Frequencies of NRAS and BRAF Mutations Increase from the Radial to the Vertical Growth Phase in Cutaneous Melanoma

Akslen, 2005, BRAF and NRAS mutations are frequent in nodular melanoma but are not associated with tumor cell proliferation or patient survival, J Invest Dermatol, 125, 312, 10.1111/j.0022-202X.2005.23788.x Ball, 1994, RAS mutations in human melanoma: a marker of malignant progression, J Invest Dermatol, 102, 285, 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12371783 Beeram, 2005, Raf: a strategic target for therapeutic development against cancer, J Clin Oncol, 23, 6771, 10.1200/JCO.2005.08.036 Clark, 1984, A study of tumor progression: the precursor lesions of superficial spreading melanoma, Hum Pathol, 15, 1147, 10.1016/S0046-8177(84)80310-X Davies, 2002, Mutations of the BRAF gene in human cancer, Nature, 417, 949, 10.1038/nature00766 Demunter, 2001, Analysis of N- and K-Ras mutations in the distinctive tumor progression phases of melanoma, J Invest Dermatol, 117, 1483, 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01601.x Dong, 2003, BRAF oncogenic mutations correlate with progression rather than initiation of human melanoma, Cancer Res, 63, 3883 Edlundh-Rose, 2006, NRAS and BRAF mutations in melanoma tumours in relation to clinical characteristics: a study based on mutation screening by pyrosequencing, Melanoma Res, 16, 471, 10.1097/01.cmr.0000232300.22032.86 Fruehauf, 2007, Reactive oxygen species: a breath of life or death?, Clin Cancer Res, 13, 789, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-06-2082 Gilchrest, 1999, The pathogenesis of melanoma induced by ultraviolet radiation, N Engl J Med, 340, 1341, 10.1056/NEJM199904293401707 Goel, 2006, Examination of mutations in BRAF, NRAS, and PTEN in primary cutaneous melanoma, J Invest Dermatol, 126, 154, 10.1038/sj.jid.5700026 Goydos, 2005, Detection of B-RAF and N-RAS mutations in human melanoma, J Am Coll Surg, 200, 362, 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2004.10.032 Hahn, 2002, Rules for making human tumor cells, N Engl J Med, 347, 1593, 10.1056/NEJMra021902 Hanahan, 2000, The hallmarks of cancer, Cell, 100, 57, 10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81683-9 Houben, 2004, Constitutive activation of the Ras–Raf signaling pathway in metastatic melanoma is associated with poor prognosis, J Carcinog, 3, 6, 10.1186/1477-3163-3-6 Kumar, 2004, BRAF mutations are common somatic events in melanocytic nevi, J Invest Dermatol, 122, 342, 10.1046/j.0022-202X.2004.22225.x Meyskens, 2004, Etiologic pathogenesis of melanoma: a unifying hypothesis for the missing attributable risk, Clin Cancer Res, 10, 2581, 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-03-0638 Omholt, 2002, Screening of N-ras codon 61 mutations in paired primary and metastatic cutaneous melanomas: mutations occur early and persist throughout tumor progression, Clin Cancer Res, 8, 3468 Omholt, 2003, NRAS and BRAF mutations arise early during melanoma pathogenesis and are preserved throughout tumor progression, Clin Cancer Res, 9, 6483 Pollock, 2003, High frequency of BRAF mutations in nevi, Nat Genet, 33, 19, 10.1038/ng1054 Poynter, 2006, BRAF and NRAS mutations in melanoma and melanocytic nevi, Melanoma Res, 16, 267, 10.1097/01.cmr.0000222600.73179.f3 Simone, 1998, Laser-capture microdissection: opening the microscopic frontier to molecular analysis, Trends Genet, 14, 272, 10.1016/S0168-9525(98)01489-9 Uribe, 2003, BRAF mutation: a frequent event in benign, atypical, and malignant melanocytic lesions of the skin, Am J Dermatopathol, 25, 365, 10.1097/00000372-200310000-00001 Yazdi, 2003, Mutations of the BRAF gene in benign and malignant melanocytic lesions, J Invest Dermatol, 121, 1160, 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2003.12559.x