Framing mass shootings as a social problem: A comparison of ideologically and non-ideologically motivated attacks

Altheide, 2009, The Columbine shooting and the discourse of fear, American Behavioral Scientist, 52, 1354, 10.1177/0002764209332552 Altheide, 2009, Moral panic: From sociological concept to public discourse, Crime Media Culture, 5, 79, 10.1177/1741659008102063 Altheide, 2013 Alvarez, 2016, A1 Barak, 1994, Media, society, and criminology Bauerlein Baumgartner, 2010 Bell, 1991 Berg, 2007 Best, 1987, Rhetoric in claims-making: Constructing the missing children problem, Social Problems, 34, 101, 10.2307/800710 Best, 2006, The media exaggerate the school-shooting problem Brinson, 2012, Media framing of terrorism: Implications for public opinion, civil liberties, and counterterrorism policies, Journal of International and Intercultural Communication, 5, 270, 10.1080/17513057.2012.713973 Capellan, 2015, Lone wolf terrorist or deranged shooter? A study of ideological active shooter events in the United States, 1970-2014, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 38, 395, 10.1080/1057610X.2015.1008341 Cerulo, 1998 Chermak, 1994, Body count news: How crime is presented in the news media, Justice Quarterly, 11, 561, 10.1080/07418829400092431 Chermak, 2002 Chermak, 2006, The media’s coverage of domestic terrorism, Justice Quarterly, 23, 428, 10.1080/07418820600985305 Chyi, 2004, Media salience and the process of framing: Coverage of the Columbine school shootings, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 81, 22, 10.1177/107769900408100103 Clarke, 2006 Deacon, 2007, Yesterday’s papers and today’s technology: Digital newspaper archives and “push button” content analysis, European Journal of Communication, 22, 5, 10.1177/0267323107073743 Dewan, 2007, A1 Duwe, 2000, Body-count journalism: The presentation of mass murder in the news media, Homicide Studies, 4, 364, 10.1177/1088767900004004004 Engel Entman, 2004 Freilich, 2014, Introducing the United States Extremis Crime Database (ECDB), Terrorism & Political Violence, 26, 372, 10.1080/09546553.2012.713229 Goldberg, 2000, A1 Graber, 1980 Gruenewald, 2011, A comparative examination of homicides perpetrated by far-right extremists, Homicide Studies, 15, 177, 10.1177/1088767911408029 Gruenewald, 2009, Race, gender, and the newsworthiness of homicide incidents, Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 262, 10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2009.04.006 Hesse Hu, 2012, A1 Jackson, 2019 Kelman, 1973, Violence without moral restraint: Reflections on the dehumanization of victims and victimizers, Journal of Social Issues, 29, 25, 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1973.tb00102.x Kleinfield, 2015, A1 LaFree, 2004, How does studying terrorism compare to studying crime?, Sociology of Crime, Law and Deviance, 5, 53, 10.1108/S1521-6136(2004)0000005006 LaFree, 2015 Landis, 1977, The measurement of observer agreement for categorical data, Biometrics, 33, 159, 10.2307/2529310 Lankford, 2013, A comparative analysis of suicide terrorists and rampage, workplace, and school shooters in the United States from 1990 to 2010, Homicide Studies, 17, 255, 10.1177/1088767912462033 Lankford, 2018, Don’t name them, don’t show them, but report everything else: A pragmatic proposal for denying mass killers the attention they seek and deterring future offenders, American Behavioral Scientist, 62, 260, 10.1177/0002764217730854 Leavy, 2009, American reporting of school violence and “people like us”: A comparison of newspaper coverage of the Columbine and Red Lake school shootings, Critical Sociology, 35, 273, 10.1177/0896920508099195 Lovinger, 1999, D18 Mayr, 2012 Milosevic, 2016 Mina Muschert, 2006, Media salience and frame changing across events: Coverage of nine school shootings, 1997-2001, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 83, 747, 10.1177/107769900608300402 Muschert, 2002 Nacos, 2003, The terrorist calculus behind 9-11: A model for future terrorism, Studies in Conflict & Terrorism, 26, 1, 10.1080/10576100390145134 Nagourney, 2015, A1 Powell, 2011, Framing Islam: An analysis of U.S. media coverage of terrorism since 9/11, Communication Studies, 62, 90, 10.1080/10510974.2011.533599 Powell, 2018, Framing Islam/creating fear: an analysis of U.S. media coverage of terrorism from 2011-2016, Religions, 9, 257, 10.3390/rel9090257 Riffe, 1998 Sacco, 1995, Media constructions of crime, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539, 141, 10.1177/0002716295539001011 Saulny, 2008, A1 Schildkraut, 2014 Schildkraut, 2016, Mass murder and the mass media: Understanding the construction of the social problem of mass shootings in the US, Journal of Qualitative Criminal Justice & Criminology, 4, 1 Schildkraut, 2018 Schildkraut, 2019, A call to the media to change reporting practices for the coverage of mass shootings, Washington University Journal of Law & Policy, 60, 273 Schildkraut, 2020, Mass shootings, legislative responses, and public policy: An endless cycle of inaction, Emory Law Journal, 69, 1043 Schildkraut, 2016 Schildkraut, 2019, Media salience and frame changing in the coverage of mass shootings: A comparison of ideological and non-ideological attacks, Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture, 19, 62 Schildkraut, 2018, Mass shootings and the media: Why all events are not created equal, Journal of Crime and Justice, 41, 223, 10.1080/0735648X.2017.1284689 Schildkraut Schildkraut, 2014, Laws that bit the bullet: A review of legislative responses to school shootings, American Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 358, 10.1007/s12103-013-9214-6 Schildkraut, J., & Muschert, G.W. (2013). Violent media, guns, and mental illness: The three ring circus of causal factors for school massacres, as related in media discourse. Fast Capitalism, 10(1). Retrieved from http://www.uta.edu/huma/agger/fastcapitalism/10_1/schildkraut10_1.html. Schildkraut, 2014, Media salience and the framing of mass murder in schools: A comparison of the Columbine and Sandy Hook massacres, Homicide Studies, 18, 23, 10.1177/1088767913511458 Schildkraut, 2019 Shane, 2015, A1 Smith, 1994 Smith Soothill, 1997, A note on computer searches of newspapers, Sociology, 31, 591, 10.1177/0038038597031003014 Soraghan, 2000, Colorado 4: The gun debate, State Legislatures, 26, 14 Spector, 2017 Surette, 2015 Watson, 2020 Weaver, 2008, Finding news stories: A comparison of searches using LexisNexis and Google News, Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 85, 515, 10.1177/107769900808500303 Weiss, 1998, The news value of African American victims: An examination of the media’s presentation of homicide, Journal of Crime and Justice, 21, 71, 10.1080/0735648X.1998.9721601 Whaley, 2020, The massacre mentality and school rampage shootings in the United States: Separating culture from psychopathology, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 30, 3, 10.1002/casp.2414 Wigley, 2009, Where media turn during crises: A look at information subsidies and the Virginia Tech Shootings, Electronic News, 3, 94, 10.1080/19312430902834748 Yaccino, 2012, A1