, Nature, 461, 614, 10.1038/nature08356 Emami, 2004, A small molecule inhibitor of beta-catenin/CREB-binding protein transcription, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 101, 12682, 10.1073/pnas.0404875101 Chen, 2009, Small molecule-mediated disruption of Wnt-dependent signaling in tissue regeneration and cancer, Nat Chem Biol, 5, 100, 10.1038/nchembio.137 Ewan, 2010, A useful approach to identify novel small-molecule inhibitors of Wnt-dependent transcription, Cancer Res, 70, 5963, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-1028 Takahashi-Yanaga, 2010, Targeting WNT signaling: can we safely eradicate cancer stem cells?, Clin Cancer Res, 16, 3153, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-09-2943 Ellis, 1995, Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and alternate splicing in non-metastatic and metastatic human colon cancer cell lines, Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res, 36, 88a Brown, 1993, Expression of vascular permeability factor (vascular endothelial growth factor) and its receptors in adenocarcinomas of the gastrointestinal tract, Cancer Res, 53, 4727 Cascinu, 2000, Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor can predict event-free survival in stage II colon cancer, Clin Cancer Res, 6, 2803 Bendardaf, 2008, VEGF-1 expression in colorectal cancer is associated with disease localization, stage, and long-term disease-specific survival, Anticancer Res, 28, 3865 Martins, 2013, Clinicopathological correlation and prognostic significance of VEGF-A, VEGF-C, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 expression in colorectal cancer, Cancer Genomics Proteomics, 10, 55 Van Cutsem, 2012, Addition of aflibercept to fluorouracil, leucovorin, and irinotecan improves survival in a phase III randomized trial in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer previously treated with an oxaliplatin-based regimen, J Clin Oncol, 30, 3499, 10.1200/JCO.2012.42.8201 Mitchell, 2013, Targeted therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer: role of aflibercept, Clin Colorectal Cancer, 12, 73, 10.1016/j.clcc.2012.08.001 Garcia-Carbonero, 2014, An open-label phase II study evaluating the safety and efficacy of ramucirumab combined with mFOLFOX-6 as first-line therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer, Oncologist, 19, 350, 10.1634/theoncologist.2014-0028 Qu, 2015, Value of bevacizumab in treatment of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis, World J Gastroenterol, 21, 5072, 10.3748/wjg.v21.i16.5072 Scappaticci, 2007, Arterial thromboembolic events in patients with metastatic carcinoma treated with chemotherapy and bevacizumab, J Natl Cancer Inst, 99, 1232, 10.1093/jnci/djm086 Saif, 2014, Incidence and management of ZIv-aflibercept related toxicities in colorectal cancer, World J Clin Oncol, 5, 1028, 10.5306/wjco.v5.i5.1028 Khan K, Cunningham D, Chau I. Targeting angiogenic pathways in colorectal cancer: complexities, challenges and future directions. Curr Drug Targets Epub 2015 March 25. Grothey, 2013, Regorafenib monotherapy for previously treated metastatic colorectal cancer (CORRECT): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, Lancet, 381, 303, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61900-X Wang, 2010, The role of COX-2 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer, Oncogene, 29, 781, 10.1038/onc.2009.421 Peddareddigari, 2011, The tumor microenvironment in colorectal carcinogenesis, Cancer Microenviron, 3, 149, 10.1007/s12307-010-0038-3 Davies, 2006, The insulin-like growth factor system and colorectal cancer: clinical and experimental evidence, Int J Colorectal Dis, 21, 201, 10.1007/s00384-005-0776-8 Doi, 2013, Phase 1 pharmacokinetic study of MK-0646 (dalotuzumab), an anti-insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor monoclonal antibody, in combination with cetuximab and irinotecan in Japanese patients with advanced colorectal cancer, Cancer Chemother Pharmacol, 72, 643, 10.1007/s00280-013-2240-8 Van Cutsem, 2014, Randomized phase Ib/II trial of rilotumumab or ganitumab with panitumumab versus panitumumab alone in patients with wild-type KRAS metastatic colorectal cancer, J Clin Cancer Res, 20, 4240, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-13-2752 