Framing responsibility for political issues: The case of poverty

Achen, Christopher H. (1975). Mass political attitudes and the survey response.American Political Science Review 69: 1218?1231.

Altheide, David L. (1987). Format and symbol in television coverage of terrorism in the United States and Great Britain.International Studies Quarterly 31: 161?176.

Apostle, Richard A., Glock, Charles Y., Piazza, Thomas, and Suelzle, Marijean (1983).The Anatomy of Racial Attitudes. Berkeley: University of California Press.

Brickman, Philip, Karuza Jr., James, Coates, Dan, Cohn, Ellen, and Kidder, Louise (1982). Models of helping and coping.American Psychologist 37: 368?384.

Cohen, Stanley (1981).The Manufacture of News. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.

Committee on Ways and Means, U.S. House of Representatives (1985).Children in Poverty. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.

Feagan, Joseph (1975).Subordinating the Poor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Feldman, Stanley (1983). Economic individualism and American public opinion.American Politics Quarterly 11: 3?29.

Fincham, Frank, and Jaspars, Jos (1980). Attribution of responsibility: From man the scientist to man as lawyer. In Leonard Berkowitz (ed.),Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 16. New York: Academic Press, pp. 81?138.

Fiske, Susan, and Taylor, Shelley (1984).Social Cognition. New York: Random House.

Gamson, William, and Modigliani, Andre (1986). Media discourse and public opinion on nuclear power. Mimeo, Boston College Social Economy Program.

Gans, Herbert (1979).Deciding What's News. New York: Vintage Books.

Gitlin, Todd (1980).The Whole World is Watching. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

Goodban, Nancy (1981). Attributions about poverty. (unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Harvard University).

Iyengar, Shanto (1987). Television news and citizens' explanations of national issues.American Political Science Review 81: 815?832.

Iyengar, Shanto (1989a). Shortcuts to political knowledge: Selective attention and the accessibility bias. In J. Ferejohn and J. Kuklinski (eds.),Information and the Democratic Process. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Iyengar, Shanto (1989b). How citizens think about political issues: A matter of responsibility.American Journal of Political Science 33: 878?900.

Iyengar, Shanto, and Kinder, Donald R. (1986). More than meets the eye: Television news, priming, and citizens' evaluations of the president. In George Comstock (ed.),Public Communication and Behavior, Vol. 1. New York: Academic Press.

Iyengar, Shanto, and Kinder, Donald R. (1987).News That Matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Iyengar, Shanto, and Lenart, Silvo (1989). Beyond minimal consequences: A survey of media political effects. In Samuel Long (ed.),Political Behavior Annual, Vol. 2. Denver: Westview Press.

Kahneman, Daniel, and Tversky, Amos (1982). The psychology of preferences.Science 246: 136?142.

Kahneman, Daniel, and Tversky, Amos (1984). Choices, values, and frames.American Psychologist 39: 341?350.

Kenrick, Douglas T., and Funder, David C. (1988). Profiting from controversy: Lessons from the person-situation debate.American Psychologist 43: 23?34.

Kinder, Donald R., and Sears, David O. (1985). Public opinion and political behavior. In Gardner Lindzey and Elliot Aronson (eds.),Handbook of Social Psychology, Vol. 2, New York: Random House.

Kluegel, James, and Smith, Elliot R. (1986).Beliefs About Inequality. New York: Aldine.

Lane, Robert E. (1962).Political Ideology: Why the Common Man Believes What He Does. New York: Free Press.

Lemkau, James, Bryant, F. B., and Brickman, Phillip (1982). Client commitment in the helping relationship. In T. A. Wills (ed.),Basic Processes in Helping Relationships. New York: Aldine.

Lewis, Irving, and Scheider, William (1985). Hard times: The Public on Poverty.Public Opinion 9: 2?7.

McCloskey, Herbert, and Zaller, John (1984).The American Ethos: Public Attitudes Toward Capitalism and Democracy. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

McNeil, Barbara, Parker, Steven, Sox Jr., Harold and Tversky, Amos (1982). On the elicitation of preferences for alternative therapies.New England Journal of Medicine 306: 1259?1262.

Mischel, Walter (1968).Personality and Assessment. New York: Wiley.

National Opinion Research Center (1987).Supplemental vignette file to the 1986 GSS. Chicago: NORC Mimeo.

Nisbett, Richard E. (1980). The trait construct in lay and professional psychology. In Leon Festinger (ed.),Retrospections on Social Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.

Orne, Martin T. (1962). On the social psychology of the psychological experiment.American Psychologist 17: 776?783.

Russell, Daniel, McAuley, Edward, and Jerico, Valerie (1987). Measuring causal attributions for success and failure: A comparison of methodologies for assessing causal dimensions.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 52: 1248?1257.

Schuman, Howard, and Presser, Stanley (1981).Questions and Answers in Attitude Surveys: Experiments on Question Form, Wording and Context. New York: Academic Press.

Smith, Tom (1987). That which we call welfare by any other name would smell sweeter: An analysis of the impact of question wording on response patterns.Public Opinion Quarterly 51: 75?83.

Sniderman, Paul M., and Hagen, Michael G. (1985).Race and Inequality: A Study in American Values. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House Publishers.

Sullivan, John L., Piereson, James, and Marcus, George L. (1982).Political Tolerance and American Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Thaler, Richard (1980). Toward a positive theory of consumer choice.Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 1: 39?60.

Tuchman, Gaye (1978).Making News: A Study in the Construction of Reality. New York: Free Press.

Zaller, John, and Feldman, Stanley (1988). Answering questions vs. revealing preferences. Paper delivered at the Fifth Annual meeting of the Political Methodology Society, UCLA.