Wilky, 2015, A phase I trial of vertical inhibition of IGF signalling using cixutumumab, an anti-IGF-1R antibody, and selumetinib, an MEK 1/2 inhibitor, in advanced solid tumours, Br J Cancer, 112, 24, 10.1038/bjc.2014.515 Papadatos-Pastos, 2015, The role of the PI3K pathway in colorectal cancer, Crit Rev Oncol Hematol, 94, 18, 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2014.12.006 Malinowsky, 2014, Activation of the PI3K/AKT pathway correlates with prognosis in stage II colon cancer, Br J Cancer, 110, 2081, 10.1038/bjc.2014.100 Cantley, 2002, The phosphoinositide 3-kinase pathway, Science, 296, 1655, 10.1126/science.296.5573.1655 Duronio, 2008, The life of a cell: apoptosis regulation by the PI3K/PKB pathway, Biochem J, 415, 333, 10.1042/BJ20081056 Zhu, 2012, PI3K expression and PIK3CA mutations are related to colorectal cancer metastases, World J Gastroenterol, 18, 3745, 10.3748/wjg.v18.i28.3745 Roy, 2002, AKT proto-oncogene over-expression is an early event during sporadic colon carcinogenesis, Carcinogenesis, 23, 201, 10.1093/carcin/23.1.201 Bendell, 2012, Phase I, dose-escalation study of BKM120, an oral pan-class I PI3K inhibitor, in patients with advanced solid tumors, J Clin Oncol, 30, 282, 10.1200/JCO.2011.36.1360 Van Cutsem, 2011, Cetuximab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as first-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: updated analysis of overall survival according to tumor KRAS and BRAF mutation status, J Clin Oncol, 29, 2011, 10.1200/JCO.2010.33.5091 Yap, 2011, First-in-man clinical trial of the oralpan-AKT inhibitor MK-2206 in patients with advanced solid tumors, J Clin Oncol, 29, 4688, 10.1200/JCO.2011.35.5263 Do, 2015, Biomarker-driven phase 2 study of MK-2206 and selumetinib (AZD6244, ARRY-142886) in patients with colorectal cancer, Invest New Drugs, 33, 720, 10.1007/s10637-015-0212-z Hahn-Windgassen, 2005, Akt activates the mammalian target of rapamycin by regulating cellular ATP level and AMPK activity, J Biol Chem, 280, 32081, 10.1074/jbc.M502876200 Hecht, 2015, Phase I study of everolimus, cetuximab and irinotecan as second-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer, Anticancer Res, 35, 1567 Wang, 2014, Temsirolimus enhances the efficacy of cetuximab in colon cancer through a CIP2A-dependent mechanism, J Cancer Res Clin Oncol, 140, 561, 10.1007/s00432-014-1596-4 Lièvre, 2006, KRAS mutation status is predictive of response to cetuximab therapy in colorectal cancer, Cancer Res, 66, 3992, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-06-0191 Allegra, 2009, American Society of Clinical Oncology provisional clinical opinion: testing for KRAS gene mutations in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma to predict response to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody therapy, J Clin Oncol, 27, 2091, 10.1200/JCO.2009.21.9170 De Roock, 2011, BRAF, PIK3CA, and PTEN mutations: implications for targeted therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer, Lancet Oncol, 12, 594, 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70209-6 Bardelli, 2010, Molecular mechanisms of resistance to cetuximab and panitumumab in colorectal cancer, J Clin Oncol, 28, 1254, 10.1200/JCO.2009.24.6116 De Roock, 2010, Effects of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations on the efficacy of cetuximab plus chemotherapy in chemotherapy-refractory metastatic colorectal cancer: a retrospective consortium analysis, Lancet Oncol, 11, 753, 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70130-3 Scartozzi, 2011, Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene promoter methylation and cetuximab treatment in colorectal cancer patients, Br J Cancer, 104, 1786, 10.1038/bjc.2011.161 Caiazza, 2015, Targeting EGFR in metastatic colorectal cancer beyond the limitations of KRAS status: alternative biomarkers and therapeutic strategies, Biomark Med, 9, 363, 10.2217/bmm.15.5 Samowitz, 2005, Poor survival associated with the BRAF V600E mutation in microsatellite-stable colon cancers, Cancer Res, 65, 6063, 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-05-0404 Richman, 2009, KRAS and BRAF mutations in advanced colorectal cancer are associated with poor prognosis but do not preclude benefit from oxaliplatin or irinotecan: results from the MRC FOCUS trial, J Clin Oncol, 27, 5931, 10.1200/JCO.2009.22.4295 Pietrantonio, 2015, Predictive role of BRAF mutations in patients with advanced colorectal cancer receiving cetuximab and panitumumab: a meta-analysis, Eur J Cancer, 51, 587, 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.01.054 Capalbo, 2014, Vemurafenib and panitumumab combination tailored therapy in BRAF-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer: a case report, Cancer Biol Ther, 15, 826, 10.4161/cbt.28878 Corcoran, 2014, Phase 1-2 trial of the BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib (D) plus MEK inhibitor trametinib (T) in BRAF V600 mutant colorectal cancer (CRC): updated efficacy and biomarker analysis, J Clin Oncol, 32, 5s, 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.3517 Ahronian, 2015, Clinical acquired resistance to RAF inhibitor combinations in BRAF-mutant colorectal cancer through MAPK pathway alterations, Cancer Discov, 5, 358, 10.1158/2159-8290.CD-14-1518 Macarulla, 2015, Phase I study of FOLFIRI plus pimasertib as second-line treatment for KRAS-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer, Br J Cancer, 112, 1874, 10.1038/bjc.2015.144 Umeki, 1999, Clinical significance of c-met oncogene alterations in human colorectal cancer, Oncology, 56, 314, 10.1159/000011985 Takeuchi, 2003, c-MET expression level in primary colon cancer: a predictor of tumor invasion and lymph node metastases, Clin Cancer Res, 9, 1480 Galimi, 2011, Genetic and expression analysis of MET, MACC1, and HGF in metastatic colorectal cancer: response to MET inhibition in patient xenografts and pathologic correlations, Clin Cancer Res, 17, 3146, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-10-3377 Bendell, 2013, Treatment rationale and study design for a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study evaluating onartuzumab (MetMAb) in combination with bevacizumab plus mFOLFOX-6 in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer, Clin Colorectal Cancer, 12, 218, 10.1016/j.clcc.2013.04.001 Bellam, 2010, TGF-beta signaling alterations and colon cancer, Cancer Treat Res, 155, 85, 10.1007/978-1-4419-6033-7_5 Li, 2015, miR-135b promotes cancer progression by targeting transforming growth factor beta receptor II (TGFBR2) in colorectal cancer, PLoS One, 10, e0130194, 10.1371/journal.pone.0130194 Valeri, 2014, MicroRNA-135b promotes cancer progression by acting as a downstream effector of oncogenic pathways in colon cancer, Cancer Cell, 25, 469, 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.03.006 Grady, 2002, Genetic and epigenetic alterations in colon cancer, Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet, 3, 101, 10.1146/annurev.genom.3.022502.103043 Alazzouzi, 2005, SMAD4 as a prognostic marker in colorectal cancer, Clin Cancer Res, 11, 2606, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-04-1458 Bertazza, 2010, The dual role of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in cancer biology, Curr Med Chem, 17, 3337, 10.2174/092986710793176339 Stanilov, 2014, Colorectal cancer severity and survival in correlation with tumour necrosis factor-alpha, Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip, 28, 911, 10.1080/13102818.2014.965047 Szlosarek, 2006, Tumour necrosis factor-alpha as a tumour promoter, Eur J Cancer, 42, 745, 10.1016/j.ejca.2006.01.012 Terzić, 2010, Inflammation and colon cancer, Gastroenterology, 138, 2101, 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.058 Siena, 2013, Phase II open-label study to assess efficacy and safety of lenalidomide in combination with cetuximab in KRAS-mutant metastatic colorectal cancer, PLoS One, 8, e62264, 10.1371/journal.pone.0062264 Koehler, 2014, Targeting cell death signaling in colorectal cancer: current strategies and future perspectives, World J Gastroenterol, 20, 1923, 10.3748/wjg.v20.i8.1923 Wainberg, 2013, A phase 1B study of dulanermin in combination with modified FOLFOX6 plus bevacizumab in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer, Clin Colorectal Cancer, 12, 248, 10.1016/j.clcc.2013.06.002 Lim, 2013, FOLFIRI plus dulanermin (rhApo2L/TRAIL) in a patient with BRAF-mutant metastatic colon cancer, Cancer Biol Ther, 14, 711, 10.4161/cbt.25310 Khare, 2012, Epigenetics of colon cancer, Methods Mol Biol, 863, 177, 10.1007/978-1-61779-612-8_10 Vaish, 2015, Epigenetic therapy for colorectal cancer, Methods Mol Biol, 1238, 771, 10.1007/978-1-4939-1804-1_40 Saeed, 2003, TM4: a free, open-source system for microarray data management and analysis, Biotechniques, 34, 374, 10.2144/03342mt01 Eisen, 1998, Cluster analysis and display of genome-wide expression patterns, Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A, 95, 14863, 10.1073/pnas.95.25.14863 Weickhardt, 2012, Dual targeting of the epidermal growth factor receptor using the combination of cetuximab and erlotinib: preclinical evaluation and results of the phase II DUX study in chemotherapy-refractory, advanced colorectal cancer, J Clin Oncol, 30, 1505, 10.1200/JCO.2011.38.6599 Falchook, 2014, Dual EGFR inhibition in combination with anti-VEGF treatment in colorectal cancer, Oncoscience, 1, 540, 10.18632/oncoscience.73 Do, 2015, A phase II study of sorafenib combined with cetuximab in EGFR-expressing, KRAS-mutated metastatic colorectal cancer, Clin Colorectal Cancer, 14, 154, 10.1016/j.clcc.2015.02.007 Díaz-Rubio, 2012, Oncologist, 17, 15, 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0249 Simkens, 2015, Maintenance treatment with capecitabine and bevacizumab in metastatic colorectal cancer (CAIRO3): a phase 3 randomised controlled trial of the Dutch Colorectal Cancer Group, Lancet, 385, 1843, 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)62004-3 Sastre, 2012, First-line cetuximab plus capecitabine in elderly patients with advanced colorectal cancer: clinical outcome and subgroup analysis according to KRAS status from a Spanish TTD group study, Oncologist, 17, 339, 10.1634/theoncologist.2011-0406 Agarwal, 2014, Safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation with aflibercept and FOLFIRI in a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer, Anticancer Res, 34, 6775 Wright, 2013, Trametinib: first global approval, Drugs, 73, 1245, 10.1007/s40265-013-0096-1 Ballantyne, 2013, Dabrafenib: first global approval, Drugs, 73, 1367, 10.1007/s40265-013-0095-2 Smyth, 2014, Emerging molecular targets in oncology: clinical potential of MET/hepatocyte growth-factor inhibitors, Onco Targets Ther, 7, 1001, 10.2147/OTT.S44941 Gustavsson, 2015, A review of the evolution of systemic chemotherapy in the management of colorectal cancer, Clin Colorectal Cancer, 14, 1, 10.1016/j.clcc.2014.11.002 André, 2004, Multicenter International Study of Oxaliplatin/5-Fluorouracil/Leucovorin in the Adjuvant Treatment of Colon Cancer (MOSAIC) Investigators. Oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment for colon cancer, N Engl J Med, 350, 2343, 10.1056/NEJMoa032709 Tournigand, 2004, FOLFIRI followed by FOLFOX6 or the reverse sequence in advanced colorectal cancer: a randomized GERCOR study, J Clin Oncol, 22, 229, 10.1200/JCO.2004.05.113 Souglakos, 2006, Br J Cancer, 94, 798, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6603011 Hurwitz, 2004, Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer, N Engl J Med, 350, 2335, 10.1056/NEJMoa032691 Allegra, 2011, Phase III trial assessing bevacizumab in stages II and III carcinoma of the colon: results of NSABP protocol C-08, J Clin Oncol, 29, 11, 10.1200/JCO.2010.30.0855 Van Cutsem, 2004, Oral capecitabine vs intravenous 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin: integrated efficacy data and novel analyses from two large, randomised, phase III trials, Br J Cancer, 90, 1190, 10.1038/sj.bjc.6601676 Van Cutsem, 2009, Cetuximab and chemotherapy as initial treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer, N Engl J Med, 360, 1408, 10.1056/NEJMoa0805019 Douillard, 2010, Randomized, phase III trial of panitumumab with infusional fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX4) versus FOLFOX4 alone as first-line treatment in patients with previously untreated metastatic colorectal cancer: the PRIME study, J Clin Oncol, 28, 4697, 10.1200/JCO.2009.27.4860 Demetri, 2013, Efficacy and safety of regorafenib for advanced gastrointestinal stromal tumours after failure of imatinib and sunitinib (GRID): an international, multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial, Lancet, 381, 295, 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61857-1